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1 



BOTANY 



THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES 



w \ 



Presented to 

WAR DEPARTMENT LIBRARY 

by 
R, C. Edmonds on. 
June 1, 1911. 



MAN UAL 



THE BOTANY 



THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, 

INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND 
NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, 

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SVSTEM. 



By ASA GRAY, 

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 



jHfti) EUftfon 

EIGHTH ISSUE. 



WITH TWENTY PLATES, 

ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. 






IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. 

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 



a* »1 



Gi^gtl^ 



ps 



i\JV 



17 



.3*- 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 

ITISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, <fe CO., 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of 

New York. 



: 










fSfi 



TC 



JOHN TORREY, LL.D. 

Almost twenty years have passed since the first edition of this 
work was dedicated to you, — more than thirty, since, as your pupil, 
I began to enjoy the advantage of being associated with you in 
botanical pursuits, and in a lasting friendship. The flow of time 
has only deepened the sense of gratitude due to you from your 
attached friend, 

ASA GRAY. 

Cambridge, May 30, 1867. 



, 



NOTE. 

In the present issue many small corrections, typographical and other, 
have been made throughout the volume, as well as more considerable 
alterations on pages 479, 480, 564 ; an omission of the proper acknowl* 
edgment for the article on Sparganium is supplied on page 481 ; and 
additional species, with a few more extended emendations, are given on 
pages 675-682. 

Cambridge, January 30, 1868. 



CONTENTS. 






Page 

Explanation of Signs used in this Work . . . . 8 

Explanation of Abbreviation of Authors' Names . 9 

Preface 11 

Analytical Key to the Orders 21 

FLORA. — Ph^enogamous or Flowering Plants ... 33 

Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . . 3-3 

Angiospermous, Polypetalous . . . .33 

Monopetalous . . . 202 

Apetalous .... 403 

Gymnospermous Plants 468 

Monoeotyledonous or Endogenous Plants . .475 
Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. . . 653 

Aerogenous Plants (Equisetaceae, Ferns, &e.) . 653 

Addenda 679 

Index 683 

Explanation of the Plates . . . . . 697 



RECEIVED 




SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 



(1) An annual plant. 

(^ A biennial plant. 

If. A perennial plant. 
% A mark of doubt. 
! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 

These signs are, however, "ery rarely employed in this volume. 

1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of mhv 
ates ('), for inches ; of seconds ("), for lines, — the (English) line being the 
twelfth part of an inch. 

The dash - between two figures, as " 5 - 10/' means from 5 to 10, &c. 



PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS 



OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. 



Adans. 


— Adanson. 


Gmel. = 


Gmelin. 


Ait. 


Aiton. 


Good. 


Goodenough. 


All 


Allione. 


Grev. 


Greville. 


Anders. 


Andersson. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


Andr. 


Andrews. 


Gronov. 


Gronovius. 


Arn. 


Arnott. 


Hartm. 


Hartmann. 


Aubl. 


Aublet. 


Hoffm. 


Hoffmann. 


Bart. 


Barton. 


Hook. 


W. J. Hooker. 


Bartl. 


Bartling. 


Hook.f. (Jilius) J. D. Hooker. 


Beauv. 


Palisot de Beauvois. 


Hornem. 


Hornemann. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Buds. 


Hudson. 


Bernh. 


Bernhardi. 


H. B. K. 


Humboldt, Bonpland, & 


Bieb. 


Bieberstein. 


Jacq. 


Jacquin. [Kunth. 


Bigel. 


Bigelow. 


Juss. 


Jussieu. 


Boiss. 


Boissier. 


A. Juss. 


Adrien Jussieu. 


Bong. 


Bongard. 


L. or Linn. 


Linnaeus. 


Borkh. 


Borkhausen. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


Brong. 


Brongniart. 


Lxun. 


Lamarck. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Cav. 


Cavanilles. 


Ledeb. 


Ledebour. 


Chapm. 


Chapman. 


UHer. 


L'Heritier. 


Chav. 


Chavannes. 


Lchm. 


Lehmann. 


Darlingt. 


Darlington. 


Lesqx. 


Lesquereux. 


DC. 


De Candolle. 


Lestib. 


Lestibudois. 


A. DC. 


Alphonse De Candolle. 


TAndl. 


Lindley. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


Lodd. 


Loddiges. 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


Lour. 


Loureiro. 


Dill. 


Dillenius. 


Mart. 


Martins. 


Desv. 


Desvaux. 


Mich. 


Micheli. 


Dougl. 


Douglas. 


Michx. 


Michaux (the eldef}. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Michx. f. 


F. A. Michaux (the 


Ell. 


Elliott. 


Mill. 


Miller. [younger.) 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


Mitch. 


Mitchell. 


Engelm. 


Engelmann. 


Muhl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Fisch. 


Fischer. 


Nees, 


Nees von Esenbeck 


Gcertn. 


Gaertner. 


Nut*,. 


Nuttall. 



10 



PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS. 



Pav. *= 


Pavon. 


Steud. = 


Steudel. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


Suttiv. 


Sullivant. 


Pluk. 


Plnkenet. 


Thunb. 


Thunberg. 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Tarr. fr Gr. 


Torrey and Gray. 


R. Br. 


Robert Brown. 


Tourn. 


Tournefort. 


Raf. 


Rafinesque. 


Trautv. 


Trautvetter. 


Reichenb. 


Reichenbach. 


2rev. 


Treriranus. 


Rich. 


Richard. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Richards. 


Richardson. 


Tuckerm. 


Tuckerman. 


Rcem. 


Roemer. 


Turcz. 


Turczaninow. 


Rottb. 


Rottboll. 


Vaill 


Vaillant. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


SchJc. 


Schkuhr. 


Vill. 


Vilkrs. 


Schlecht. 


Schlechtendal. 


Wahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Walp. 


Walpers. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Schuli. 


Schultes. 


Wangh. 


Wangenheinio 


Schw. or Schwein 


. Schweinitz. 


Wedd. 


Weddell. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Willd. 


Willdenow. 


Ser. 


Seringe. 


With. 


Withering. 


Soland. 


Solander. 


Wulf. 


Wulfen. 


Spreng. 


SprengeL 


ZlUAC. 


Zuccarini. 



^ J UN 2 ; i9|| 




PREFACE 



This work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern 
portion of the United States, for the use of students and of practical 
botanists. 

The first edition (published in 1848) was hastily prepared to sup- 
ply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has 
not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent twice 
rewritten, and the geographical range extended. The second edition, 
much altered, appeared in 1856. The third and fourth were merely 
revised upon the stereotype plates, and some pages added, especially 
to the latter. 

The Garden Botany, an Introduction to a Knowledge of the 
Common Cultivated Plants, which was prefixed to this fourth edition 
in 1863, is excluded from the present edition, and is to be incor- 
porated into a simpler and more elementary work, but of wider 
scope, designed especially for school instruction, and for those inter- 
ested in cultivation, — entitled Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. 

In the present edition it has been found also expedient to remand 
to a supplementary volume the Mosses and Liverworts, so carefully 
and generously elaborated for the previous editions of this work by 
my friend, ¥m. S. Sullivant, Esq. It is hoped that the Lichenes, 
if not all the other orders of the Lower Cryptogamia, may be added 
to this supplementary volume, so that our students may extend 
their studies into these more recondite and difficult departments of 
Botany.* 

* The following important aids, moreover, are already provided, viz. The 
Icones Muscorum, or Figures and Descriptions of most of those Mosses peculiar to 



1 2 PREFACE. 

Six plates, illustrating the genera of the Cyperacea or Sedge 
Family, are now added to the eight which illustrate the GraminecB 
or Grasses, and the six which illustrate the Filices or Ferns and 
their allies : all are from original drawings by Mr. Isaac Sprague ; 
and they should render the study of these families comparatively 
easy, even to the beginner. 

In other respects the changes in this edition are only in details, 
and such as the progress of botanical knowledge, and the longer 
experience of the author and his associates or correspondents in 
teaching, have seemed to render necessary or advisable. 

I am newly indebted to Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, 
for a revision of the account of Cuscuta and Sagittaria, &c, formerly 
prepared by him, and for the complete re-elaboration of the genera 
Callitriche, Euphorbia, Pinus, Juncus, and Isoetes, I have also to 
express my special acknowledgments to my friends, Dr. J. W. 
Robbins, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who contributed the whole 
article on the difficult genus Potamogeton ; — to Mr. Coe F. Austin, 
of Closter, New Jersey, who furnished that on the Lemnaceoe ; — and 
to Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, of Yale College, who has entirely 
re-elaborated the Ferns for the present edition. The Salicacece and 
the genus Carex, as is well known, were contributed to the first 
edition by my old friend and associate, John Caret, Esq., now of 
London. Deprived of his further and important assistance, I have 

Eastern North America which have not been heretofore figured, by Wm. S. Sulli- 
VAnt, LL. D. Imp. 8vo, with 129 copper-plates. 

Musci-Boreali- Americana, sive Specimina Exsiccata, etc. — A second and en- 
larged edition of the arranged collection of Mosses of the United States, pub- 
lished by Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, of which the first issue was 
noticed in the preface to former editions of the Manual. The present edition 
comprises 536 species or varieties of Mosses, and is supplied by Mr. Leo Les~ 
quereux, of Columbus. Ohio, for $35 in gold, or £7 sterling. 

hichenes Exaiccati, by Professor Edward Tttckerman, of Amherst College; 
— of which four vols, (small 4to) have already been issued. A small volume on 
the Genera of North American Lichenes is now in preparation by the same author. 

Nereis Boreali- Americana, — an account of the Marine Algae of the United 
States, by the late Professor Wm.-H. Harvey, a large quarto volume with fifty 
colored plates, — published by the Smithsonian Institution. 



PREFACE. 13 

myself revised these articles as well as I could, in advance of the 
publication of Andersson's work on the Salicacece in the forthcoming 
volume of De Candolle's Prodromus, and of the posthumous volume 
of the late Dr. Boott's Illustration? of Carex. In the latter genus, 
however, I have been essentially aided by William Boott, Esq., 
of Boston, and S. T. Olney, Esq., of Providence, who have made 
the Carices a special study. To render due acknowledgments to 
the correspondents who have contributed to the value of the Manual 
by the communication of specimens, notes, and corrections, would 
require me to enumerate all the cultivators and numerous amateurs 
of botany in this country. In special instances their names will be 
found scattered throughout the pages of the work. The necessity 
of economizing space to the utmost, so as to keep the volume within 
the dimensions of a manual, alone has debarred me from fuller 
citations of the names of collectors and of particular stations of rare 
or local plants. For the same reason I have generally omitted 
synonymes, except in case of some original or recent changes in 
nomenclature. 

There is abundant reason, I doubt not, for me to renew the re- 
quest that those who use this book will kindly furnish information 
of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so 
that it may be made more accurate and complete hereafter, and 
maintain the high character which it has earned. 

Some explanations are needful in respect to details of typography, 
reference, and arrangement. 

Geographical Limitation, Distribution, &c. As is stated 
on the title-page, this work is intended to comprise the plants which 
grow spontaneously in the United States north of North Carolina 
and Tennessee and east of the Mississippi. A Flora of the whole 
national domain, upon a similar plan (the issue of which I may now 
hope will not be delayed many years longer), would be much too 
bulky and expensive for the main purpose which this Manual fulfils. 



14 PREFACE. 

For its purpose, the present geographical limitation is, on the 
whole, the best, — especially since the botany of the States south of 
our district has been so well provided for by my friend Dr. Chap- 
man's Flora of the Southern States, issued by the same publishers. 
The southern boundary here adopted coincides better than any other 
geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-tem- 
perate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the United States ; 
very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, 
and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, 
&c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie 
vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great West- 
ern woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Mis- 
souri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, 
varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces 
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the 
plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well 
as those of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found in 
this volume.* 

I have here endeavored to indicate, briefly and generally, the dis- 
trict in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in 
the following manner : 1. When the principal area of a species is 
southward rather than northward, I generally give first its northern 
limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then 
its southern limit if within our boundaries, or add that it extends 
southward, meaning thereby that the species in question occurs in 
the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, 
p. 49, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is sparingly found as 
far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann 
and New York southward, near the coa-t " ; M. acuminata, " W. 
New York to Ohio and southward," &c. While in species of northern 

* For the geographical statistics of our botany, see three articles in The 
American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Vol. XXII. and Vol. XXIII. 
1856-57. 



PREFACE. 15 

range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as Anemone Pennsylvan- 
ia*, "W. New England to Illinois and northwestward." And so 
of Western plants ; e. g. Isopyrum biternatum, p. 44, " Ohio to 
Illinois, Kentucky, and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 130, 
" Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward." But this rule has not 
always been closely adhered to. 2. Where no habitat or range ia 
mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our wholt/ 
area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species ia 
quite local or rare, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria 
Shortii, p. 73, and Alyssum Lescurii, p. 72 ; Sullivantia Ohionis, 
p. 169, &c. Except in such cases, or when the known geographical 
range of a species has been recently extended, the want of space has 
generally demanded the omission of particular stations, which are so 
appropriately given in local Floras and in more detailed works, but 
for which there is no room in a manual like this. 

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the 
range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits 
of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facili- 
tate the comparison of our American flora with that of Europe, I 
have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indi- 
genous to both. 

Distinction between Introduced and Indigenous Spe- 
cies. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil have 
to be described along with the genuine indigenous members of our 
flora; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific 
name being printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals,* 
while the names of the indigenous species are in heavier, antique 
letter.f Moreover, the country from which they came is specified 
(mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the denizenship. That is, 
following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have clas- 
sified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the 

* For example, under Ranunculus, R. bulbosus, acris, &c., p. 43. 
A For example, B.. repens, on the same page. 



16 PREFACE. 

thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those 
species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this coun- 
try, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of 
cultivated grounds ; the second, those which are only locally spon- 
taneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in 
cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and w r hich, 
still directly or indirectly dependent upon civilized man, would 
probably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I 
here rank with the adventive plants those weeds of cultivation which 
De Candolle terms plants cultivated without or against man's will.) 
Accordingly the species naturalized from Eiirope are indicated, at 
the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from Eu.) " : those 
adventive, or less established, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. 
Distinction of Grade of Varieties. Vain is the attempt 
to draw an absolute line between varieties and species. Yet in sys- 
tematic works the distinction has to be made absolute, and each par- 
ticular form to be regarded as a species or a variety, according to 
the botanist's best judgment. Varieties, too, exhibit all degrees of 
distinctness. Such as are marked and definite enough to require 
names are distinguished here into two sorts, according to their grade: 
1. Those which, I think, cannot be doubted to be varieties of the 
species they are referred to, have the name printed in small capi- 
tals.* These varieties make part of the common paragraph. 2. Those 
so distinct and peculiar that they have been, or readily may be, 
taken for species, and are some of them not unlikely to establish the 
claim : of these the name is printed in the same type as that of the 
species ; and they are allowed the distinction of a separate para- 
graph,t — except where the variety itself is the only form in the 
country, as in the first species of Anemone. $ 

. -*. As, for instance, the three varieties of Lespedeza violacea, p. 137, viz. diver- 
gens, sessilifolia, and angustifolia. See also, under Ranunculus Flam- 
mula, var. intermedius, p. 41. 

t As, Var. reptans, of the above-mentioned species. 

X A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, p. 36. 



PREFACE. 



17 



Accentuation of Names. As a guide to correct pronunciation 
of botanical names (in which great carelessness prevails), I have 
marked the accented syllable ; and have also (following Loudon's 
convenient mode) indicated what is called the long sound of the 
vowel by the grave (") and the short sound by the acute (') accent- 
mark. 

Indication of Prominent Characters is made by the use 
of Italic type, for the leading distinctions of the orders, and for those 
points in the specific descriptions by which two or more species of 
the same division may be most readily or surely discriminated, — 
the latter a plan adopted from Koch's Flora Germanica. 

The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a 
Synopsis, in small type, of the leading characters of all the genera, 
when more than two, under each order. In this the genera are an- 
alytically disposed under their proper sub-orders, tribes, or other such 
natural groups, of whatever rank, properly characterized ; and then, 
to save room, all these subordinal or tribal names and characters 
are left out of the body of the order, the genera following each other 
without a break. 

Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been 
taken to render important differences conspicuous, and to abridge the 
labor of analysis, by proper grouping, and when needed by a series 
of rightly subordinated divisions and subdivisions. Divisions of the 
highest rank, or Subgenera, have the sectional mark (§) followed by 
the subgeneric name.* Those less important are indicated by the § , 
without a name ; subsections or divisions of lower grade are marked 
by stars ( * ) ; their divisions, if any, by the •«- , and theirs again 
by the ++ , &c. 

Having in view the needs of students rather than of learned bot- 
anists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way 
by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and 

* As § 1. ATRAGENE, under Clematis, p. 35, and § I. PULSATILLA, 

inder Anemone, p. 36. 

F L&M— 21 



18 PREFACE. 

by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps 
at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for 
which botanical language is distinguished. 

Arrangement of the Orders. The Natural Orders are dis- 
posed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with 
De Candolle's arrangement (varied somewhat more in this edition, 
to come nearer to that adopted thus far in Bentham and Hook- 
er's new Genera Plantarum), beginning with the highest class and 
ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the larg- 
est class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders 
in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enveL 
opes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla 
consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning 
this series with those orders in which the several organs of the 
flower are most distinct and separate (hypogynous), and proceeding 
to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and 
consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then fol- 
low those with the petals combined into a monopetalous corolla (the 
Monopetalous division ; and finally, those destitute of a corolla or 
destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class 
of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders ex- 
hibiting one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the or- 
gans most combined and consolidated, then to those less combined by 
adnation of parts, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. 
The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural 
Orders in each class into natural alliances. But this has not yet 
been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary stu- 
dent. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, 
but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole 
a natural and manageable sequence. And, by means of an artificial 

Analytical Key to the Orders (p. 21), I enable the student 
to refer readily to its proper order any of our plants, upon taking 
the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of 



PREFACE. 19 

the fruit, and following out a series of easy steps in the analysis. 
This key is founded upon the most obvious distinctions which will 
well answer the purpose, and is so contrived as to provide for all the 
exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be 
disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its 
proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of 
which he has flowering specimens in hand. Referring to the Order 
which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive 
points, — which he has chiefly to consider, — brought together and 
printed in italics in the first sentence of the ordinal description, and 
thus can verify his results. 

The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be 
verified in turn by the full generic description in its place : and the 
progress thence to the species, when there are several to choose 
from, is facilitated by the arrangement under divisions and sub- 
divisions, as already explained. 

It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain, 
first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even with- 
out the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in 
a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is 
commonly confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower ; — then, 
if of the first class, the sub-class is at once determined by the pistil, 
whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. 
If the former, then the choice between the three divisions is de- 
termined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether 
separate or united. Each division is subdivided by equally obvious 
characters, as, p. 21, first the number of stamens, then, whether the 
calyx is free from or connected with the surface of the ovary. 
And, finally, a series of successively subordinated propositions, — 
each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, leads 
to the name of the order sought for, followed by the number of 
the page upon which that order is described in the body of the 
work. 



20 PREFACE. 

More particular instructions for the use of this book in the study 
of our plants are here superfluous ; as these, as well as the needful 
preliminary knowledge, will be acquired from the author's Introduc- 
tion to Structural and Systematic Botany {Botanical Text-Book), or 
from the simpler First Lessons in Botany, — one or the other of 
which must needs be previously studied, and be the inseparable 
companion of The Manual, 



ANALYTICAL KEY 

TO THE ORDERS OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. 

Series I. PH^ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS, those 
producing real flowers and seeds. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone 
between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from 
year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, 
next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite 
cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of 
the flower mostly in fours or fives. 

Subclass I. AN GIO SPERMiE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary 
which contains the ovules and the seeds. 

Division! POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present; 
the latter of separate petals. 

A» Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals. 
1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. 

Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid Fage 

mass on an elongated receptacle. . . . Magnoliace^, 48 
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. 

Leaves opposite, entire : no stipules. . . . Calycanthace^j, 162 

Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosa, in Rosacea, 146 

Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface 

of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbium, in Nymph\eace.e, 54 
Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. 

Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct Rosacea, 146 

Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. Malvaceae, 98 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
Filaments much shorter than the anther : trees. . . Anonace^, 50 
Filaments longer than the anther. 

Flowers dioecious : twiners with alternate leaves. Menispekmace^e, 51 
Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite. 
Leaves not peltate : petals deciduous. . . Randnculace^e, 34 
Leaves peltate : petals persistent. Brasenia, in Nymph^eace^e, 54 



22 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. Resedaceje, 76 

Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvace.e, 98 
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several. 

Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. Hypericace.e, 83 

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. 

Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled Rosacea, 146 

Ovary simple, 1 -celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta. 

Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound or dissected. Ranunculace^e, 34 

Leaves peltate, simply lobed Podophyllum, in Berberidace^, 52 

Ovary compound, 1 -celled, with a central placenta. PoRTULACACEiE, 97 
Ovary compound, 1 -celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas. 

Calyx caducous. Juice milky or colored. . . Papaverace.e, 58 

Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals Capparidace.e, 75 

Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals Cistace^, 80 

Ovary compound, several-celled. 
Calyx valvate in the bud, and 
Persistent: stamens monadelphous : anthers 1 -celled. Malvaceae, 98 

Deciduous : anthers 2-celled Tiliace,e, 103 

Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. 

Shrubs : stamens borne on the base of the petals. Camelliace.e, 103 
Aquatic or marsh herbs : ovules many, 

On 5 placentas in the axis. . . . Sarraceniace.e, 57 
On the 8-24 partitions Nymph^iace^, 54 

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the {compound) ovary. 

Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, on the partitions : aquatic. Nymph^ace.e, 54 

Ovary 10-celled: cells l-o vuled. . . . Amelanchier, in Rosacea, 146 

Ovary 2-5-celled. 

Leaves alternate, with stipules Pomeae, in Rosacea, 146 

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Philadelphus, in Saxifragace^e, 163 
Leaves alternate, without stipules Styracace^e, 309 

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal. 
Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . . Cactace^;, 184 
Rough-leaved plants : petals 5 or 10 Loasace^e, 184 

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. Portulacace.e, 97 

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. 
Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. Meni sperm ace^e, 51 
Pistil only one. 

Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Berberidace^e, 52 
Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 

Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . Primulace.e, 313 

Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. Portulacace.e, 97 

Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . . Plumbagi:nace.e, 312 
Ovary 2 - 4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. . . Vitace^e, 112 
Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. Rhamnace.e, 113 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 

C Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of 

the petals then alternate with them. 

1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. the ovary wholly superior. 

* Ovaries 2 or more, separate. 

Stamens united with each other and with a large and 

thick stigma common to the two ovaries. Asclepiadace-e, 394 

Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. 

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutaceje, 109 

Leaves not pellucid-punctate. 

Tree, with pinnate leaves. . . Ailanthus, in Simarubace^e, 110 

Low shrub with pinnate leaves. Zanthorhiza, in Ranunculace^:, 34 

Herbs, not fleshy Ranunculace^e, 34 

Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. .... Crass ulace^e, 171 

Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx, 
Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). Crassulace^j, 171 
Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. 

Leaves without stipules Saxifragace^, 163 

Leaves with stipules Rosacea, 148 

* * Ovaries 2 - 5, somewhat united at the base, separate above. 

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutace^e, 109 

Leaves not pellucid-punctate. 

Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves SAPiNDACBiE, 116 

Terrestrial herbs : the carpels fewer than the petals. Saxifragace^e, 163 

* * * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. Geraniace^e, 105 
*= * # # Ovary only one, and 
-t- Simple, with one parietal placenta. Leguminos^j, 123 
•*- *- Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placental, styles, or stigmas. 

Ovary one-celled. 

Corolla irregular : petals 4 : stamens 6. Fumariace^, 60 

Corolla irregular : petals and stamens 5. Violace^, 76 

Corolla regular or nearly so. 

Ovule solitary : shrubs or trees : stigmas 3. Anacardiace^, 111 

Ovules solitary or few : herbs. . . Some anomalous Crucifer^:, 62 
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. 
Petals not inserted on the calyx. . . . Caryophyllaceje, 87 
Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. Lythrace^e, 182 
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentas. 

Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. Hypericace^e, 83 

Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. Droserace^:, 82 

Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. 

Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. Cistace^, 80 

Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6. Anomalous Crucifer^), 62 

Sepals and petals 5 : stamens 5 or 10. 

Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. . Passiflorace^j, 185 

Ovary sessile. Saxifragacejb, 163 



24 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Ovary 2 - several-celled. 
Flowers irregular. 
Anthers opening at the top, 

Six or eight and 1 -celled: ovary 2-celled. . . Polygalace.«, 120 
Ten and 2-celled : ovary 5-celled. . . Rhodora, in Ericace^j, 286 
Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubu- 
lar inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in Lythrace^:, 182 
Stamens 5 - 8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so. 

Ovary 3-celled Sapindace^, 116 

Ovary 5-celled. . . . Impatiens, &c. in Geraniace^e, 105 
Flowers regular or nearly so. 

Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as petals, 

Triadelphous : petals 5 Htpericace^s, 83 

Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) : petals 4 : 

pungent herbs Crucifer^:, 62 

Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . Oleace^;, 400 
Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . Sapindace^:, 116 
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. 
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. 
Herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. Euphorbiace^;, 430 

Herbs : flowers perfect and symmetrical. 
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. Geraniace^, 105 
Cells of the ovary (divided) twice as many as 

the styles, sepals, &c Linacejs, 104 

Shrubs or trees. 
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in Rutace^:, 109 
Leaves palmately veined : fruit 2-winged. Sapindaceje, 116 

Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. 
Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent : 

seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. Celastrace^j, 115 

Calyx minute : fruit a berry-like drupe. Aquifoliace.e, 305 
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. 

Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. Elatinace^:, 86 
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves 

(but they are caducous). Staphylea, in Sapindace^:, 116 
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. 
Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10- toothed tube 

or cup : leaves simple, all radical. Galacine^e, 305 

Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf- 
lets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis in Geraniace^e, 105 
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. 

Style 1, undivided Ericaceae, 286 

Styles 2-5, separate. . . . Caryophyllace^:, 87 

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. 
Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. Saxifragace^e, 163 
Style 1 : pod in the calyx, 1 -celled at maturity. Lythraceje, 182 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 25 

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. 

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . . Cucurbitaceje, 186 
Not tendril-bearing-. 

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. 

Ovary 1 -celled, inany-ovuled from the base. . . Portulacace^:, 97 

Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentas. . Saxifragace^e, 163 
Ovary 2 - several-celled. 

Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. Melastomace^:, 181 
Anthers not opening by pores. 

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. Celastrace^:, il5 
Stamens inserted on the calyx, 

Eight or four (rarely five) : style 1. . Onagracejs, 176 

Five or ten: styles 2 - 3, distinct. . . Saxifragace^e, 163 
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 

Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in Rosacea, 146 

Stamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 : stigma 2-4-lobed : herbs. Onagrace^e, 176 
Stamens 4 or 8 : aquatics : styles or sessile stigmas 4. Halorage^:, 174 

Stamens 8 : styles 2 : shrub. . . . . Hamamelaceje, 173 

Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1 : chiefly shrubs. Cornace^e, 199 
Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. 

Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2. Umbellifer^e, 187 

Fruit berry -like : styles 2-5, separate, or united. Araliace^:, 198 



Division IT. MONOPETALOUS : calyx and corolla both present ; the 
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. 

A, Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. 

Ovary 1 -celled with one parietal placenta. . . . Leguminos^:, 123 
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Adlumia, &c. in Fumariaceje, 60 
Ovary 1 -celled with the ovules at the centre or base. Styracace^e, 309 

Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. . . Polygalace^e, 120 
Ovary 3 - many-celled. 

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla : style single. Ericaceae, 286 
Stamens free from the corolla : styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniace^e, 105 

Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. 

Filaments monadelphous : anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. Malvaceae, 98 
Filaments 1 -5-adelphous at base: anthers 2-celled. 

Calyx free from the ovary Camelliace^e, 103 

Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. . Styracace^e, 309 
Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . . Ebenace.e, 30? 

IS. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 

Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. Sapotace^e, 308 

Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. . Primueace^e, 313 

Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1-seeded : style> 5. . . Plumbagixace^, 312 



26 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer, 

1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube {inferior). 

Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . . Cucurbitace^e, 186 
Tendrils none. 

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. 

Flowers in an involucrate head Composite, 215 

Flowers separate, not involucrate: corolla irregular. Lobeliaceje, 282 
Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as 

many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. Campanula ceje, 285 
Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla. 

One to three, always fewer than lobes of the corolla. Valerianace^s, 213 
Four or five : leaves opposite or whorled. 

Flowers in a dense head, with an involucre : no stipules. Dipsace.e, 215 
Flowers if in heads not involucrate. 

Leaves whorled and without stipules. ) # Rubiace^e, 208 

Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. > 
Leaves opposite without stipules (but some- 
times with appendages to the petioles imitat- 
ing them). ....... CAPRIFOLIACEiE, 202 

2. Ovary free from the calyx {superior). 
* Corolla irregular : stamens {with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. 
Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. 

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Labiatje, 341 

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . . Verbenace^e, 339 
Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell. 
Ovary and pod 1 -celled, 

With a free central placenta : stamens 2 Lentibulace.<e, 317 

With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentas : 

stamens 4. Orobanchace^e, 322 

Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Martvnia, ) -r t ^ xt ^ xtt , ^ „ „,n 

J - > XSIGNONIACE^;, oJu 

Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentas parietal. ) 
Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentas in the axis. 

Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. Scrophulariace^k, 324 

Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections 

of the placenta? : no albumen. . . . Acanthace^:, 338 

* * Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens {ivith anthers) 5. 

Stamens free from the corolla : anthers with their cells 

opening by a hole or chink at the top. Azalea, in Ericace^;, 286 
Stamens inserted on the corolla. 

Ovary deeply 4-!obed around the stvlc. Echium, in Borraginaceje, 350 

Ovary not lobed : pod many-seeded. 

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, Scrophulariace^e, 324 
Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, Solanacea:, 3SO 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 27 

# * * Corolla regular. 

-i- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. 

Ovaries 2, separate ; their 

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, in CoNVOLVULACEiE, 374 
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. 
Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. . . Apocynace^e, 392 
Filaments monadelphous : pollen in masses. . . Asclepiadace^e, 394 
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. 

Leaves alternate. . . . . . . Borraginace^e, 360 

Leaves opposite Mentha, in Labiate, 341 

Ovary one : pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. . Loganiacea;, 391 
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed, 

One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentas. 

Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. . Gentianace^e, 384 
Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. Hydrophyllace^e, 367 
Two- to ten-celled. 

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in Convolvulacejs, 374 

Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected 

by stipules or a stipular line .... Loganiaceje, 391 
Leaves when opposite without stipules. 

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : style 1. Ericaceae, 286 

Stamens almost free from the corolla : style none. Aquifoliace^e, 305 

Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 

Four : pod 2-celled, circumcissile. . . Plantaginace^e, 310 

Four : ovary 2 - 4-celled : ovules solitary. . Verbenace^e, 339 

Five or rarely more. 

Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . Borraginace^e, 360 
Fruit a few-seeded pod. 

Style 3-cleft : seeds small. . . . Polemoniace^e, 370 
Style single or 2-cleft, or again 2-cleft : seeds 

large, only one or two in a cell. . Convolvulace^e, 374 
Fruit a very many-seeded pod or berry. 

Styles 2. Hydrolea, in Hydrophyllace,e, 367 
Style single Solanace^e, 380 

-t- +- Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 

Stamens 4, didynamous, 

Ovary 2-celled ; the cells several-seeded. . . Acanthace^e, 338 

Ovary 2 -4-celled ; the cells 1 -seeded. . . . Verbenace^:, 339 
Stamens only 2 with anthers : ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in Labiate, 342 
Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled. 

Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. Plantaginace^e, 310 

Herbs : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and 

slightly irregular . . . Veronica, in Scrophulariace/e, 324 

Shrubs or trees : corolla perfectly regular Oleaceje, 400 



28 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Division III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting- 

A. Flowers not in catkins. 

1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. 

Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), 

Six-celled: stamens 6-12 Aristolochiace^e, 403 

Four-celled: stamens 4 Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEiE, 176 

One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in Saxifragace^e, 163 
Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), 

Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate : tree. . . Hamamelaceje, 173 
Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . PooosTEMACEiE, 429 

Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx, 
Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which 

fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, in Crassulace^e, 171 
Three -5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, in Portulacace^e, 97 
Three-celled and 3-valved. . . Mollugo, in Caryophyllacejs, 87 
Two-celled or one-celled : placentae central. 

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. Lythrace^e, 182 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, 
Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . Glaux, in Primulace^e, 313 

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Caryophyllace^e, 87 
One-celled, with one parietal placenta. 



Eanunculace^e, 34 
Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. ) 

2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. 

* Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. 

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. . . Rosace je, 146 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Zanthoxylum, in Rutace^s, 109 
Leaves not dotted. 

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. Ranunculace^e, 34 

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. Saururace^, 42 J 

* # Pistil one, either simple or compound. 

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 

2-celled: styles 2 : stamens many. . . . HAMAMELACEiE. 173 
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). 
Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4 celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. Halorage^e. 174 
Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1-celled. 

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa^ in Cornace^e, 199 

Stigma terminal, with or without a style. 
Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. Loranthace^e, 426 
Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. Santalacejs, «i25 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 29 

Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its 
tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. 
Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioecious. El^agnace^e, 424 
Herbs : with the calyx colored like a corolla. 
Leaves opposite, simple. ..... Nyctaginace^e, 404 

Leaves alternate, pinnate Poterium, in Rosacea, 146 

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. 
Stipules (ochreas) sheathing the stem at the nodes. 

Tree : the calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. Platanaceje, 446 
Herbs : the calyx present and commonly petal-like. Polygonace^e, 414 
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. 
Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so. 

Leaves whorled and dissected : style single. Ceratophyllace^:, 427 
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. Callitrichace^;, 427 
Not aquatics, herbs. 

Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. . . . Phytolaccace^e, 405 
Ovary 3- (rarely 1 - 2-) celled : juice usually milky. Euphorbiace^e, 430 
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. 

Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : 

no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . Urticace^e, 44C 
Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. 
Stipules not scarious ; leaves palmately cleft or 

palmately compound. . Cannabineae, in Urticace^, 44C 

Stipules scarious. . . Illecebreae, in Caryophyllace^e, 87 

Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up 

on the tube of the caiyx. Scleranthus, in Caryophyllace^:, 87 
Stipules none : but flowers with scarious bracts. Amarantaceje, 411 
Stipules and scarious bracts none . . Chenopodiace;e, 405 
Shrubs or trees. 
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. 

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineag, in Sapindaceje, llti 

Fruit a 1-celled and 1 -seeded samara or a drupe. Oleace^e, 4CKi 

Ovules single in each cell of the 

Three - nine-celled ovary : leaves heath-like. . Empetrace^e, 446 
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. . . . Rhamnace^e, 113 

One - two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urticace^, 440 
One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire. 
Anthers opening longitudinally . . . ThymEleace^, 424 
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . . . Laura ce^:, 422 

15. Flowers (monoecious or dioecious) one or both sorts in catkins. 

1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. 

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . Urticaceje, 440 
Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. 

Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. . Juglandaceje, 447 

Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cup. Cupuliferje, 449 



30 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. 
Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelace^j, 173 
Ovary and pod i -celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with 

a downy tuft at one end. Salicace^j, 461 

Ovary 1 -2-celled, only one ovule: in each cell : fruit 1-seeded. 
Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry. .... Loranthace^e, 426 

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. 

Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. Urticaceje, 440 
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. 

Style and stigma one, simple : the flowers in heads. Platanace^e, 446 
Styles or long stigmas 2. 
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin. Betulace^e, 458 
Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets 

naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like. . . . Myricace^e, 457 
Fertile flowers in pairs at each scale, each in a mem- 
branous sac or with leafy bractlets. Carpineas, in Cupulifer^e, 449 

Subclass II. GYMNO SPERMS. Pistil an open scale or altered 
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus 
entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

Represented in the Northern United States only by the order Conifers, 468 



Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which 
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- 
tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. (A transverse 
slice of the stem therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered 
throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion- 
ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the 
first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in 
threes, never in fives. 

A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or 
sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla {excepting some Araceae and 
Naiadacese, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes 
(husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins. 

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnaceye, 478 

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy Naidaceve, 482 

Heed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile 
nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads. 
Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. Typhace/E, 480 
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : sepals 6. Acorus, ) 

Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct >■ AraceyE, 475 

netted-veined blade, petioled. ) 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 31 

15. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with 
floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either 
herbaceous or colored and petal-like. 

1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. 

Aquatics : ovules and seeds several or numerous. Hydrochakidacete, 494 

Twiners : ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. Dioscoheace^e, 518 

Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous. 

Stamens only one or two : flower irregular, gynandrous. Orohidace.e, 497 

Stamens three. 
Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . BtiRMANNiACEiB, 496 
Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. BLemodorace^e, 514 
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . . Iridace.e, 515 

Stamens 6 : flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. Amaryllidace^e, 512 

2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. 

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy : the leaves equitant. HiEMODORACE^E, 514 
Perianth smooth : the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, &c, in Liliace^e, 520 

3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary. 
Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . Alismace^e, 490 

Pistil one : anthers 1-celled : flowers dioecious. Tendril-bearing. Smilace^:, 518 
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentas mostly 3) : anthers 2-celled- 
Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy : flowers not in dense heads. 
Stamens 6 (in one Smilacina 4), similar and perfect. 

Scurfy -leaved epiphyte : seeds hairy-tufted. . . Bromeliace^e, 515 
Rush-like marsh-herbs : carpels separating closed from the 

axis : seed without albumen. Triglochin, in Alismace^e, 490 

Terrestrial, not rush-like : seeds with albumen. 

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. \ 

Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 col- >■ Liliace^, 520 

ored withering- persistent petals. Trillium in ) 
Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme- 
ral deliquescent petals Commelynace^e, 546 

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers. 
Perianth of 3 herhaceous sepals and 3 unequal 

and ephemeral petals. .... Commelynace^e, 546 

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed Pontederiace^e, 544 

Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Mayaca, under Xyridace^j, 547 
Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. Pushes. Juncace;e, 536 
Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like : flowers in very 
dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic. 
Flowers perfect : inner perianth of three yellow petals : 
perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 
3 : pod 1 celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placenta?. Xyridace^, 547 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded : sta- 
mens 4 or 3 : pod 2-3-celled, 2-3-seedcd. Eriqcaulonace^e, 549 



32 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Cm Glumaceous Division. Flowers destitute of any -proper perianth, except 
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale- 
like bracts. 

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . Cyperace^e, 550 
Glumes in pairs, of two sorts Gramine^, 602 

Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS : 
those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores 
instead of seeds. 

Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. 
Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the 
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). 

Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under 

side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal 

spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth 

at each joint of the stem. Equisetace^;, 653 

Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on 

their hacks or margins Filices, 655 

Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of simple leaves 

or bracts. Lycopodiace^e, 672 

Fructification on the branches or petioles. - - Hydbopxf rides, 677 



^ KSCEIVED V C\ 

<# JUN "»:! 1911 




BOTANY 



NORTHERN UNITED STATES. 



SERIES I. 

PILENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- 
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an 
embryo. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGE^ 
NOUS PLANTS. 

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming 
a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem 
continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a 
new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted- 
veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or 
rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts 
usually in fives or fours. 

Subclass I. ANGIOSPER1VL3E. 

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and 
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 
3 



34 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 



Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals 
not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to 
Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals.) 

Order 1. RANUNCUL.ACEJE. (Crowfoot Family.) 

Herbs or woody climbers, rarely under shrubs, with a colorless acrid juice, 
polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy- 
nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely sin- 
gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. 
Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few : 
anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries. 
Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with 
fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves often 
dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of 
acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) 

Synopsis of the Genera. 

Tribe I. CLEMATIDEJ2. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. 
Petals none, or small, Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seeds 
solitary, suspended. — Leaves all opposite. 

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. 

Tribe II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none or very small 
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- 
posite or whorled, forming an involucre. 

* Seed suspended. Sepals 4 - 20. 

2. Anemone. Achenia numerous, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed nor inflated. 

Involucre leaf-like and remote from the flower 

3. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple 

leaves, and resembling a calyx. 

4. Tlialictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf- 

like, and remote from the flowers. 

* * Seed erect. Sepals 3-5, caducous. 

5. Trautvetteria. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. 

Tribe III. RANUNCUIiE^B. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often 
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous Seed solitary. 

6. Ranunculus. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect 

7. Myosurus. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended. 
Tribe IV. IiELLEBORINE^5. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely 

persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the early botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2- 
lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — Leaves all 
alternate. 

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 

8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 

9. Caltha. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided. 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT P^AMILY.) 35 

10. Trollius. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8-15, 

sessile. Leaves palmately divided. 

11. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals 

deciduous. Leaves trifoliolate. 

12. Helleborus. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 5, 

persistent, teaming green with age. 

13. Aquilegia. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5 

* * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 

14. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms 5 the upper pair with 

long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 

15. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. 

* #. # Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 

16. Zanttiorhiza. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in 

drooping compound racemes. 
Tribe V. CIMICIFUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Pet- 
als small and flat, or none. Pistils 1 - several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry. 
All the leaves alternate. 

17. Hydrastis. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- 

seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 

18. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. 

Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest, but small. 

19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry and 

several-seeded pods. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. 

1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. 

Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the 
bud. Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persist- 
ent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly 
a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leafstalks, rarely 
low and erect. Leaves opposite. ( KXt; fiari'y, a name of Dioscorides for a climb- 
ing plant with long and lithe branches .) 

§ 1. ATRAGENE, L. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and gradually passing 
into small spatulate petals : peduncles bearing single large flowers : the thin sepals 
widely spreading. 

1. C. verticill&ris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; 
leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or 
slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or on sterile stems 1 -3-toothed or lobed ; 
flower bluish-purple, 2' - 3' across ; tails of the fruit plumose. ( Atragene Amer- 
icana, Sims.) — Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and Western 
New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northwestward : rare. May. — A 
pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of 
the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. 

§ 2. CLEMATIS proper. Petals entirely wanting. 

* Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery : anthers linear. 

•>- Stem low, end and mostly simple: calyx silky outside, greenish. 

2. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate or sometimes 
3-lobed, almost sessile, silky beneath ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses, 
Long Island, Staten Island [Dr. Allen), Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare. 
May. 



36 RANUNCULACEtE. (crowfoot family.) 

+- ■*- Stems climbing : leaves pinnate : calyx {and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 

3. C. Vidrna, L. (Leather-flower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell- 
shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short recurved points ; 
the long tails of ^aQ fruit very plumose; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes 
slightly cordate, 2 - 3-lobed or entire ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Kich 
soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. May -Aug. 

4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyxbell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals 
with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit jili form and 
barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much 
reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois on the Mississippi, and 
southward. June. 

5. C. cylindriea, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of 
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin 
margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets 5 - 9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate 
to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. 
May - Aug. 

* * Flowers in panicled clusters, pofygamo-dicecioits : sepals thin : anthers oblong. 

6. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Virgin's-Bower.) Smooth; leaves 
bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped 
at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — Kiver-banks, &c, common; climbing 
over shrubs. July, August — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous 
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading) ; the fertile succeeded in autumn by the 
conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. 

2. ANEMONE, L. Anemone. Wind-flower. 

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in No. 1 resembling abortive 
stamens. Achenia pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. — 
Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- 
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from 
avepos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind 
blows.) 

§ 1. PULSATILLA, Tourn. Carpels numerous in a head, with long and hairy 
styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis : flower large, usually with 
some glandular bodies like abortive stamens answering to petals, but minute or 
indistinct. 

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana. (Pasque-flower.) Villous with 
long silky hairs ; flower erect, developed before the leaves ; which are ternately 
divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, 
the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; 
lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shal- 
low cup ; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish ( I '- 1 \ u long), spreading when in full 
an thesis. (A. Nuttalliana, DC. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, ed. 2. P. patens, var. 
Wolfgangiana, Trautv.) — Prairies, Illinois (Bebb), Wisconsin (Lapham), thence 
northward and westward. March -April. — A span high. Tail of carpels 2' 
long. (Eu. Siberia.) 



RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37 

§ 2. Carpels very numerous in a dense head, tipped with short and nearly naked styles, 
thickly clothed with very long and matted wool when ripe. 

* Low or slender plants, somewhut pubescent, always simple-stemmed, with a mostly 

sessile 2 - 3-leaved involucre far below the flower. 

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carolina Anemone.) Stem 3' -6' high 
from a round tuber; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3- 
parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft; sepals 10-20, oblong -linear, purple or 
whitish; head of fruit oblong.— Illinois [0. Everett, J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, 
E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May. Apparently passes into the 
South American A. decapetala. 

3. A. parviflbra, Michx. (Small-flowered A.) Stem 3'- 12' high 
from a slender rootstock ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divis- 
ions crenate-incised or lobed ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; sepals 5 or 6, ocal, white ; 
head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. 

* * Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles : sepals 

5-8, silky or downy beneath (4" -6" long), oval or oblong. 

4. A. multifida, DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy (6'- 12' high); 
principal involucre 2 -3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pe- 
duncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or 
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes 
greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Ver- 
mont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. 

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Long-fruited A.) Slender (2° high), 
clothed with silky hairs ; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- 
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- 
stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish- 
white ; head of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts 
and Ehode Island to Illinois and northwestward. May. — Peduncles 7' -12' 
long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, 
or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in the next. 

6. A. Virginiana, L. (Virginian A.) Hairy; principal involucre 3- 
leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the 
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute, 
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods 
and meadows; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high; the upright 
peduncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flowerstalk is 
leafless; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, 
which are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to 
similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the summer. 

§ 3. Carpels fewer, the achenia and the short slender styles merely pubescent. 

7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. (Pennsylvanian A.) Hairy, rather low; 
Involucres sessile; the primary ones 3-lcavcd, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon 
a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which 
branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and 



38 



RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 



toothed; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft; sepals 5, obovate, white (6" -9" 
long) ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular. — W. New England 
to Illinois and northwestward. June- Aug. 

8. A. nemordsa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood A.) Low, smoothish; 
stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the in- 
volucre of 3 long-petiokd trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, 
and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted; a simi- 
lar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer 
than the involucre : sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple out- 
side; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. 
April, May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 

3. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica. 

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a 
calyx; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus should strictly be viewed 
as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and 
persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, 
which are single, on hairy scapes. "(Name from a fancied resemblance to the 
liver in the shape of the leaves.) 

1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Round-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate 
obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common 
eastward ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, 
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (Eu.) 

2. H. aeutiloba, DC. (Sharp-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate 
and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acut- 
ish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale pur- 
ple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into the other. 

4. THALlCTETJM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. 

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, 
grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3- 
ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Plowers in 
corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious. (Derivation obscure.) 
§ 1. SYNDESMON, Hoffm. Between Thalictrum and Anemone, having all 
its stem-leaves in the form of an involucre at the top, and the stamens shorter than 
the 5-10 white and conspicuous sepals; but the stigma depressed-truncate, and 
the ovoid sessile carpels terete, many-angled, with deep intermediate grooves: flow- 
ers perfect. 

1. T. anemonoides, Miehx. (Rue- Anemone.) Glabrous; stem and 
blender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened 
tuberous roots ; the latter 2 - 3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 
3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2 - 3-leaved 
1 - 2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (jr ; long, 
rarely pinkish) not early deciduous. — Woods, common, flowering in eaily 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 39 

spring, along with and considerably resembling Anemone nemorosa. Rarely 
the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets. 

§ 2. Leaves alternate along the stem: no involucre: roots fibrous : flowers compara- 
tively small and numerous, panicled: sepals 4 or 5, usually falling early. 

* Flowers diozcious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles : filaments slender : 

stigmas elongated, linear or subulate, mostly unilateral: achenia sessile or short- 
stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved. 

2. T. dioicum, L. (Early Meadow-Rue.) Smooth and pale or glau- 
cous, 1 ° - 2° high ; leaves all with general petioles ; leaflets drooping, rounded and 
3 - 7-lobed ; flowers purplish and greenish ; the yellowish anthers linear, mu- 
cronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments. — Rocky woods, &c. ; common. 
April, May. 

3. T. purpurascens, L. (Purplish M.) Taller (2° -4° high, the 
stem usually purplish) ; stern-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so ; 
leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, thickish, pale and usually 
minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly revolute and the veining con- 
spicuous; panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, &c.) greenish and pur- 
plish; amhers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary fila- 
ments which are manifestly broadened at the summit. (T. Virginianum elatius, 
&c, Moris. T. rugosum, Ait. ? T. pubescens, Pursh. T. revolutum, DC.) — 
Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New England to Michigan, Illinois and south- 
ward. May, June. — Sometimes nearly glabrous throughout, often minutely 
pubescent, and in 

Var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin, mss., with the lower surface of the leaves, 
sepals, and mostly the fruit thickly beset with waxy atoms. Plant often grow- 
ing with the other, and exhaling a peculiar odor. 

4. T. Corntlti, L. (Tall M.) Smooth or obscurely pubescent, 4° -8° 
high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets nearly as in the last, but usually thinner and 
less revolute and veiny and the lobes more acute ; panicles very compound ; 
flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, ob- 
long, blunt, the white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. rugosum, 
Pursh., DC. T. corynellum, DC.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, com- 
mon, especially eastward. July - Sept. 

* * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under 

the small and short anther : stigma short and unilateral : achenia long -stipitate. 

5. T« clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of No. 2, but leaves only 
twice ternate ; flowers white and fewer ; achenia 5-10, flat, somewhat crescent- 
shaped, tapering into the slender stipe. — Mountains of S. Virginia and south- 
ward. June. 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. False Bugbane. 

Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. 
Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in- 
flated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alter- 
nate, and corymbose white flowers. (Dedicated to Prof Trautvetter, a Russian 
botanist.) 



40 LACE^E. (CROWFOCT 

1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. ( Cimicifuga palmata, Michx . ) Vvoous, 
along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also sparingly in 
Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes 
toothed and cut. Stems 2° - 3° high. 

6. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenia 
numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals or 
perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, 
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more / 
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little ' 
frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs 
abound.) 

§ 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a spot or naked pit at the base, white, 
or only the claw yellow : achenia marginless, transversely wrinkled: aquatic peren- 
nials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capil- 
lary divisions: peduncles l-Jlowered. 

1. R. divaricatus, Schrank. (Stiff Water-Crowfoot.) Leaves all 
under water and sessile or nearly so, the divisions and subdivisions short, 
spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when 
withdrawn from the water. (R. circinatus, Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams, 
northward and westward, much rarer than the next. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. (Common White 
Water-Crowfoot.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil- 
lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less 
when withdrawn from the water. — Common, especially in slow-flowing waters. 
June -Aug. (Eu. ) 

Var. heteroph^llus, DC. (Floating W.) Uppermost leaves floating, 
rounded and 3-5-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped. (R. aquatilis, Bigel, ed. 3.) — 
Roxbury and Newton, near Boston, Bigelow ; but not met with for many years : 
was possibly introduced from Europe, where this form is common. 

§ 2. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow). 

* Achenia smooth. 

•*- Aquatic, perennial: immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in the preceding. 

3. R. multifidus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Stems 
floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform 
divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud, the emersed leaves with shorter 
and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly 
lobed cr toothed; flower deep bright yellow, £'-1' in diameter; petals 5-8, 
much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a round head, pointed Avith a straight 
beak. (R. lacustris, Beck Sf Tracy, and R. Purshii, Richards, both in the year 
1823. R. Gmelini, DC. (1818) is an older name, belonging to a small north- 
ern form of the species ; but R. multifidus, Pursh, is the oldest, 1814, and 
apparently free for use.) E. New England to S. Penn., Elinois, and northward. 
May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT F ,-iLY.; 41 

Var. terr^stris, which differs from the ordinary emersed forms hy the 
stems ascending from the base and paniculately several-flowered at the summit, 
where the leaves are reduced to oblong or linear bracts ; no immersed dissected 
leaves. — Ann Arbor, Michigan, on muddy banks, Miss Clark. 
■*- -i- Terrestrial but qrowing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so : root peren- 
nial : leaves all entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or 
linear ; carpels forming a globular head. (Spearwort.) 

4. R. alisni88f61ius, Geyer. (Water Plantain Spearwort.) Stems 
hollow, ascending (l°-2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves 
lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3' -5' long), contracted 
into a margined petiole which expands into a membranaceous clasping base ; 
petals 5-7, bright yellow, much longer than the calyx (3" -4" long); carpels 
flattened, large, pointed with a long and straight narrow subulate beak. — Common, 
especially northward. June - Aug. — Intel-mediate in appearance between R. 
Flammula and Lingua, and has been confounded with both, but most resembles 
the latter. 

5. R. Flammula, E. (Smaller Spearwort.) Stem reclining or 
ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong- 
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (l'-2' long) ; petals 5-7, much 
longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels flattish but turgid, mucronate with 
a short abrupt point. — Shore of L. Ontario and northward : rare, and only a 
small form (var. intermeditjs) met with in this country, a span high, with 
flowers 3" in diameter, passing into 

Var. reptans. (Creeping S.) Small, slender, the filiform creeping stems 
rooting at all the joints (3'- 6' long; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (| ; -'l' 
long). — Gravelly or sandy shores and inundated banks; very common north- 
ward. June- Sept. (Eu.) 

6. R. oblongifblius, Ell. Stem erect or ascending, often pubescent 
below, slender (1° high), diffusely branched above and many-flowered; leaves ser- 
rate or denticulate; the lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (^'-1|' long) ; the 
uppermost linear; flowers 3" -5" broad; petals 5, twice the length of the calyx, 
bright yellow ; stamens numerous ; carpels minute, almost globular, tipped with a 
very small sessile stigma. (R. pusillus, var. Torr. Sr Gr. Fl. R. Texensis, 
Engelm.) Wet prairies, Salem, Illinois, Belib, and in S. States. June. 

7. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6 ; -18 
long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lowest round-ovate or heart- 
shaped (£' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (l'-l^' long) ; 
flowers very small; petals 1-5, yellowish, scarcely exceeding the calyx and the 3- 
10 stamens; carpels very turgid, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet 
places, S. New York and southward along the coast. June -Aug. 

-1- -i- -t- Terrestrial, with annual root, spreading by runners, glabrous: leaves all 
rounded and undivided but coarsely crenate : carpels in fruit forming an oblong 
head. 

8. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Sea-side Crowfoot.) Flowering stems 
leafless (3' -6' high), 1 - 7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the 
joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, 

L & M— 22 



42 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.; 

rather fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5 - 8 ; carpels striate on the sides. — Sandy 
shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and 
westward : also at salt springs. June - Aug. 

-i- +- -*- -t- Terrestrial, but often in wet places : root perennial : some or all of ths 

leaves cleft or divided. 

++ Root-leaves not divided to the very base. 

9. It. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf hairy ; root-leaves roundish or 
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves similar 
or 3 - 5-lobed ; the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels 
orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx. 
(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois and 
northward. April, May. — Stems 3'- 6' high, sometimes not longer than the 
root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 14. 

10. It. abortivus, L. (Small-flowered C.) Glabrous and very 
smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, 
the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 
3 - 5-parted or divided, subsessile ; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- 
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved 
beak ; petals shorter than the reflext-d calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks, 
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above, 
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. 

Var. micranthus. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, 
some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more 
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa- 
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 

11. It. SCeleratus, L. (Cursed C.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 
34obed, rounded ; lower stem -leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, 
the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; 
carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals 
scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June- 
Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and 
blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 

12. It. recurvatUS, Poir. (Hooked C.) Hirsute; leaves of the root and 
stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-clefl, large ; the lobes broadly wedge- 
shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a globular head, 
flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles; 
petals shorter than the refexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. — 
Stem l°-2° high. 

++ +-*■ All the leaves ternately divided to the very base, or compound, and the division? 

cleft or cut : achenia flat. 

a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. 

13. It. Pennsylvanieus, L. (Bristly C.) Hirsute with rough 
spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, 
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels 
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — 
A coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 43 

b. Head of carpels globular ; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 

14. R. fascicular is, Muhl. (Early C.) Low, pubescent with close- 
pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appear- 
ing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral 
ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong- or linear ; 
stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading 
calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved 
beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yellow 
flower 1 ' broad : petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale, 
often 6 or 7. 

15. R. repens, L. (Creeping C.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; 
stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners ; leaves 3-divicled ; the 
divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or 
ovate, unequally 3-cleffc or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed j 
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, 
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c, 
May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by 
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large 
as those of No. 14, or often larger. (Eu.) 

16. R. bulb6sus, L. (Bulbous C. Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect 
from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the ter- 
minal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles fur- 
rowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed 
calyx ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields ; very abundant only in 
E. New England; rare in the interior. May -July. — A foot high. Leaves 
appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla 
more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 

17. R. Acris, L. (Tall C. or Buttercups.) Hairy ; stem erect (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- 
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; 
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common 
eastward. June- Aug. — Plant twice the height of the preceding; the flower 
nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cat- 
tle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which, however, 
being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when these plants are cut with hay. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

*- * Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles : annuals. 

18. R. muricAtus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- 
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; 
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly 
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir- 
ginia and southward. (Nat. fromEu.) 

19. R. parvifl6rus, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse; lower leaves round- 
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-partcd; petals not 
longer than the calyx ; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- 
gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 



44 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

7. MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. 

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- 
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20. 
Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender 
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from fivs, a mouse, and ovpd, a tail), 
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate 
root-leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 

1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and 
Kentucky, thence south and west; apparently indigenous. (Eu.) 

8. ISOPYRUM, L. (Enemion, Raf.) 

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American 
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods 
ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately 
compound leaves ; the leaflets 2 - 3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, 
white. (Name from i'o-os, equal, and rrvpos, wheat; of no obvious application.) 

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (commonly 
4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. 1J. — Moist shady places, Ohio 
to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Pibres of the root thickened here 
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 

9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold. 

Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. 
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, 
with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name 
from KaXaQos, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.) 

1. C. palustris, L. (Marsh Marigold.) Stem Tiollow, furrowed; 
leaves round or kidney- shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly 
oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, 
May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming 
into flower, under the name of Cowslips ; but the Cowslip is a totally dif- 
ferent plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, 
as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.) 

10. TROLLIUS, L. Globe-ei.ower. 

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity 
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- 
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra- 
nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived 
from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 

1. T. laxus, Salisb. (Spreading Globe-flower.) Sepals 5-6, 
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — 
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers 
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 45 

name i6 not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe flower of the gardens, 
nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white. 

11. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread. 

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow 
at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods diver- 
gent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4 - 8-seeded. — Low smooth per- 
ennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. 
(Name from kotvtu), to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 

1. C. trifblia, Salisb. (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Leaflets 3, 
obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1 -flowered. — 
Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the moun- 
tains. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, 
shining. Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.) 

12. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. 

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- 
lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — - 
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and 
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelu, to injure, and 
fiopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 

1. H. vfRiDis, L. (Green Hellebore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate, 
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, and 
Bucks Co., Penn., Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.) 

13. AQTJILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine. 

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short 
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than 
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- 
nials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large 
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some 
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 

1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Spurs nearly straight; 
stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April - 
June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so 
that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. — More 
graceful than the 

A. vulgaris, L., the common Garden Columbine, of Europe, with 
hooked spurs, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 

14. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. 

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the 
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs 
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws : 



46 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit. 

— Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name 
from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not 
unlike the classical figures of the dolphin. ) 

* Perennials, indigenous; pistils 3-5. 

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (Tall Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft; 
the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes 
wandlike, panicled, many -flowered ; spur straight; pods 3, erect. — Rich soil, 
Penn. to Michigan and southward. July. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flowers 
purplish-blue, downy. 

2. D. trieorne, Michx. (Dwarf L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their di- 
visions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish; raceme few-flowered, loose; 
spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. — W. Penn. to Illinois and 
southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'- 12' 
high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 

3. D. azureum, Michx. (Azure L.) Leaves deeply 3 -5-parted, the 
divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme strict ; spur as- 
oending, usually curved upwards ; pods erect. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south- 
ward. May, June. — Stem 1° -2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flow- 
ers sky-blue or whitish. 

* * Annual, introduced: pistil single. 

4. D. Consolida, L. (Field L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear 
lobes; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shorter than the bracts; 
petals a/l combined into one body. — Pennsylvania and Virginia, escaped from 
grain-fields or gardens; and sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

15. ACONITTJM, Tourn. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. 

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel- 
met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or 
very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped 
bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. 
Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with 
palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. 
(The ancient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.) 

1. A. uneinatum, L. (Wild Monkshood.) Glabrous; stem slender, 
erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobed, petioled ; the 
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical, 
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, 
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June - Aug. 

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Trailing Wolfsbane.) Glabrous ; stems 
trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3 - 7 -cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in 
outline ; the divisions wedge-form., incised, often 2 - 3-lobed ; flowers white, in 
very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak 
in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. 

— Lower leaves 5' - 6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 



ranunoulace^e. (crowfoot family.) 47 

16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Shrub Yellow-root. 

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the 
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. 
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short 
style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant ; the bark and the 
long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in com- 
pound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1-2-pinnate leaves, from 
large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av66s, yellow, and 
pi£a, root.) 

1 . Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, Sherburne, New York, 
Dr. Douglass, and from the mountains of Pennsylvania southward. — Stems 
clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed, — The rootstocks of this, and 
also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 

17. HYDRASTIS, L. Orange-root. Yellow puccoon. 

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pis- 
tils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled: stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a 
head of crimson 1 - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending 
up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical 
leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated 
by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vdcop, water, and Spaco, 
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and south- 
ward : rare. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobed, doubly 
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide. 

18. ACT2EA, L. Baneberry. 

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, 
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. 
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. 
Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with 
ample 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and 
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from 
aKTr], the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) j 

1. A. spieata, L., var. rubra, Michx. (Red Baneberry.) Raceme 
orate; petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; pedicels slen- 
der; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. brachypetala, DC.)— Rich woods, common, 
especially northward. April, May. — Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 

2. A. alba, Bigel. (White Baneberry.) Taller and rather smoother 
than the preceding ; raceme oblong ; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end, 
appearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the 
peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries white. ( A. spieata, var. alba, Michx., 
and ed. 2. A. pachypoda, Ell.)— Rich woods, flowering a week or two later 
than the other, and more common westward and southward. — White berries 
rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels : but 
these are perhaps the result of crossing. 



48 MAGNOLIACE.E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY). 

19. CIMIClPUGA, L. Bugbane. 

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather 
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as 
in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 
2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 
gated wand-iike racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away; 
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 
§ 1. MACRO TYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened 

and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actaea : stigma broad 

and flat. 

1. C. racemdsa, Nutt. (Black Snakeroot.) Racemes very long ; pods 
ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. 
July. — Stem 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; the racemes in fruit 
becoming l°-3° long. 

§2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with 
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl- 
shaped: stigma minute. 

2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Racemes slender, 
panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 
seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout 
the Alleghanies. Aug. - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than the 
preceding. 

Ad6nis autumnalis, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found 
growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky. 

Nigella Damascena, L., the Fennel-flower, which offers a remarkable 
exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to 
form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 

PiE6NiA, the Pjeony, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms 
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a 
fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 

Order 2. MAGNOLJACEiE. (Magnolia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly-* 
petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla 
colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con-> 
volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. 
Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re-, 
ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy 
or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albumen fleshy : 
embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute 
transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic 
and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio* 
dendron. 



MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 49 

1. MAGN6LIA, L. Magnolia. 
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and 
long- anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and 
coherent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red 
fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 
berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral ves- 
sels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the suc- 
cessive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is 
folded lengthwise, and applied straight against the side of the next stipular 
sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier 
in the 17th century.) 

* Leaves all scattered along the branches : leaf-buds silky. 

1. M. glauca, L. (Small or Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.) 
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath; flower globular, white, 2' long, very 
fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near 
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far 
west as Cumberland Co. June -Aug. — Shrub 4° -20° high, with thickish 
leaves, which farther south arc evergreen, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. 

2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumber-tree.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green 
and a little pubescent beneath ; flower oblong bell-shaped, glaucous-green tinged 
with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New 
York to Ohio and southward. May, June. — Tree 60 - 90 feet high. Leaves 
thin, 5'- 10' long. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling a small 
cucumber, whence the common name. 

3. M. macroph^lla, Michx. (Great-leaved Magnolia.) Leaves 
obovate-ob/ong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; flower 
open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at the base, petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of 
fruit ovoid. — Rockcastle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky and south- 
ward. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. 
Leaves 2£° - 3£° long. ' 

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of (he flowering branches in an umbrella-like 
circle : leaf-buds glabrous : flowers white, slightly scented. 

4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (Umbrklla-trek.) Leaves obovate-lanceolafe, 
pointed at both <nds, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong, 4' -5' long. (M. 
tripe'tala, L.) — York and Lancaster counties, Penn. {Prof Porter), to Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves 
l°-3° long. Fruit rose-color, 4'-5' long, ovoid-oblong. 

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrklla-tree.) Leaves oblong- 
obocate or sputu/ate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate, 
with narrow claws, 4' long. (M. auriculata, Lam.) — Virginia and Kentucky 
along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° - 50° high. 
Leaves 8'- 12' long. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in 
the preceding. 

M. cordAta, Michx., the Yellow Cucumber-tree, of Georgia, and the 
M. grandiel6ra, L., the Great Laurel Magnolia, of the Southern 
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant great flowers, and 
G M— 3 



50 anonace^e. (custard-apple family.) 

thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green ahove and rusty- 
colored beneath), are the only remaining North American species. The former 
is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter 
and blossoms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size 
in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious. 

2. LIRIODENDEON, L. Tulip-tree. 

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in twft rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- 
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, 
imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from 
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, 
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. 
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined -at 
their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points 
to the base of the bud. (Name from Xiptov, lilt/ or tulip, and bevdpov, tree.) 

1. L. Tulipifera, L. — Rich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Bli- 
nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° 
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called 
Poplar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the 
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2' 
long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long. 

Order 3. ANOIVACEiE. (Custard-Apple Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, 
and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly- 
androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : fila- 
ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a 
mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta- 
ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated 
albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, 
solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except 
one genus in the United States, viz. : 

1. ASIMINA, Adans. North American Papaw. 

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. 
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and 
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy 
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid 
flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of 
the French colonists.) 

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- 
ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 
times as long as the calyx. — • Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and 
Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the 



MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 51 

young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. 
Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1^' wide. Fruits 3' -4' long, yellowish, 
sweet and edible in autumn. 

A. parvifl6ra, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably 
does not grow so far north as Virginia. 

Order 4. MEMSPEBMACEE. (Moonseed Family.) 

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the 
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy- 
pogynous, dioecious, 3 - 6-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or 
long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. 
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved 
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. 
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family ; there 
are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United 
States. 

1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled. 

2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8. Anthers 4-celled. 

3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. 

Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. 

1. COCCULUS, DC. Cocculus. 

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 
3 - 6 in the fertile flowers : style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. 
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles- 
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 

1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy beneath, 
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape; flowers greenish; 
the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ; 
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and 
southward. July, Aug. 

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed. 

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as 
long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised 
on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the 
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being 
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone 
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo 
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary 
panicles. (Name from /j.t)vt), moon, and (nrepfia, seed.) 

1. M. Canadense, L. (Canadian Moonseed.) Leaves peltate near 
the edge, 3 - 7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July. 
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 



52 BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt Cupseed. 

Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers 
2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. 
Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup 
on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in 
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of xakvi-, a cup, and Kapnos, fruit, 
from the shape of the shell.) 

1. C. Lydni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- 
tucky and southward. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves 
large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe 
an inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the 
cavity. 

Order 5. BERBEKIDACE^E. (Barberry Family.) 

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 
two or more rows of 2-4 each; the hypogynous stamens as many as the 
petals and opposite to them : anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at 
the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the 
sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. 
Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. 
Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate. 

* Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded. 

1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of 

each petal. Fruit a berry. 

2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers: petals thick, much shorter than the 

sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked. 

3. Dipliylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than sepals. Berry 2-4« 



** Petals 6-9 Stamens 8 -18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs. 

4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod 

opening by a lid. 

5. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12 -18 : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 

Fruit a large berry. 

1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. 

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, 
with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma 
circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta- 
ceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers 
in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1 -9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. 
(Derived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 

1. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Barberry.) Leaves scattered on the fresh 
shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines; from 
which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely 
bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping many-flowered 
racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds m 



BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 53 

E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : elsewhere occasionally 
spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Leaves repandly 
toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched at 
the apex; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1). — Alleghanies of Virginia and 
southward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub 1° - 3° high. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. 

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and 
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much 
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers 
oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary 
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, 
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- 
ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture 
of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending 
up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or 
panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately 
compound leaf, without any common petiole (whence the name, from Kavkos, 
stem, and (fivWov, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf). 
Leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobed. 

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called Pappoose-root.) Ledntice 
thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods ; common westward. April, May. — Stems 
1° - 2^-° high. Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biter- 
nate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, 
also the seeds, which are as large as peas. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Umbrella-leaf. 

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 : 
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 
5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded. 
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal 
rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed, 
rounded, umbrella-like, radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing 
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate 
near one mai'gin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed 
6T§t's, twice, and <pvX\ov, leaf.) 

1. D. cymdsa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia 
and southward. May. — Hoot-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 
5-7-lobed; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 

4. JEFPERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf. 

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong- 
linear, on -slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed: stigma 2- 
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part 



54 NYMPILfflACE-ffi. ( WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, -with a fleshy 
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, 
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 hall-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- 
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 

1. J. diph^lla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes 
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Mandrake. 

Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- 
cious. Petals 6 or y, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- 
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by 
uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit 
a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many 
rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cav- 
ity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous 
roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from ttovs, afoot, and (pvXXov, a leaf, 
from a fancied resemblance of the 5-7-parted leaf to the foot of some web- 
footed animal.) 

1. P. peltatum ? L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes ob- 
long, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich 
woods, common. Mav- — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7-9- 
lobed leaf, peltaie in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 
two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge; the nodding 
white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in 
July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and 
poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels ! 

Order 6. NYMPH^EACE^l. (Water-Lily Family.) 

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes 
only cordate leaves floating or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides or back 
(or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the venfral 
suture; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen next 
the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle hardly 
any : cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. — 
Flowers axillary, solitary. Leaves rolled inwards in vernation. Root- 
stocks very obscurely exogenous in structure. — Comprises a few genera, 
which differ so much in the flower and fruit, that, for the sake of con- 
venient definition, we have formerly treated as separate orders the follow- 
ing suborders : 

Suborder I. CABOMBEJE. (Water-Shield Family.) 

Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. 
Stamens definite (6-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and 



NYMPELEACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 55 

indehiscent, 1 - 3-seeded on the dorsal suture. — Stems slender, leafy, 
coated with mucilage. Flowers small. 

1. Brasenia. Stamens 12 - 18 : filaments slender. Leaves all peltate. 

Suborder II. NELUMBONE^. (Nelumbo Family.) 

Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each 
other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and decid- 
uous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical re- 
ceptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the 
imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no al- 
bumen. — Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the cen- 
trally peltate leaves and the flowers large. 

2. Nelumfoiiim. Character of the Suborder. 

Suborder III. NYMPHJIACEJ: proper. ( Water-Lily F.) 
Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying 
away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the com- 
pound 8 - 30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many car- 
pels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, 
except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit bac- 
cate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock. 

3. Nymphtca. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit. 

4. Nuphar. Petals, very small and stamen-like, and stamens inserted under the ovary. 

1. BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-Shield. 

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili- 
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent 
pods : stigma linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock 
creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on 
the water. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.) 

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydrope'ltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and slow 
streams. June - Aug. — Leaves entire, 2' - 3' across. (Also a native of Puget 
Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India ! 

Cabomba, the other genus of the group, occurs from N. Carolina southward 

2. NEL1JMBIUM, Juss. Nelumbo. Sacred Bean. 

The only genus of the suborder. (Nebimho is the Ceylonese name of the East 
Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosum.) 

1. "N. luteum, Willd. (Yellow Nelumbo, or Water Chinquepin.) 
Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- 
ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : intro- 
duced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Near Woodstown and Sussex 
Co., New Jersey. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near 
Lvme ; perhaps introduced there by the aborigines. June -Aug. — Leaves 
usr.allv raised hi^h out of the water, circular in outline, with the centre de- 



56 . NYMPH^ACE^. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 

pressed or cupped, 1° -2° in diameter. [Flower 5'- 10' broad. Tubers farina- 
ceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphsea on a 
large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well- 
formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. • 



3. NYMPHJEA, Tourn. Water-Nymph. Water-Lily. 

Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the 
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbrieately inserted all over the 
surface of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer 
with dilated filaments. Ovary 1 8 - 30-celled, the concave summit tipped with a 
globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these 
project at the margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile ap- 
pendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed 
petals, maturing underwater. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers 
white, rose-color, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water- 
Nymphs.) 

1. N. Odorata, Ait. (Sweet-scented Water-Lily.) Leaves orbic- 
ular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (5' -9' wide), the margin entire; 
stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, ap- 
pressed to the rootstock ; flower white, very sweet scented (often as much as 5^' 
in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the 
afternoon) ; petals obtuse; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblong 
seeds (these about 1|" long; anthers blunt). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing 
water : common eastward and southward. June - Sept. — Varies with pinkish- 
tinged and rai-ely with bright pink-red hWers (especially at Barnstable, Mass.), 
the leaves often crimson underneath, — and in size by gradations into 

Var. minor, Sims (N. minor, DC, &c), with leaves only 2'- 5' and flowers 
2' -3' broad. — Shallow water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil. 

2. N. tuberosa, Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida, 1865. (Tuber-bearing W.) 
Leaves reniform-orbicular, mostly larger (8' -15' wide) and more prominently 
ribbed than the last, green both sides ; rooUtock bearing numerous spontaneously 
detaching often compound tubers ; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of 
apples, white, never pinkish, 4^' - 9' in diameter, the petals, as in N. alba, pro- 
portionally broader and blunter than in No. 1 ) ; the fruit more depressed, and 
with fewer but much larger (i. e. twice as broad) globular-ovoid seeds which when 
mature are barely enclosed by the aril, and not stipitate. (N. alba, Nutt. Gm, 
1ST. reniformis, DC ? scarcely of Walter, which is very obscure.) — Lakes, slow 
rivers, &c., W. New York (from Oneida Lake, Paine) and near Meadville, Penn. 
( W. L. Chaffin) to Michigan, Illinois, and probably in the Southern States. 
July - Sept. 

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter-Dock. 

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish. 
Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with 
the very numerous and short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not 



SARRAC ENLACED. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.) 57 

surpassing the disk-like 8 - 24-rayed sessile stigma. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually 
ripening above water. Aril none. — Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. 
Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer. 
(No0(j6ap of Dioscorides, from the Egyptian name.) — Our various forms seem 
to include only two species. 

1. N. advena, Ait. (Common Y.) Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorten 
than the stamens and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma 12- 
24-rayed ; ovary and fruit not contracted into a narrow neck under the stigma ; 
thin submersed leaves seldom appearing ; floating or emersed and erect leaves 
thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus 
open, or (var. variegAtum, Engelm., flower often partly purplish) closed or 
narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water. 

2. "N. ltlteum, Smith. (Smaller Y.) Sepals 5, nearly equal; petals 
longer and dilated upwards ; stigma 12- 16-rayed ; fruit globular, with a short 
narrow neck; earlier and submersed leaves very thin and delicate, roundish, 
the floating ones oval and usually with a narrow or closed sinus. — The only 
specimen seen like the European (expanded flower fully 2' across) is from 
" Manayunk, 7 miles from Philadelphia," in herb. Collins, now Durand. (Eu.) 

Var. pumilum. (Small Y.) Flower ^' - 1' across when outspread ; 
leaves l'-5' long. (N. pumilum, Hoppe. N. Kalmiana, Pursh.) — Ponds, N. 
England to Penn. and northward. (Eu.) 

N. polysepalum, Engelm., with very large flowers and numerous sepals, 
occurs far west. 

"N. sagittif6lia, Pursh, of N. Carolina and southward, has narrow and 
long leaves. Both perhaps run into No. 1. 

Order 7. SAIftlRACENIACJE^S. (Pitcher-Plants.) 

Polyandrous and liypoyynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or 
trumpet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui- 
ana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus 
in the Atlantic United States. 

1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Side-saddle Flower. 

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong 
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary 
'compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at 
the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped 
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked 
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placenta? 
in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of 
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves 
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. 
Scape naked, 1 -flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of 
Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical 
account of it, to Europe.) 



58 PAPA VERA CE^i. (POPPY FAMILY.) 

1. S. purpurea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. Hunts- 
man's Cup.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the 
hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple; the fiddle-shaped 
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish- 
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, 
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Minnesota, N. Illinois, and 
southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually 
half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed 
with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a„ 
foot high : it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side J 
saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. 

2. S. flava, L. (Trumpets.) Leaves long (l°-3°) and trumpet-shaped, 
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing 
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, 
Virginia and southward. April. 

Order 8. PAPAYERACEiE. (Poppy Family) 

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos 
or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with 
2 or more parietal placentas. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower 
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the 
bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a 
dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2- 
celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo 
at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stip- 
ules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid. 

* Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentae. 

1. Papaver. Stigmas united into a radiate crown on the summit of the ovary. Pod 

opening by chinks or pores. Petals crumpled in the nodding flower-bud. 

* * Ovary strictly 1-celled. Pod opening by valves, leaving the 2-6 filiform parietal placentae 

as a framework. 
*- Petals twice as many as the sepals, usually more or less crumpled in the flower-bud. 

2. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 

3. StyJophortim. Stigmas and placentae 3 - 4. Style distinct. Pod bristly. 
4 Clielidonium. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. 

•*- *- Petals 4-6 times as many as the 2 sepals, not crumpled in the erect flower-bud. 
6. Sanguiuaria. Stigma 2-grooved. Placentae 2. Petals white. 

* * * Ovary and elongated pod 2-celled by a spongy partition. 
8. Glaucium. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Petals 4. 

1. PAPAVER, L. Poppy. 

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4 - 20-rayetf 
wown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and 
turgid, with 4 - 20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions, 
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs 



PAPAVERACEiE. (POPPY FAMILY.) 59 

with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Three 
annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. : 

1. P. somniferum, L. (Common Poppy.) Smooth, glaucous ; leaves 
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose; corolla mostly white or pur- 
ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. P. dubium, L. (Smooth-fruited Corn-Poppy.) Pinnatifid leaves 
and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. — 
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward: rare. (Adv. from Eu) 

3. P. Argem6ne, L. (Rough-fruited C.) Smaller, with finer-cut 
leaves and paler flowers than the last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste 
grounds, near Philadelphia, .Mr. Dieffenbaugh. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. ARGEMONE, L. Prickly Poppy. 

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3- 
6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top. Seeds 
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves 
sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Flower- 
buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from apye/xa, a disease of the eye, for 
which the juice was a supposed remedy.) 

1. A. MexicAna, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. — 
Waste places, southward. July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 

3. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Celandine Poppy. 

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 2-4-lobed. 
Pods bristly, 2 - 4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren- 
nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 
1 - 3-leaved, and umhellately 1 - few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds 
and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. 
(Name from o-tv\os, style, and <pep<o, I bear, indicating one of the distinctive 
characters.) 

1. S. dip helium, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, 
deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves 
often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets ; peduncles equalling the 
petioles; flower deep yellow (2' broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod oval. — Damp 
woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. May. —Foliage and flower 
resembling Celandine. 

4. CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. 

"Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none : stigma 2-lobed. 
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- 
wards. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid 
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- 
low flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; the buds nodding. (Name from ye AtSwi/, 
the Swallow, because, according to Dioscorides, it begins to flower at the trims 
the swallows appear.) 



60 FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 

1. C. mAjus, L. (Celandine.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May- 
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. SANGTJINARIA, Dill. Blood-root. 

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens 
about 24. Style short; stigma S-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2- 
valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate 
rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest 
spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower 
jwhite, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the 
color of the juice.) 

1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. 

6. GLAITCIUM, Tourn. Horn-Poppy. 

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod vcrj 
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crestless. 
— Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary 
yellow flowers. (The Greek name, ykaviuov, from the glaucous foliage.) 

1. G. luteum, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed 
and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough, (6'- 10' long). — Waste places S. 
E. New England, Maryland, and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 9. FUMARIACEJE. (Fumitory Family.) 

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, ir- 
regular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 
2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small 
and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the 
outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at 
the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united 
over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger 
petals, hypogynous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of 
each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded 
and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentas. — Leaves usu- 
ally alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.) 

* Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae. 

1. Adlumia. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals all united. Seeds crestless. 

2. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 

3. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested or arilled. 

* * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 

4. Fumaria. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seed crestless. 

1. ADLUMIA, Paf. Climbing Fumitory. 

Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy- 
cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. 



FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 61 

Stigma 2-crestetl. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent 
to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, with thrice- 
pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white 
or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.) 

1. A. cirrildsa, Rat". — Wet woods; common westward. June -Oct. — 
A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the slender young leaf- 
stalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. 

2. DICENTEA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu- 
ous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Fila- 
ments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, 
stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and dis- 
sected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from 
bis, twice, and Kevrpov, a spur; — accidentally printed Dicly'tra in the first 
instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into Di- 
e'lytra.) 

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Scape and slen- 
der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb; lobes of the leaves linear; ra- 
ceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent spins longer than the pedicel ; 
crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, especially westward. — A very deli- 
cate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers 
crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slen- 
der scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color. 

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel Corn.) Subterranean shoots bear- 
ing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ; 
leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely hart-shaped, the spurs very short 
and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine 
to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Flowers 
greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths. 

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes of 
the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at 
the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare 
( Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia, May - Aug. — Coarser-leaved 
than the others ; scapes 6' - 10' high. 

3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Corydalis. 

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- 
ent. Pod- many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. Our 
species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek 
name for the Fumitory.) 

1. C. glauca, Pursh. (Pale Corydalis.) Stem upright ; racemes pan- 
icled ; spur of the purplish and yellow-tipped corolla very short and rounded ; pods 
erect, slender, elongated. — Rocky places : common: 6' -2° high. May -Aug. 

2. C. flavula, Raf. Corolla pale-yellow, 3" -4" long; spur very short; tips 
of the outer petals pointed, wing-crested on the back, longer than the inner; seeds 



62 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.; 

acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; aril loose : otherwise as in the next. — 
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. 

3. C. atirea, Willd. (Golden C.) Stems low or decumbent; racemes 
simple ; corolla golden-yellow, ^' long ; slightly decurved spur somewhat shorter 
than the pedicel, not half the length of the rest of the flower; tips of outer petals 
blunt, crestless and naked on the back, little longer than the inner ; pods usually 
pendent ; seeds smooth and even, or sometimes very minutely reticulated, turgid, 
marg'mless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril. — Rocky places, Vermont to 
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April- July. — Var. micrantha, Engelm., 
is a state with minute spur/ess flowers (probably fertilized in the bud), and 
ascending pods, on very short pedicels. — W. Illinois and St. Louis, Riehl. 

(C. Montana, Engelm., or perhaps rather C. aurea, var. occidentalis, 
Engelm., Missouri to Texas and westward, differs from the Eastern C. aurea in 
the often ascending spur nearly equalling the rest of the corolla and longer than 
the pedicel, erect or ascending pods, and seeds lenticular with acutish margin. 

— C. curvisiliqua, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in longer 4-an- 
gular pods ascending on very short pedicels, the acute-margined seed muricate! 

— C. crystallina, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in the very broad 
•but short wing on tip of outer petals, short few-seeded pod covered with crys- 
talline vesicles, and sharper- margined tubercular-reticulated seeds.) 

4. FUMAEIA, L. Fumitory. 

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, 
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, 
with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or 
spikes. (Name from fum us, smoke.) 

1. F. officinalis, L. (Common Fumitory.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- 
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about 
dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 



Order 10. CRUCIFEKJE. (Mustard Family.) 

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers .- 
fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form- 
ing a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter 
(rarely only 4 or 2). Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between 
the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves separate, 
either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle or pouch), 
sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across 
into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albu- 
men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various 
ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. their margins on one side ap- 
plied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ; 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.; 63 

or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, 
thus oQ}. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be 
folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they 
are conduplicate, thus o^;. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is 
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes 
or corymbs : pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family, 
of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters of genera 
taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) 
I. SLLIQUOSiE. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. 

Tribe I. ARABIDEiE. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium). Seeds orbicular or 

oval, more or less flattened. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 

* Seeds small and turgid, seldom half the breadth of the turgid pod. 

1. Nasturtium. Pod terete, linear, oblong or even globular. Flowers white or yellow. 

* * Seeds flat or flattish, scarcely narrower than the partition, except in some of No. 5. 

2. Leaven worthia. Pod oblong, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds winged: embryo 

straight ! Flowers white or purplish, with a yellowish base. Leaves all radical. 

3. Dentaria. Pod flat, lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically from the base. 

Seeds wingless, on broad seedstalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem naked below. 

4. Cardamine. Pod flat, linear or lanceolate 5 the valves nerveless, opening elastically. 

Seeds wingless, on slender stalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem leafy, at least below. 

5. Arabis. Pod linear, elongated, flat or flattish, rarely almost terete ; the valves commonly 

with a prominent midrib, or veiny, not opening elastically. Flowers white, whitish, or 
purple. Stems leafy, at least below. 

6. Barbarea. Pod linear, more or less 4-sided, the rigid valves being keeled by a promL 

nent midrib. S3eds wingless. Flowers yellow. 

Tribe II. SISYMBRIE.3E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish, mostly oblong. Cotyle 
dons incumbent, narrow, plane. 

7. Erysimum. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 

8. Sisymbrium. Pods terete, 4- 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. 

Tribe III. BRASSICEJE. Pod linear or oblong. Seeds globular. Cotyledons in- 
cumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 

9. Brassica (including Sinapis). Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, 

or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish. 

II. SILICULOSiE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. 

Tribe IV. ALYSSINEjE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- 
tion, or globular. Cotyledons accumbent, plane 
1. Nasturtium. Pod terete or globular with many small seeds. 

10. Draba. Pod flat, oval, oblong, or even linear, many-seeded. 

11. Alyssum. Pod flat, orbicular, 2- 4-seeded. 

12. Vesicaria. Pod globular-inflated, 4 -several -seeded. 

Tribe V. CAMELiINEJE. Pod turgid or somewhat flattened parallel with the broad 
partition. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. 

13. Camelina. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded : style slender. Flowers yellow. 

14. Subularia. Pod globular, few-seeded : style none. Flowers white. 

Tribe VI. IjEPIDINE^ and THLASPIDEJE. Pod short; the boat-shaped 
valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. 

15. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. 

16. Tiilaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 

17. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 

18. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from 

the little partition as two closed one-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. 



64 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

III. LOMENTACEiE. Pod articulated, separating across into joints. 

Tribe VII. CAKHjIlVEiE. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 

19. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. 

Tribe VIII. RAPHANEiE. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3. 

20. Raphanns. Pod elongated, several-seeded, transversely intercepted. 

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-Cress. 

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete 
or nearly so. Seeds small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell 
(except in No. 2). Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with 
yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually 
glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of 
its pungent qualities.) 

§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx: pods linear: leaves pinnate. 

1. N. officinale, R.Br. (True Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and 
rooting; leaflets 3 - 1 1 , roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) 
ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels. 1J. — Brooks and ditches : 
escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong, 
or even ovoid or globular : leaves mostly pinnatifld. 

* Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow. 

2. "N. sylvestre, R. Br. (Yellow Cress.) Stems ascending; leaves 
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (^'long) 
on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; style 
very short. — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. N. Sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the 
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on 
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. 

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial,? with simple fibrous roots : flowers small or 

minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 

4. "N. sessiliflbmm, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely 
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon- 
gated-oblong (5" - 6" long), thick ; style very short. — W. Illinois to Tennessee 
and southward. April -June. 

5. ~N. obtlisum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves 
pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; 
flowers minute, short-pediceiled ; }>ods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear- 
oblong to short-oval ; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 

6. N. pallistre, DC. (Marsh Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately 
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels 
about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or 
ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet places or in shallow water ; common. June- 
Sept. — Flowers only l"-l£" long. Stems l°-3°high. — The typical form 
with oblong pods is rare ( W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute 
stems and leaves are common. Var. hispidum (N. hispidum, DC.) is a form, 
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) 



CRTJCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 65 

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undivided, 
or the lower ones pinnatifid : root perennial. (Armoracia.) 

7. El", lacustre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; 
immersed leaves 1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; 
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; 
pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. (N. natans, var. Americanum, 
Gray. Armoracia Americana, Am.) — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to 
Illinois and southwestward. July - Aug. — Near N. ampbibium. 

8. "N. ArmokAcia, Tries. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves very large, ob- 
long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels 
ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. ( Cochlearia Armo- 
racia, L.) — Roots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from 
cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. LEAVENWOETHIA, Torr. Leavenwoethia. 

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu- 
late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. 
Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which 
if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennial 
or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short 
one - few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of the late M. C. Leavenworth.) 

1 . L. Michauxii, Torr. — On flat rocks and barrens, S. E. Kentucky and 
southwestward : rare. March - May. — Scapes 2' - 4' high. Petals purple, 
rose color, or nearly white, with a golden yellow or yellowish base, or rarely 
yellow throughout ? (L. aurea, Torr.), cuneate-obcordate or emarginate ; the 
flowers rather large for the size of the plant. 

3. DENTAEIA, L. Toothwort. Pepper-root. 

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seedstalks broad and 
flat. Cotyledons petioled, their margins somewhat infolding each other. — 
Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed 
rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless below, bear- 
ing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a 
single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from 
dens, a tooth. ) 

1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, 
similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed 
leaflets ; petals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 
5' -10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. 

2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of thick toothed 
tubers; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coai'sely 
toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft; petals pink. (D. laciniata, var. ^, Torr. 
Sr Gr.) — Northern New York (Watertown, Crawe ; Utica, Paine) to Penn. : 
rare. May. — Seldom taller, but the leaves often smaller, than in No. 1. 

3. D. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Rootstock a chain of 2 or 3 narrow-oblong and 
obscurely toothed tubers; stem-leaves 2 or 3, alternate (rarely opposite), divided into 

L & M— 23 



66 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

3 lanceolate or linear-oblong somewhat toothed (sometimes incised or 2-cleft) leaflets; 
root-leaves of 3 rounded or cuneate-ovate incised leaflets ; petals purple. — Perm, 
(near Philadelphia, Dr. Diffenbaugh) and Washington (Bebb) to Kentucky and 
southward. April, May. 

4. D. laeiniata, Muhl. Rootstock as in the last ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3- 
parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, irregularly cut or cleft into prominent nar- 
row teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed; root-leaves similarly dissected; petals 
pale purple or nearly white. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to 
Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. 

5. D. multifida, Muhl. More slender and delicate than the last; root- 
stock similar; stem-leaves 3 or sometimes 2, alternate, opposite, or whorled, finely 
2 - 3-ternately divided, or the subdivisions parted, into very narrowly linear lobes ; 
root-leaves similarly 3 - 4-ternately divided; flowers (4-7) white. — Southern 
Kentucky (doubtless) and southward. — This appears to pass into No. 4; and 
all these species except the first probably run together. 

4. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress. 

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves 
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- 
less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. 
(A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some Cress, from the cordial or cardiacal 
qualities.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. 
* Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 

1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (Spring- Cress.) Stems upright from a tuberif- 
erous base, simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves 
ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, all 
somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a 
slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — Wet mead- 
ows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June. 

Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4' - 6' high), and slightly pubescent ; leaves 
rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, 
W. New York and S. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and northward. 

2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (Mountain Water-Cress.) Stems branch- 
ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, 
roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest 
frecpiently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets ; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the 
style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, Pennsylvania 
and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste 
of the true Water-Cress. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 

3. C. bellidifblia, L. Dwarf (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, entire, 
or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles; pods upright, linear; style 
nearly none. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains and'Katahdin, Maine 
(J. W. Chickering). July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the 
convex valves 1 -nerved. (Eu.) 

* * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy. 

4. C. pratensis, L. (Cuckoo Flower.) Stem ascending from a short 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67 

rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7 - 13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; 
of the upper ones oblong- or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals 
(white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx. — Wet places and bogs, 
Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. May. (Eu.) 
* * * Root mostly biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small, white. 

5. C. hirsuta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Beset with scattered hairs, 
or glabrous ; stems (3' - 12' high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster 
of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear 
and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, slender, 
erect or ascending in line with the pedicel ; style very short or almost none. 
(C. Pennsylvania, Muhl. ; usually taller and more leafy-stemmed than the true 
European C. hirsuta, the stamens always 6, and the pods less erect.) — Wet 
places: common. May -July. (Eu.) 

Var. sylvatica (C. sylvatica, Link., C. Virginica, Michx.) grows in drier 
places, is more slender, and has pods more erect than their ascending or spread- 
ing pedicels, the style evident. — Commoner southward. (Eu.) 

5. ARAB IS, L. Rock Cress. 

Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1 -nerved in 
the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Coty- 
ledons accumbent. — Leaves seldom divided. Elowers white or purple. (Name 
from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.) 

§ 1. Seeds in one row in each cell, being nearly as broad as the partition. 
# Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base. 

1 . A. LudOViciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual ; leaves all 
jnnnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of 
the lower leaves numerous ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear 
and spreading, flat ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook.) — 
Open grounds, Virginia 1 to Illinois and southward. 

2. A. lyrata, L. Boot biennial ; plant mostly glabrous, except the lyrate- 
pirtnatifld root-leaves, stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering 
base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish 
calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading ; the seeds margin- 
less. — On rocks, New England to Kentucky along the mountains, Minnesota 
and northward. April -July. — Radicle sometimes oblique, or even dorsal. 

A. ThaliAna, L., resembles the last, but the root-leaves are hardly if at all 
lyrate, the stem more strict, flowers smaller, and the cotyledons uniformly in- 
cumbent ; so it is referred to Sisymbrium, p. 70. 

3. A. petrsea, Lam. Root perennial, multicipital ; leaves sparingly pinna- 
tifid-toothed or incised, sometimes entire ; petals rose-color or nearly white ; pods 
shorter and less flat than in A. lyrata : otherwise similar. — Rocks, L. Superior ? 
Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, H. Mann. 

4. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the 
stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and 
tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, 



68 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked ; style scarcely any ; seeds margin- 
less. — New York and Illinois to Virginia and Kentucky. May, June. 

* * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with white or whitish flowers, narrow 

but flattened ascending or erect pods, and wingless seeds. 

5. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2° high) ; 
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, 
partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice 
the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascending, 
tipped with a distinct style. — Central Ohio (rocky banks of the Scioto, Sulli- 
vant), Pennsylvania (Huntingdon Co. to the Schuylkill, Porter) ; also in E. 
Tennessee. April, May. 

6. A. hirstlta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect 
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- 
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) 
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely 
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) 

* * * Erect and simple leafy -stemmed biennials (l°-3° high), with small ivhitish 

flowers, recurved-sp reading or pendulous flat pods (3' -4' long), and broadly 
winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition. 

7. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly 
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or 
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- 
spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. hetero- 
phylla, Nutt.) — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. 

8. A. Canadensis, L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above; 
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower 
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat, 
scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — (A. falcata, Michx.) 
Woods and ravines; not rare, especially westward. June -Aug. 

* * * * Tall and leafy-stemmed biennials or perennials, with rather showy flowers, 

the pink-purple petals long-clawed ; anthers sagittate and when old arcuate- 
recurved ; the widely spreading and ratter short pods nearly terete ; seeds mar- 
ginless. (Iodanthus, Torr. &f Gray.) — Transition to Thelypodium and 
Streptanthus. 

9. A. hesperidoides. Glabrous (1°- 3° high), often branched above; 
root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves ovate-ob- 
long and ovate-lanceolate (2' -6' long), membranaceous, veiny, sharply and 
often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, 
sometimes bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods on short diverging 
pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx. Iodanthus 
hesperidoides, Torr. fy Gray. )— Alluvial river-banks, Ohio, Kentucky and 
southwestward. May, June. 

§ 2. TURRITIS, Dill. Seeds not so broad as the partition, occupying two more or 
less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young : strict and very h afy -stemmed 
biennials ; the cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. ( Very gta- 



crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 69 

brons in the following species, except the base of the stem and the lower or tuft of 
radical leaves, these mostly hirsute. ) 

10. A. perfoliata, Lam. (Tower Mustard.) Tall (2° -4° high); 
glaucous ; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire, half-clasping by the 
sagittate base ; petals yellowish-white, little longer than the calyx ; pods very narrow 
(3' long) and pedicles strictly erect. (Turritis glabra, L.) — Rocks and fields, 
scarce and perhaps introduced southward; more common northward. (Eu.) 

11. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 1° - 2° high; stem- 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate (l'-2' long) with narrow auricles, 
or the lowest spatulate ; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx ; 
pedicels and flat pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing- 
margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (Turritis stricia, 
Graham.) — Rocky places, from the St. Lawrence in Canada East, to Lewiston 
(Clinton), Lake Superior, and northwestward; also "Chenango Co. New 
York," Northern Illinois, Vasey. — Pods 2^' -3^' long, or in var. (T. brachy- 
carpa, Torr. #- Gray) only l'-2' long. 

6 . BAEBAEEA, R. Br. Winter Cress. 

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- 
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. 
— Mostly biennials resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called 
The Herb of St. Barbara.) 

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.) 
Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the 
lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pin- 
natifid at the base ; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. stricta, ap- 
pressed ; in var. arcuAta, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds 
and roadsides : apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north- 
ward and westward. (Eu.) 

2. B. precox, R. Br. (Early Winter C), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes 
to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a vari- 
ety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from New York southward as a winter 
salad, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.) 

7. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard. 

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled witn a strong midrib. Seeds in a sin- 
gle row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incum- 
bent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not 
clasping. (Name from ipvco, to draw blisters.) 

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Minutely rough- 
ish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods 
small and short (7 '-12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender di- 
vergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and northward. 
July. (Eu.) 

2. E. asperum, DC, var. Arkansanum, Nutt. (Western Wall- 
flower.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, some- 



70 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 



what toothed; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3' -4' long), ex- 
actly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and 
southwestward. June, July. — Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright 
orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, 
on very slender clawsi. 

8. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard. 

Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, 
marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or 
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are 
annuals or biennials. 

1. S. officinale, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runcinate ; flowers 
very small, pale yellow; pods awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem, scarcely 
stalked. — Waste places. May - Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 2° - 3° 
high. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. ThaliAna, Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire 
or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than 
the slender spreading pedicels. (Arabis Thaliana, L. ; the plant resembles A. 
lyrata.) — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky. April, May. — 
A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. S. eanescens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, often 
hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed ; flowers yellowish, very 
small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than 
their mostly horizontal pedicels ; seeds 2-ranked in each cell. — Penn. and New 
York (Lucifer Falls, Tompkins Co., J. W. Chickering) to Lake Superior, thence 
southward and westward. June - Aug. 

S. Sophia, L., with slender linear pods nearly erect on ascending pedicels, 
and one-ranked seeds is nat. from Eu. in Canada East. — S. incisum, Engelm., 
differing only in the shorter pods widely spreading on horizontal pedicels, is wild 
beyond the Mississippi. 

9. BRASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn. 

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or a 
rigid style ; valves 1 - 5-nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- 
bent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. 
Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of Cab- 
bage. Sinapis is the Greek livam, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, 
a turnip.) 

1. B. SiNApf strum, Boissier (or Sinapis arvensis, L., the English Char- 
lock), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak 
(which is either empty or one-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a 
noxious weed in grain-fields, from Pennsylvania and New York westward. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

2. B. (or Sinapis) alba. (White Mustard.) Pods bristly, ascending on 
spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped one- 
seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 



CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 71 

3. B. (or SinApis) nigra. (Black Mustard.) Pods smooth (\' long), 
4-cornered (the valves only 1 -nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming 
a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, small- 
er and more pungent than in the last ; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe 
and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places, or cultivated. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

B. campestris, L., in the form of the Rutabaga and the Turnip, some- 
times persists a year or two in neglected grounds. 

10. DRAB A, L. Whitlow-Grass. 

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ; 
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, margin- 
less. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low 
herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; the pubes- 
cence often stellate. (Name from dpdfir], acrid, in allusion to the pungency of 
the leaves.) 

§ 1. DRAB A, DC. Petals not notched nor cleft. 
* Perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed : flowers white: pods twisted when ripe. 

1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched and forming many 
radical tufts, perennial (5' -8' high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear- 
lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pods hairy, 
oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5 7 long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped 
with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c, Virginia to Ken- 
tucky River, and southward. April, May. 

2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent, the perennial root bearing 
rather numerous radical tufts ; flowering stems (6'- 10' high) erect and mostly 
simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate, sparingly toothed; 
racemes short, usually simple; pods glabious, oblong-lanceolate (5'- 6' long), 
acute, on rather short and spreading pedicels, pointed with a shoH but distinct 
style. — Rocky banks, N. Vermont and New York towards the St. Lawrence, 
also Akron, Ohio {Clinton), and shores of L. Huron and L. Superior. May, 
June. — Petals rather large. Too near some forms of the next. 

3. D. ineana, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the 
radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves shorter, raceme more strict, petals smaller, 
and pods shorter and blunter than in the last, often pubescent, on short erect pedi- 
,cels; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, 

Tuckerman, H. Mann. ; also high northward. (Eu.) 

* * Annual or biennial: leafy stems short : flowers white, or in No. 5 yellow: style 
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 

4. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' - 4' high), minutely pubescent ; stems 
leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly ob- 
long or the lowest ovate (2" -4" long), few toothed or entire; flowers small; 
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending or 
spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss, and 
southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none. 



72 crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 

5. D. nemordsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less 
toothed ; racemes elongated (4'- 8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods 
elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely -spreading pedicels, pubes- 
cent (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. liitea, DC). — Fort Gratiot, Michi- 
gan, and nortlrwestward. (Eu.) 

6. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest 
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal- 
ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods 
oblong -linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, 
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 

7. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1'- 5' high); leaves obovate, mostly 
entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ; ra- 
ceme short or corymbose in fruit (^'-1' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much 
longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, Rhode Island to 
Wisconsin, and southward. March -May. — Petals often wanting in the later 
racemes, especially in the 

Var. micrantha (D. micrantha, Nutt.), with minutely rough-hairy pods. 
With the other, westward, Bebb, &c. 

§2. EROPHILA, DC. Petals 2-cleft. {Annual or biennial : flowers white.) 

8. D. verna, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1'- 3' high) ; leaves 
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from 
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy 
waste places and roadsides. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada = 
perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 

11. ALYSSUM, Tourn. Alyssum. 

Like Vesicaria but with a flat pouch: only one or two seeds in a cell: flowers 
yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. (Greek name of a plant reputed 
to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) They are plants of the Old 
World, two adventive species deserving a mere mention, and one indigenous, 
rare and doubtful. 

1. A. maritimum, L. (Sweet Alyssum), with green or slightly hoary 
linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly 
cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. A. CALYCINTTM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, 
pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular 
sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs in grass-land at Amherst, 
Mass., Tuckerman. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. A. Lescurii. (Vesicaria? Lescurii, ed. 2.) Somewhat pubescent, but 
green ; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, 
sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes 
elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; 
style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flat pod: seeds wing- 
margined, 1-4 in each cell, on free stalks. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, 
Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Petals golden yellow, rather large. Ambiguous 
between this genus and the next. 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 73 

12. VESICARIA, Tourn. Bladder-fod. 

Pouch globular or inflated, with a broad mostly orbicular partition ; the hem- 
isnherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or several, flat. Cotyle- 
dons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with 
stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder.) 

1. V. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Minutely hoary all over ; stems spreading 
or decumbent from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with 
a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated, 
with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ; style filiform, much longer 
than the small globose about 4-seeded pod; seeds marginless. — Rocky banks 
of Elkhorn Creek near Lexington, Kentucky (Short), and Kentucky River near 
Frankfort, Lesquereux. May, June. 

13. CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. 

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flatfish parallel to the broad 
partition : valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. 
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x a ^ aL i dwarf, and \Lvov, 
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 

1. C. sativa, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods 
margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

14. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort. 

Pouch ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1-nerved. 
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. 
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A 
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves* awl-shaped (whence the 
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white. 

1. S. aquatica, L. — Margin of lakes in Maine, Nuttall, &c. Echo Lake, 
Franconia, New Hampshire, Tuckerman. June, July. (Eu.) 

15. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse. 

Pouch obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the 
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. — 
Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 

1. C. Bursa-past6ris, Mcench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or 
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest 
of weeds. April- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

16. THLASPI, Tourn. Pennycress. 

Pouch orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par- 
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. 
Seeds 2 - 8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal. — Low plants, 
with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small 
white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6\dco, to crush, of a 
Cress the seeds of which were bruised and used like Mustard.) 
GM— 4 



74 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

1. T. arvense, L. (Field P. or Mithridate Mustard.) A smooth 
annual, with broadly winged pod ^' in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched 
at top ; style minute. — Waste places, shore of Lake Huron and in Lower 
Canada; also Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 

17. LEPIDIUM, L. Pepperwort. Peppergrass. 

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves 
boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons 
incumbent, or in No. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name 
from Xemdiop, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours are annuals 
or biennials, except the last. 

* Leaves all with a tapering base ; the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower 
and often the middle ones incised or pinnatijid : pods orbicular or oval, with a 
small notch at the top : the style minute or none : stamens only 2. 

1. L. Virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotyledons accumbent 
and seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the top ; 
petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June -Sept. A common 
roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther South. 

2. L. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following; 
pod minutely wing-margined at the top; petals sometimes conspicuous, rarely 
wanting; otherwise nearly as in No. 1. — Dry places, from Northern Michigan 
and Illinois northward and westward. 

3. L. rcderale, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds 
marginless ; petals ahvays wanting. — Eoadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, &c. ; 
not common. (xVdv. from Eu.) 

* * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded. 

4. L. campestre, L. Minutely soft downy ; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat 
toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. — 
Old flelds, Mass. and New York to Virginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

5. L. DrAba, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the 
upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, 
wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New 
York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.) 

18. SENEBIEEA, DC. Wart-Cress. Swine-Cress. 

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells in dehiscent, 
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly 
wrinkled or tuberculate, 1-seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded 
transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute 
whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distin- 
guished vegetable physiologist. ) 

1. S. didyma, Pers. Leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the 
apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste 
places, at ports, Philadelphia to Virginia, &c. : an immigrant from farther 
South. 



CAPPAUIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 75 

2, S. Coron6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not 
notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Newport, Rhode Island, Bobbins, 
&c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

19. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket. 

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ; 
each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed 
erect in the upper, suspended in the loAver joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum- 
bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Elowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (American Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obovate, 
sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper 
ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great 
Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper 
one 4 -angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 

20. RAPHANUS, L. Radish. 

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often 
seedless and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the 
seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical as in Cabbage, 
&c. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and 
cpaivco, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 

1. It. Raphanistrum, L. (Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.) Pods 
necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning 
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New England to 
Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) 

R. sativus, L., Garden Radish, with pink-purple or whitish flowers, and 
thick knobby and pointed pods, with irregular fleshy partitions between the 
seeds, occasionally becomes spontaneous for a year or two. 

Order 11. CAPPARIDACE^E. (Caper Family.) 

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more 
not it radynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, and kid- 
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferse, but with no partition : seeds 
similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, 
mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities 
of Cruciferse (as in capers, the flower-buds of Capparis spinosa) ; also 
commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by 

1. POLANISIA, Raf. Polanisia. 

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, un- 
equal. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. 
Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glan- 
dular or clammy hairs. Elowers in leafy racemes. (Name from noXvs, many, 
and auiaos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from 
Cleome.) 



76 VIOLACEiE. (vrOLET FAMILY.) 

1. P. gravdolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 
11, scarcely exceeding the petals : style short ; pod slightly stipitate. — Gravelly 
shores, from Connecticut (near Hartford) and W. Vermont to Wisconsin and 
Kentucky. June - Aug. — Flowers small : calyx and filaments purplish : 
petals yellowish-white. 

Order 12. RESEDACEiE. (Mignonette Family.) 

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, a fleshy one-sided 
hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3 - 40) stamens, bearing the 
latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 - 6-horned, 1-celled 
with 3-6 parietal placenta;, opening at the top before the seeds (which are 
as in Order 11) are full grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands 
for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. — A small and un- 
important family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette 
(Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed. 

1. RESEDA, L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket. 

Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the flower. 
(Name from resedo, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 

1. R. Luteola, L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate; 
calyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3-5-cleft, the two 
lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; pods depressed. — Roadsides, 
New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 13. VIOLACEiE. (Violet Family.) 

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hy- 
pogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and 
a 1-celled S-valved pod with 3 parietal placenta;. — Sepals 5, persistent. 
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila- 
ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each 
other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one 
side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentae on their 
middle : after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise 
firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard 
seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu- 
men : cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil- 
lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.) — Two genera in the 
Northern United States. 

1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. Green Violet. 

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but 
the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than 
the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a fcheath enclos- 



VIQLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 77 

ing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at 
the summit. — A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 
small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named 
in honor of W. Sole, author of au essay on the British Mints.) 

1. S. concolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New 
York to Illinois and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, 
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long. 

2. VIOLA, L. Violet. Heart's-ease. 

Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lowei 
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly 
cohering with each other ; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into 
the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in 
spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter 
peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves ; these never open 
nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the young bud, producing pods which 
are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of 
the genus. ) 

§ 1. Stemless Violets : the leaves and scapes all from a subterranean rootstock, 

/lowering in early spring, and bearing fruitful apetalous flowers all summer. 

* Flowers yellow : rootstock creeping and producing summer runners. 

1. V. rotundifdlia, Michx. (Round-leaved Violet.) Leaves round- 
ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked with 
brown lines ; spur very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south 
along the Alleghanies — Smoothish : leaves I' broad at flowering, increasing to 
8' or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above. 

* * Flowers white (small, short-spurred) ; lower petals striped with lilac veins: root- 

stock creeping and producing summer runners or subterranean filiform branches. 
(No. 2 and No. 4, however different, seem to be connected by No. 3.) 

2. V. lanceolata, L. (Lance-leaved Violet.) Smooth; leaves lan- 
ceolate, <rect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; petals 
beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward; com- 
mon eastward. 

3. V. primulsefolia, L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Smooth or a little 
pubescent ; Itaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-slxaped at the base ; 
petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bige- 
luw.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2. 

4. V. folanda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Leaves round-heart- shaped or 
kidney-form, minutely pubescent ; petals mostly beardless. — Damp places, every- 
where, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers faintly sweet-scented. 

* * * Flowers purplish or violet: rootstocks slender and creeping, often producing 

numerous summer runners. 
V. odorata, L. (Sweet or English Violet), cultivated in gardens, 
from Europe, belongs to this section, and is becoming sparingly spontaneous 
in some places. 



78 violace^e. (violet family.) 

5. V. pallistris, L. (Marsh V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped 
and kidney-form, slightly crenate ; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks, 
nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the White 
Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. June. (Eu.) 

6. V. Selkirkii, Pursh, Goldie, 1822. (Great-spurred V.) Small and 
delicate ; the filiform rootstock flbrose-rooted, no runners above ground ; smooth, 
except the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on the 
upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus ; spur very large, thickened at the 
end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals. (V. umbrosa, Fries, 1828. 
V. Kamtschatica, Gingins, 1826.) — Damp and shady soil, W. Massachusetts to 
Chatauque Co., N. Y. {Clinton), L. Superior {Robbins), and northward : rare. — 
Scapes and petioles l'-2', the leaf g'-ll' long, thin; the spur 3'' long. (Eu.) 

* * * * Flowers violet or purple {or rarely almost ivhite) : rootstocks fleshy and thick- 
ened or tuberous, mostly erect or ascending, producing neither runners nor runner- 
like subterranean branches. 

7. V. CUCUllata, Ait. (Common Blue V.) Rootstocks thickly dentate 
with fleshy teeth, branching and forming compact masses; leaves all long-petioled 
und upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated- 
triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled in- 
wards when young, obtusely serrate; lateral and often the lower petals bearded; 
spur short and thick ; stigma slightly beaked or beakless. — Low grounds, com- 
mon everywhere. — Very variable in size, shape of leaves and sepals, and in the 
color and size of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, some- 
times nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3'- 10' high. Passes b} 
intermediate forms of all sorts into 

Var. palmata. (Hand-leaf V.) Leaves variously 3-7-clejl or parted, or 
the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.) — Common, 
especially southward. 

Var. eordata. Leaves chiefly round-heart-shaped and prostrate, sometimes 
villous, sometimes nearly glabrous, small. (V. villbsa and V. eordata, Walt. 
V. sorbria, Willd.) — Common southward ; a variety growing in drier soil or 
more exposed situations. 

8. V. sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smoothish or hairy ; leaves 
mi short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from 
nblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceo'ate or ovate, denticu- 
late, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasionally all the 
(pretty large purple- blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. 
( V. ovata, Nutt., and V. emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable spe- 
cies.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. — 
Rootstock nearly as in the preceding, into which some forms seem to pass. 

9. V. delphinifdlia, Nutt. (Larkspur V.) Leaves all palmately or pe- 
dately 5 - 7 -parted, divisions 2 -3-cleft ; lobes linear ; lateral petals bearded; stigma 
;>hort-beaked ; otherwise like No, 7. — Rich prairies, Illinois and westward. 

10. V. pedata, L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly smooth ; rootstock short and 
very thick, erect, not scaly ; leaves all 3 - 5-divided, or the earliest only parted, 
the lateral divisions 2 - 3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 - 



VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 79 

3-toothed or cut at the apex ; petals beardless ; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy 
or gravelly soil, New England to Illinois and southward. — Flower large, 1' 
broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue. 

Var. bieolor. A very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep 
violet, and as it were velvety, like a pansy, occurs sparingly from Massachusetts 
to Maryland, &c. 
§ 2. Leafy-stemmed Violets : all but the last perennial from short rootstocks. 

* Leaf -bearing J rom base to summit, usually branching and flowering all summery, 

stipules entire or barely toothed, not foliaceous. 

11. V. canin&; L., var. sylvestris, Regel. (Dog V.) Low (3' -8' high) ; 
stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping 
branches ; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost 
slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, half the 
length of the light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. 
(V. sylvestris, Lam. V. Muhlenbergii, Ton., and former ed.) — Damp or wet 
shady places : common. May -July. (Eu.) 

12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Long-spurred V.) Stems ascending (3' -6' 
high); leaves roundish heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lance- 
olate, fringed-toothed, large ; spur slender (^' long), longer than the pale violet beard- 
less petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- 
sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, and southwards in the Alleghanies : rather 
rare. June, July. 

13. V. Striata, Ait. (Pale V.) Stems angular, ascending (6'- 10' high) ; 
leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, large, 
strongly fringed-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored or white 
petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines ; stigma 
beaked. — Low grounds; common, especially westward. April -Oct. 

14. V. Canadensis, L. (Canada V.) Upright (l°-2° high); leaves 
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals white or 
whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral 
bearded; spur very short ; stigma beakless. — Rich woods; common northward 
and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. 

* * Simple stems erect, nakf-d below, 2- 4-leaved above: stipules nearly entire: flow- 

ers yellow, in spring and early summer : stigma bearded on each side. 

15. V. pubescens, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent (6'- 
12' high); leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stipules 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with 
purple. — Woods ; common. 

Var. eriocarpa, Nntt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2°high; pods woolly. 
(V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward. 

Var. SCabrillSCUla, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubes- 
cent ; stems often decumbent (4' -10' high). — Rhode Island to Kentucky. 

16. V. hastata, Miehx. (Halberd-leaved V.) Nearly glabrous, slen- 
der (4' -10' high); stem-leaves halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly 
serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small ; spur very short. — Woods, N. Ohio (near 
Painesville, Miss Shattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward: rare. 



80 cistace^:. (ROCK-ROSE family.) 

* * * Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived 
perennial root ; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid. 
17. V. tricolor, L. (Pansy. Heart's-ease.) Stem angled and 
branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, 
crenate or entire; petals variable in color or variegated fellow, whitish, 
violet-blue and purple) ; — in var. arvensis shorter or little longer than the 
calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New York to Illinois and southward: the variety 
seeming like a native plant. April- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Order 14. CIST ACE JE. (Rock-rose Family.) 

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly 
'indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3 - 5-valved pod with as 
many parietal placental borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous 
albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external often small, like bracts, 
or sometimes wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 
3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. An- 
thers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules 
few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Embryo 
long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons 
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, 
and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the 
Mediterranean region.) 

1. Heliantliemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu- 

merous in the petal-bearing flowers. 

2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 

1-celled, 2 - 6-seeded. 

3. Lecliea. Petals 3, persistent Stamens 3 -12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the im- 

perfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-rose. 

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none in our species : 
stigma 3dobed. Capsule strictly 1 -celled. Embryo curved in the form of a 
hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the 
primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and 
many-seeded pods ; 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in 
clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few- 
seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their 
petals by the next day. (Name from fjXios, the sun, and avdefiov, flower.) 

1. H. Canadense, Michx. (Frost-weed.) Petal-bearing flowers soli- 
tary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile; 
calyx of the large flowers hairy -pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the 
stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, 
and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy 
or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. June -Aug. — Stems 
at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' wide, producing pods 3" long: 



CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 81 

pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin's head. — Late in autumn, 
crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular 
name. 

2. H. COrymbdsum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the 
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks : calyx 
woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast. 

2. HUDSONIA, L. Hudsonia. 

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta- 
mens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed 
in the calyx, strictly 1 -celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each 
nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy 
heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small 
awl-shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small 
but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. 
(Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.) 

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, 
loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil neai the coast, N. 
Maine to Virginia. May. 

2. H. tomentdsa, Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly 
oblong, short, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile (sandy coasts from 
Maine to Maryland), — or short-peduncled, the leaves also narrower: Maine 
(at Harrison, J. Blake) and along the shores of the Great Lakes to Minne-soU. 
May, June. 

3. LECHEA, L. Pinweed. 

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-per- 
sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod 
globular, partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentas borne on imperfect 
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species, 
the placentas curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- 
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, 
in summer. (Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 

1. L. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright (1°- 2° high, stout), simple, 
producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate- 
pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled; flowers densely crowded 
in panicled clusters; pedicels shorter than the very small globose-triangular pod; 
sepals narrower than ils calces. — Sterile grounds : common, especially southward. 

2. L. thymifdlia, Pursh. Hoary with oppressed hairs, especially the de- 
cumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely 
branched, with the leaves linear or oblartceolate ; thuse of the shoots elliptical, 
whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels as 
long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to Ncav Jersey and southward. 
— Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than in No. 1. 

3. L. NoV8B-C83sarea3, C. F. Austin, ined. Intermediate in appear- 
ance between No. 1 and the taller forms of No. 4 ; leaves of the former, but 



82 DROSERACE^E. (sundew family.) 

smaller (^' long) elliptical or linear-oblong, often opposite or whorled ; flowers in 
narrow rather close panicles ; pedicels longer than the oval pods ; the two outer 
or bract-like sepals very slender, mostly longer than the others. — Open dry grounds, 
N. New Jersey and adjacent part of New York, C. F. Austin. 

4. L. minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse; 
leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on 
the slender branchlets; pedicels mostly longer than the oval pods. — Dry open 
soil: common. June- Sept. — Plant 5'- 15' high, slender, running into num- 
berless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods smaller 
than in No. 2. 

Order 15. DROSERACE^E. (Sundew Family.) 

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen- 
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers 
fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-celled pod with twice as 
many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx imbricated. 
Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute 
embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e. 
rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small family, of no 
known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews impart a 
purple stain to paper.) Only one genus within our limits, viz. 

1. DBOSERA, L. Sundew. 

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken 
for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod 3- (rarely 5-) 
Valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole 
length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves clothed with reddish gland- 
bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bear- 
ing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- 
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) 
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous 
Quid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from dpoaepus, d<wy.) 

1. D. rotundif61ia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew 7 .) leaves orbicular, 
abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the 
coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat- 
bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.) 

2. D. longifblia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather 
erect naked petioles ; seeds of long, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. 
intermedia, Hayne. ) — Bogs ; less common. June - Aug. — Plant raised on its 
prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (Slender Sundew.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the 
blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ; 
seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white. — Shore 
of Lake Superior. July. 



HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 83 

4. D. filiformis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.) Leaves very long 
and filiform, erect, Avith no distinction between blade and stalk ; seeds spindle- 
shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (^' broad). — Wet sand, near the 
coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts to New Jersey, and southward. Aug. — • 
Scapes 6' -12' high, and the singular leaves nearly as long, from a bulb-like 
base or corm. 

Dion1:a muscipula, Ellis, the Venus's Fly-trap, — so noted for the ex- 
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch, — is a native 
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in 
several respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 
15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 

Order 16. HYPEBICACEiE. (St. John's- wort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular 
hjpog'ynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and 
•many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. 
Pod l-celled with 2-5 parietal placentas, and as many styles, or 3- 1-celled 
by the union of the placentae in the centre : dehiscence mostly septicidal. — 
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 
5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds 
numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. — 
Plants with a resinous juice (acrid and balsamic), dotted with pellucid or 
dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or 
cymose. 

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 

2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow. 

3. El odes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, purplish. Glands alternating with 

the stamen-clusters. 

1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. 

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. 
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; 
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4- 
valved. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, 
and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some 
plant, from a, without, and o-Kvpos, roughness.) 

1. A. St&ns, Michx. (St. Peter's-wort.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, 
l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish ; petals 
obovate ; styles 3 or 4. — Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn. and southward. 
July. Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round-heart-shaped. 

2. A. Crux-Andreee, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much 
branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong , contracted at the base, 
thin ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short ; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New 
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding 
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a 
St. Andrew's cross. 



84 HYPERICACE^. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Sta- 
mens commonly united or clustered in 3 - 5 parcels : no interposed glands. Pod 
1 -celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cy- 
mose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning. ) 
§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5 -7 '-celled, with the placentce turned 
far back into the cells : perennial : flowers very larije : styles united. 

1. H. pyramidatum, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.) Branches 
2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, 
not deciduous until after they wither ; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers : 
rare. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin and Blinois. July. — Plant 3°- 
5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Petals I' long. Pod |.' long, conical. 

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered: styles 3 (No. 2 excepted), 

more or less united into one and the sepals foliaceo us, except in No. 9. 

* Bushy shrubs, 1° - 6° high, leafy to the top : pod 3 - 5-ctlled. 

2. H. Kalmianum, L. (Kalm's St. John's-wort.) Branches 4- 
angled : branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate (l'-2' 
long); flowers few in a cluster (1' wide); pods ovate, 5-celled. — Wet rocks, 
Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug. 

3. H. prolificum, L. (Shrubby St. John's-wort.) Branchlets 2- 
edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers 
numerous, in single or compound clusters ; pod* oblong, 3-ce/led. — New Jersey 
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. — Varies greatly in size, &c. 

Var. densifldrum. Exceedingly branched above, 1° - 6° high, the 
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (^'-|'in 
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (H. densiflorum, 
& H. galioides, Pursli.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey to glades of Kentucky, 
and southward. 

* * Perennial herbs or in No. 5 and 6 a little woody at the base: pod one-celled 
with 3 parietal placental, or incompletely 3-4-cell<d. 

4. H. adpressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly 
woody creeping base (1° - 2° high), obscm-ely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ; 
leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the 
base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, partly 3 -4-celled. — 
Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest- 
ward. July -Aug. — Leaves 1^' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" -5" long. 

5. H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, 
woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading, 
vcinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the 
length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long); pods ovate-conical, pointed, 
strictly l-celled, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry 
hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June- Aug. 

6. H. nudifldruni, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply 
4-angled or almost winged above (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, 
obtuse, obscurely veined, pale (2'-2j-' long); cyme compound, many-flowered, 



HTPERICACEvE. (ST. JOHN S WORT FAMILY.) 85 

naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled ; seeds slender cy- 
lindrical, minutely pitted. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south- 
ward. July. 

7. H. spliserocarpon, Michx. Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with 
a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1° - 2° high) ; 
leaves oblong -linear, greener above and narrower than in the preceding; the 
naked cyme similar; sepals ovate ; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical, strictly 
l-ce/led; seeds oblong, rough-pitted. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and its tribu- 
taries, S. W. Ohio to Illinois and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small. 

8. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscurely 
4-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked, 
rather few -flowered ; sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1 -celled. — 
Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward. 
July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long 

9. H. anguldsum, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- 
angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute (^'-1' long), closely sessile by a broad base; cyme com- 
pound, naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches ; sepals 
herbaceous, erect, enclosing the ovoid 1 -celled pod ; styUs 3, separate. — Wet pine 
barrens of New Jersey and southward. July -Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 
4" - 5" long, furnished with a tooth on one side. 

§ 3. Stamens very numerous, in 3 or 5 clusters : styles 3 separate and usually diverg- 
ing : pod 3-celled: calyx erect: petals and anthers with black dots: vfrcnm'ah. 

10. H. perforatum, L. (Common St. John's-wort. ) Stem much 
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2 -edged (producing runners from the 
base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep 
yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals; flowers numerous, in 
open leafy cymes. — Fields, &c. June - Sept. — Too well known as a pernicious 
weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 

11. H. COrymbbsum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black 
and pellucid dots: stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, the base 
either obtuse or somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pate yellow, 
much longer than the oblong sepals, styles not longer than the pod. — Damp 
places; common. July- Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than 
in the last : petals 2" -3" long, marked with black lines as well as dots. — Too 
near H. maculatum, Walt., of the South, which has more clasping leaves and 
very long and slender styles. 

12. H. gravdolens, Buckley. Like the last, but with larger leaves and 
fewer much larger bright yellow flowers, lanceolate acute sepals, and long erect 
styles ; common in the mountains of N. Carolina, doubtless also in S. Virginia. 
§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod {brown purple) l-ce/fed, with 3 

strictly parietal placentas : styles short, distinct ; petals oblong or linear : sepals 
narrow, erect: slender annuals, with 4 angular branches ; flowering all summer. 

13. H. mtltilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6 r -20' high) ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy , pods oratr- 
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl.) — Low grounds, 
everywhere. — Flowers 2" bi-oad. 



86 ELATINACE^E. (water-wort family.) 

Var. gymnanthum (H. gymnanthum, Engelm. Sf Gray), is a form, or per- 
haps species, with strict stem and branches, or often unbranched, more clasping 
heart-shaped stem-leaves, and a naked cyme, the floral leaves being reduced to 
small awl-shaped bracts ; so that in aspect it approaches the next. — Newcastle 
Co., Delaware, Canby, and Illinois, E. Hall, thence southward. 

14. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (6'-15' high), with the branches 
erect ; leaves linear, 3-nerved at the base, obtuse ; cymes naked ; pods conical-oblong, 
usually muck longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil : common. June - Oct. — 
Flowers deep yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded. 

Var. majUS is a large form, l°-2° high, with lanceolate leaves 1|' long, 
3" wide, the upper acute. — L. Superior, Bobbins; S. New York and southward. 

15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate 
bushy branches rigid, erect (10'- 18' high) ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, 
1-nerved (3" -9" long); flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy 
branches, short-pedicel led ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. ( Sarothra Drum- 
mondii, Grcv. 8f Hook. ) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. 

16. H. Sarbthra, Michx. (Orange-grass. Pine-weed.) Stem and 
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high) ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales, 
oppressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; 
pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, 
L. ) — Sandy fields : common. June - Oct. 

3. EL ODES, Adans. Marsh St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in 
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as 
many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong: styles distinct. — 
Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh- 
colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name 
iXadns, growing in marshes, accidentally changed to Elodea by Jussieu, who 
was followed by Pursh, &c.) 

1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, 
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum 
Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug. 

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong: fila- 
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey south and westward. 

Order 17. ELATINACE^. (Water-wort Family.) 

Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite 
dotless leaves, minute axillary flovjers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2-5- 
celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort. The principal genus is 

1. ELATINE, L. Water-wort. 

Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely 
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 - 4. Pod 2 - 
4-celled, several - many-seeded, 2 -4-valved ; the partitions left attached to the 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 87 

axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek name 
for some obscure herb.) 

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1' high), creeping, rooting in the 
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig- 
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer- 
icana, Pimh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c, N. Hampshire, 
to Illinois, Virginia, and southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate ; the seeds 
large in proportion, straightish. 

Order 18. CABYOPHYLLACEJG. (Pink Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 - 5-merous flowers, with 
or without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the 
sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 {or rarely united into 
one) ; seeds attached to the base or the central column of the 1-celled {rarely 
3 - h-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside 
of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight. — Bland herbs; the stems 
usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves 
often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatie along the 
inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous. 

Tribe I. SILEfltfEiE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stamens borne on 
the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the cor- 
responding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in the bud. 
Seeds numerous. — Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy. 

* Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached 
by their face : embryo nearly straight. 

1. Diantlius. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. 

* # Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled. 

2. Saponaria. Calyx terete. Styles 2 

3. Vaccaiia. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 5-winged. Styles 2. 

4. Silt ne. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3. 

5. Lychnis. Calyx 5 toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 5, rarely 4. 

Tribe IE. ALSENE-flE. Sepals separate to the base or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. 
Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated in the bud, and with the stamens in- 
serted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the base 
of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several - many-seeded. Stamens opposite 
the sepals, when not more numerous than they. —Low herbs. Stipules none. 

# Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. 

6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Pod short, splitting into 3 or 6 valves. 

7. Slellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3 Pod short, splitting to the base. 

8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched at the end. Styles usually 3. Pod open- 

ing at the apex by 6 teeth. Seeds fixed by their face. 

9. Cerastium. Petals notched at the end or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4 (as many as the petals). 

Pod usually elongated, opening at the apex by 10 or 8 teeth. Seeds fixed edgewise. 

* # Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many. 
10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod 4 - 5-valved. 

Tribe III. ILLECEBREJE. Sepals separate or more or less united below. Petals 
without long claws, or minute, or often none, inserted under the sessile ovary or on the 
calyx Pod 1-celled and splitting into valves, or a one-seeded utricle. — Leaves with dry, 



88 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) 

scale-like stipules (except in Scleranthus), the uppermost sometimes alternate. Flowers 
mostly small. 

# Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3-5. Petals usually conspicuous. 

11. Spergularia. Styles 3-5. Leaves opposite. 

12. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. 

* * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals none or minute. 

13. Any cilia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awuless calyx. Style hardly any. 

14. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals bristle-pointed. 

Style 1, two-cleft at the top. 

15. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. 

Styles 2. Stipules none. 

Tribe IV. MOLLUGINE^E. Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same 
number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary. Partitions of the pod 
persistent on the valves. Leaves not truly opposite, otherwise as in Tribe II. 

16. Mollngo. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Stigmas 3. Pod many-seeded. 

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. Carnation. 

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbri- 
cated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. 
Seeds flattish on the back : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of 
well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aios, of Jupiter, and 
civdos, flower, i. e. Jove's own flower.) Two insignificant annual species are 
rarely spontaneous. 

1. D. Armeria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract- 
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the 
tube ; leaves linear, hairy ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. — 
Fields, &c, Virginia to E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. D. pr6 lifer, L. (Proliferous Pink.) Smooth, slender; flowers 
clustered ; bractlets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx ; leaves few, narrow, linear, 
erect; petals small, pink. — Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. SAP ON ARIA, L. Soapwort. 

Calyx tubular, terete, nerveless, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed 
at the apex. — Flowers clustered. (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous 
juice forming a lather with water.) 

1. S. officinalis, L. (Common Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Clus- 
ters corymbed ; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw ; 
leaves oval-lanceolate. — Roadsides, &c. July - Sept. — A stout perennial, 
with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. VACCARIA, Medik. Cow-Herb. 

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and 
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in- 
completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual, with pale red flowers in 
corymbed cymes, and oyate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from vacca, a cow.) 

1. V. vulgaris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens 
and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 89 

4. SILENE, L. Catchflt. Campion. 

Calyx 5-toothed, 10 -many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 
3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 
or 6 teeth at the apex. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned 
with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from o-i'aAoz/, saliva, from the 
viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name 
Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.) 

* Calyx bladderly-inflated : perennial : flowers panicled, white, in summer. 

1. S. Stellata, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate- 
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. 
(Cucubalus stellatus, L.) — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and 
southward. — Stem 3° high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Co- 
rolla \' broad. 

2. S. nivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; calyx 
oblong ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsylvania, 
to Ohio and Illinois : rare. — Stem 1° -2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, 
larger than in the last. 

3. S. inflata, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous; leaves opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, 
nearly crownless. — Fields and roadsides, E. New England to Penn. — A foot 
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod : flowers 
cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx : 
petals crowned, red or rdse-color. 

4. S. Pennsylvania, Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (4' -8' high) ; 
root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ; 
stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, short-stalked; calyx club- 
shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. — Gravelly places, 
E. New England to Penn., Kentucky, and southward. April -June. 

5. S. Virginica, L. (Fire Pink. Catchfly.) Stems slender (1°- 
2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers flw and 
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals ob- 
long, 2-cleft, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York 
(Dr. Sartwell) to Illinois and southward. June- Aug. 

6. S. regia, Sims. (Royal Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (3° -4° 
high); leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in 
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu- 
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and 
southward. July. 

7. S. rotundif61ia, Nutt. (Round-leaved Catchflv.) Viscid-hairy; 
stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed, 
the lower obovate ; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; pet- 
als 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ken- 
tucky. June - Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. — The last three probably run 
together. j, & M— 24 



90 CARYOPHYLLACF^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annuals. 
■*- Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous : flowers pink. 

8. S. Armeria, L. (Sweet-William Catchfly.) Glaucous ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine ; calyx club-shaptd ; petals 
notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped from gardens : rare. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

9. S. antirrhina, L. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender (8' -30' high) ; leaves 
lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obcordate, 
crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil : common in waste places 
June - Sept. 

i- -t- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented. 

10. S. nocturna, L. (Night C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the 
tipper linear ; flowers small, altei-nate in a l-sided spike ; petals 2-parted. — Intro- 
duced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Adv. from Eu.) 

11. S. noctifl6ra, L. (Night-flowering C) Viscid-hairy, tall (1°- 
3° high) ; lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate ; flowers few, 
peduncled ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped 
teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

* * * * Dwarf, tufted, smooth, perennial: flowering shoots \-flowered. 

12. S. aeaulis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss (1' -2' high), 
leaves linear, crowded ; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ; 
petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits 
of the White Mountains, NeAv Hampshire. July. (Eu.) 

5. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lychnis. Cockle. 

Styles 5, rarely 4 ; and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth : other- 
wise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient 
Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from \vxvos, a light or lamp. ) 

1. L. vespertina, Sibth. (Evening L.) Biennial, usually dioecious, 
viscid pubescent, in foliage, &c, like Silene noctiflora ; but 5 styles ; calyx much 
shorter, the fertile enlarging and broadly ovoid in fruit, with lance-linear teeth ; 
flowers white or pinkish, opening at evening. (L. dioica, L. in part.) — Cult, 
or waste grounds : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. L. Githago, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Annual, clothed with long 
soft appressed hairs ; flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes similar to the long ana 
linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling off in 
fruit. (Agrostemnia Githago, L., & ed. 2.) — A weed in wheat-fields, too 
common, the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the 
flour. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. ARENA HI A, L. Sandwort. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta- 
mens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, 
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few -many- 



caryophyllace^e. (fink family.) 91 

seeded. — Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small 
white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species grow.) 
— - The following - sections are by many botanists taken for genera, as they were 
in the former edition. 

§ 1. AREN ARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at 
length into 6 valves : seeds many, naked at the hitum. 
1. A. serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.) Diffusely 
branched, roughish (2' -6' high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy; 
sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3 - 5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6- 
toothed pod. — A low annual, in sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 
§2. ALSINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves: 

seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum : flowers solitary and terminal or 

cymose: root in our species perennial. 

* Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped. 

2. A. squarrdsa, Michx. (Pine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a 
deep perpendicular root; haves closdy imbricated, but spreading, awl-shaped, 
short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flow- 
ered: sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (Alsine, ed. 2.) — In pure 
sand, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward along the coast May - July. 

3. A. Stricta, Michx. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small 
roo*:, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others 
clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3- 
ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl.) — Rocks and dry 
wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — The specific 
name is a bad one, as there is nothing strict about the plant. 

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched. 

4. A. patula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems 
filiform (6'- 10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging: peduncles long; sepals 
lanceolate, acuminate, 3 -5-nerved. (Alsine, ed. 2.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River, 
mountains of Western Virginia, and southward. 

5. A. Grcenlandica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from 
slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow- 
ered; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless. (Stellaria Grcenlandica, Retz. Alsine, ed. 
2.) — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New 
Fork, of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or 
subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. — 
Leaves and. peduncles 3" -6'' long; flowers large in proportion. 

A. glabra, Michx., of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of 
Virginia, and is perhaps a large form of the above. 

§ 3. MCEHRlNGIA, L. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours: pod as in § 1, 
but the young ovary 3 -celled : seeds rather few, smooth and with a thiclcish ap~ 
pendage (strophiole) at the hilum: perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves. 

6. A. laterifidra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; 
leaves oval or oblong obtuse (%' - 1' long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, 



92 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 



soon becoming- lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse. — Gravelly shores, &c., Rhode 
Island to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 
§ 4. AMMADENIA, Gmelin. (Honkenya, Ehrh.) Pod fleshy, splitting into as 
many valves as there are styles (3, rarely 4 or 5) ; the ovary more or less 3 - (5-) 
celled: seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum : disk under the ovary 
more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-lobed ; flowers almost sessde in the axils 
of fleshy leaves, sometimes dioecious or polygamous ; root perennial. 
7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, 6'- 
10' high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8"- 10" long) very fleshy. (Hon- 
kenya peploides, Ehrh., ed. 2.) — Sands of the sea-shore, New Jersey to Maine 
and northward. June. (Eu.) 

7. STELLAEIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort. 

Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 - 5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, 
or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, 
opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several -many-seeded. 
Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing 
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from 
stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) 

* Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one. or two pubescent lines : 

leaves ovate or oblong, ^' - 2^' long. 

1. S. media, Smith. (Common Chickweed) Annual or nearly so; 
lower leaves on hairy petioles; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted; stamens 3- 
10. — Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. pubera, Michx. (Great Chickweed.) Root perennial; leaves 
all, sessile; petals longer than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; stamens 10. — Shaded 
rocks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. May. 

* * Stems erect or spreading : wholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow or 

small leaves : stamens usually 10, perigynous. 
•*- Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx. 

3. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Long-leaved Stitchwort.) Stem erect, 
weak, often with rough angles (8' -18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends, 
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slender 
pedicels s]>reading ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — 
Grassy places : common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

4. S. longipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked S.) Shining or somewhat 
glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, 
broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels 
strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wiscon- 
sin : rare, common farther north. (Eu.) 

5. S. uligin6sa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, 
at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx ; seeds rough- 
ened. (S. aquatica, Pollich.) — Swamps and rills, Pennsylvania (Darlington, 
&c), New Hampshire (Blake), and northward in British America. (Eu.) 



CAROPHYLLACEvE. (PINK FAMILY) 93 

«. +- Leafy -bracted, the flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branch- 
es ; bracts foliaceous : petals 2-parted, small or of en none : styles 3 - 4 : pod longer 
than the calyx. 

6. S. crassifdlia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather 
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or 
wanting; seeds rugose-roughened. — (An apetalous 4 - 6-androus state is Sagina 
fontinalis, Short fy Peter.) Springy places, E. Kentucky (Short), Ringwood, 
Illinois (Vasey), and northward. April -June. (Eu.) 

7. S. borealis, Bigelow. (Northern S.) Stems erect or spreading, 
flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves 
varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2 - 5, shorter than the 
calyx, or of tener none; sepals acute; styles usually 4 ; seeds smooth. — Shaded or 
wet places, Rhode Island to Wisconsin and northward. June - Aug. — 
Var. alpestris (S. alpestris, Fries, S. Fenzlii, Regel) has the later flowers 
more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds ob- 
scurely reticulated or roughish. — Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins. (Eu.) 

8. S. humifusa, Rottboell. Spreading or creeping ; stems or branches (2' 
high) 1-3-flowered; leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong (2" -3" long); petals a little 
longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. — Northern border of Maine on the St. 
John's (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Eu.) 

8. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jagged Chickweed. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3 - 
5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, many-seeded, opening at 
the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner 
face. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on 
a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of 6Xos, all, and oareov, bone, by 
antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender. ) 

1. H. umbeliAtum, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem 
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around Lancaster, 
Penn., Prof Porter, and Morris Co., N. Jersey, C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.) 

9. CEEASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens 
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite 
them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex 
by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — 
Flowers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Kepas, a horn, alluding to the 
shape of the pods in many species.) 

§ 1. Petals 2-clefl or obcordate: parts of the flower in fives: pods (except in No. 5) 
longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved. 
1. C vulgAtum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Annual, hairy and 
rather clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or obovate ; bracts herba- 
ceous; flowers (small) in close clusters at first ; pedicels even in fruit not longer 
titan the acute sepals ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Grassy places, eastward and 
southward : not common. May - July. (The names of this and the next were 



94 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

transposed by Linnaeus, and by continental botanists ever since.) — Stamens 
often 5. — The var. 1 semidecandeum, which has more lengthened fruit-bearing 
pedicels, is here hardly met with. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. C. viscdsuM, L. (Larger M.) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy, 
spreading (6'- 15' long) ; leaves oblong ; upper bracts scarious-margined ; flowers 
at first clustered, the fruiting pedicels longer, the earlier ones mostly much longer 
than the obtuse sepals ; petals equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses : common, 
perhaps indigenous to the country. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clam my -pubescent; stems erect, slen- 
der, grooved, diffusely branched (6'- 20' high); cyme loose and open, many- 
flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly 
elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved up- 
wards, thrice the length of the calyx. — Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and 
southward. May - July. — Var. brachypodum, Engelm., W. Illinois and 
soil th westward, has pedicels shorter than the pods. 

4. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Perennial; stems ascending, villous (6'- 
12' high), man ij -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate; peduncles clammy- 
hairy; petals (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. — Rocky 
places, New York to N. Virginia and Illinois: rare. May -July. — Stouter 
and larger flowered than the following species. 

5. C. arvense, L. (Field Chickweed.) Perennial; stems ascending 
or erect, tufted, downy, slender' (4'- 8' high), naked and few - several-flowered at 
the summit ; / aves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the 
calyx ; pods scarcity longer than the calyx. Dry or rocky places, New England 
to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. (Eu.) 

§ 2. MCENCHIA., Ehrhart. Petals entire or merely refuse: the parts of the flower 
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx. 

6. C. quaternellum, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous annual ; stem simple, 
erect (2' -4' high), 1 - 2-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute; petals not exceed- 
ing the calyx ; stamens 4. (Sagina ereota, L. Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrh.) 

— Near Baltimore,. in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 

10. SAGINA, L. Peaklwort. 

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many 
as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and al 
ternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved to the base; valves opposite 
the sepals. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no 
stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches ; in summer. 
(Name from sagina, fattening ; of dubious application.) 

* Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives. 

1. S. prOGUmbens, L. Perennial, depressed or spreading on the ground, 
glabrous ; leaves linear- thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often hooked soon 
after flowering ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals, sometimes none. 

— Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Pennsylvania. (Eu. ) 

2. S. ap&tala, L. Annual, erect, with more slender leaves, narrower sepals, 
and petals none or obsolete. — Dry "soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois.* 
scarce, seemingly native' (Eu.) 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 95 

* * Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10. 

3. S. SUbulata, Wimmer. Perennial (or apparently annual), ascending; 
the peduncles and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular- 
pubescent; leaves short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled in the axils; peduncles 
slender; petals equalling or shoiter than the calyx (S. Elliottii, Fenzl.), — or in 
rar. SaifTHH, a slender form, seemingly annual, apetaloua, at least in the later 
flowers. — Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and sandy fields, &c, Somers' 
Point, New Jersey, C. E. Smith. — This form has the aspect of No. 2. Seeds 
minutely roughened. (Perhaps nat. from Eu.) 

4. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above ; 
stems ascending (3' - 5' high ; lower leaves thread-form, the upper short and 
awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear 
knotty; petals much longer than the calyx. (Spergula nodosa, L.) — Wet sandy 
soil, along the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, also Lake Superior, and north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

11. SPEEGULARIA, Pers. Sand-Spurrey. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2 - 10. Styles and valves of the many- 
seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals J Em- 
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea- 
coast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones 
often clustered in the axils : stipules scaly-membranaceous : flowering all sum- 
mer. (Name altered from Spergula.) — Genus also known under the name of 
LEpfGOxuai, Eries. Our species, which perhaps run together, are here arranged 
in view of Kindberg's monograph, but with some reduction. They are all 
annuals and subperennials. 

1. S. rubra, Presl., var. campestris. Nearly glabrous, except the sum- 
mit of the prostrate slender stems, peduncles, and sepals, which are usually gland- 
ular-pubescent; leaves filiform ; stipules triangular-awl-shaped ; pods and pink- 
red corolla small (2"), hardly equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds rough with pro- 
jecting points, semi-obovate or gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. — Sandy or gravelly 
dry soil, New England to Virginia along and near the coast, but rarely mari- 
time. (Eu.) 

2. S. salina, Presl. Larger and more decidedly fleshy than the preceding, 
with ovate stipules, and peduncles rarely longer than the pod, which is longer 
than the calyx (3" long); petals pale; seeds obovate- rounded and roughened with 
points, wingless or narrow-winged. — Brackish sands, &c, coast of New Eng- 
land to Virginia and southward. (Eu.) 

3. S. media, Presl. Distinguished from the last mainly by the smooth 
seeds, either winged or wingless ; peduncles equalling or exceeding the pod, 
which is 2" or 3" long, and a little exceeds the calyx. (Lepigonum medium, Fries. 
L. leiospermum, Kindberg.) — Salt marshes and sands, with the last. (Eu.) 

Var. macrocarpa. (S. macrocarpa, Presl. Lepigonum marinum, Fries.) 
Root more woody and perennial ; pod 3^" - 5" long, surpassing the calyx ; seeds 
also larger, rounded, broadly winged, or a few wingless. — Sea-beaches, rare 
northward. (Eu.) 



90 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

12. SPESGULA, I* Spurret. 

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals." 
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia. 
(Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.) 

1. S. arvensis, L. (Corn Spurret.) Annual; leaves numerous in the 
whorls, thread-shaped (1' - 2' long) ; stipules minute ; flowers white, in a stalked 
panicled cyme ; seeds rough. — Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.) 

13. ANYCHIA, Michx. Forked Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. 
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded, 
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked 
annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all sum- 
mer. (Same derivation as the next genus.) 

1. A. diehotoma, Michx." Erect or spreading; leaves varying from 
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich soil 
being very smooth, erect (6'- 10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves 
broader and thinner (5" - 10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea, 
Nutt. and Queria Canadensis L. ) : in sterile or parched soil it is pubescent, low 
and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flowers nearly sessile and 
more clustered (A. diehotoma, DC). Common throughout. 

14. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort. 

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form, 
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1- 
seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and 
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whitlow, and for a 
plant thought to cure it.) 

1. P. argyroeoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreading; 
leaves linear ; flowers densely clustered, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery 
bracts; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the stamens. 
1J. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare 
summits above. Alleghany Mountains from Virginia southward. July. 

2. P. diehotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6' -12' high) ascending 
from a rather woody base; leaves and bracts awl-shaped; cymes open, many-times 
forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. 1J. — Rocks* 
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and south westward. July - Sept. 

15. S CLE It A NTH US, L. Knawel. 

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. 
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with 
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name 
from aicXnpos, hard, and civBos, flower, from tbe hardened calyx-tube.) 

1. S. annuus, L. Much branched, spreading (3' -5' high) ; flowers sessile 
in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places. (Nat. from Eu. ) 



portulacace^e. (purslane family.) 97 

16. MOLLUGO, L. Indian-Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, -white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate 
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. 
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many- 
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete. 
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.) 

I. M. verticillata, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming patches; 
leaves spatulatc, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels 
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul- 
tivated grounds. June- Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) 

Order 19. PORTULACACEiH. (Purslane Family.) 

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetncal flowers ; viz., 
sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals when 
of the same number, but often indefinite : otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. 
— Sepals 2. rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 
5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. 
Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks 
from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy 
albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla open- 
ing only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling. 

* ANOMALOUS PORTULACACEiE. Sepals 5, bearing the stamens. 

1. Sesuvium. Petals none. Stamens 5-60. Pod 3 -5-celled, opening across by a lid. 

* * TRUE PORTULACACEJE. Sepals (2) fewer than the petals : pod ! -celled 

2. Portulaca. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid. 

3. Taliiium. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous Pod many-seeded. 

4. Clay Ionia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. 

Pod 3-6-seeded. 

1. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. 

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5 - 
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seeded, 
circumseissile, the tipper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs, 
with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An 
unexplained name.) 

1. S. Portulaeastrum, L. Root perennial ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, 
fiattish ; flowers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. — Coast of New 
Jersey and southward. July - Sept. 

2. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. 

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, 
inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8- 
parted. Pod 1 -celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper 
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals, 
with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 

GM— 5 



98 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

I. P. oleracea, L. (Common Purslane.) Prostrate, very smooth; 
leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn- 
ings) ; sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6- 
parted; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds: common. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

P. retusa, Engelm., closely resembling the common Purslane, is indigenous 
west of the Mississippi. 

P. grandifl6ra, with terete leaves and showy flowers, cult, for ornament, 
begins to be spontaneous around gardens. 

3. TALINUM, Adans. Talinum. 

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 
30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, 
with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.) 

1. T. teretifdlium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base; 
leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3'- 6') and naked, bearing an open 
cyme of pink flowers (§' broad); stamens 15-20. 1J. — Serpentine rocks, 
"Westchester, Penn., Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. 
June - Aug. 

4. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. 

►sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of 
the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. — 
Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a 
small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty 
flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day ! 
(Named in honor of Dr. John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists, who con- 
tributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Yirginica.) 

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long). — 
Moist open woods : common, especially westward and southward. 

2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate 
(1'- 2' long). — W. New Hampshire, to Wisconsin, and southward along the 
Alleghanies. 

Order 20. MALVACEAE. (Mallow Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the 
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona- 
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the 
petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the 
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets, forming a 
sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along 
the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a 
several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo curved, the leafy 
cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with 
tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flowerstalks with a joint, 
axillary. 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 99 

Tribe I. MALVEJE. Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and 
pods (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which 
they separate after ripening. 
* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. 

1. Althaea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. 

2 Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 

3. Cailii ilioe. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 

4. Napsea. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few. 

* # Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few -seeded, usually dehiscent. 

5. Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seeds solitary in the cells, ascending. 

6. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous. 

7. Abutilon. Involucel non" Seeds 3 or more in each cell. 

8 Modiola. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Seeds 2 in each cell, and with a transverse partition 

between them. 
Tribe II. HIBISCE£3. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of 
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leaving 
scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 
9. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 
10. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. 

1. ALTH2EA, L. Marsh-Mallow. 

Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Name 
from aXdco, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 

1. A. officinalis, L. (Common Marsh-Mallow.) Stem erect; leaves 
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- 
duncles axillary, many flowered. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and 
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Perennial root thick, 
abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. MALVA, L. Mallow. 

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- 
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, 
separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney- 
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An 
old Latin name, from fJLa\a%n, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 

1. M. rotundif6lia, L. (Common Mallow.) Stems procumbent from a 
deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, 
obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubescent, 
even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. M. stlvestris, L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves sharply 5 - 1-lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, 
purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled- veiny. — Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. M. CRfsPA, L. (Curled M.) A tall, erect annual, with round and angled 
toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils, — spar- 
ingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. M. moschata, L. (Musk M.) A low perennial; with the stem-leaves 5- 
parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly 
musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (1^' in diameter) on short pe 



'00 



MALVACE^. (MALLOW FAMILY). 



duncles crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy : has escaped from 
gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. M. Alcea, L., with the stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft, the lobes 
incised, large flowers like No. 4, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the 
involucel ovate: has escaped from gardens in Chester Co., Penn. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

3. CALLiRRHOE, Nutt. Callirrhoe. 

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- 
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1- 
seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle 
pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 

1. C. triangul&ta, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° 
high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest 
rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers 
panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short- 
pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. Sf 
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 

2. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) 
from a perennial root ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 
5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers 
corymbose, on slender peduncles (rose-color or white); involucel none ; carpels 
obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alcseoides. 
Michx. ) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 

4. NAP^SA, Clayt. Glade Mallow. 

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dioecious ; the 
staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a 
short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic 
along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many 
kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are 
styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, 
with very large 9-1 1-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and 
toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by 
Clayton from vairn, a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of 
I lie groves.) 

1. N. didica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and 
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. 

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. False Mallow. 

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the 
end or entire. Styles 5 or more : stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or 
else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle 
pointing downwards, as in the former. — Flowers perfect. (Name altered from 
Malva.) 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 101 

1. M. anglistum, Gray. Slightly hairy; stem erect (6' -9' high) from 
an annual root ; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ; 
flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangu- 
lar sepals ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding 
the calyx ; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, with smooth sides, at length 2-valved. — 
Rock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois, Engelmann, Parry. Aug. 

2. M. COCCineum, Gray (Sida coccinea, Pursh), a low and hoary 
perennial, with 5-parted or pedate leaves, and short spikes or racemes of 
showy pink-red flowers, the petals very much longer than the calyx ; the car- 
pels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent: abounds on the 
plains from Iowa and Minnesota westward. 

6. SIDA, L. Sida 

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or 
more, tipped with capitate stigmas : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1- 
seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily 
separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle 
pointing upwards. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 

1. S. Napsea, Cav. A smooth, tall (4° - 10° high) perennial ; leaves 5-cleft, 
the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, large, 
carpels 10, pointed. (Napaea laevis & hermaphrodita, L.) — Rocky river-banks, 
Penn., York Co., &c, Porter. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. 
(Cultivated in old gardens.) 

2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (l°-4° high); 
leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ; flow- 
ers (yellow) rather large; carpi! s 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a 
depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, S. Virginia and southward. May - Aug. 

3. S. spin6sa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'- 
20' high), much branched; leaves ocate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long- 
petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow) 
small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 
beaks. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives 
the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places : common 
southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 

7. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in- 
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 

1. A. Avicenn^e, Gaertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves 
roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf- 
stalks; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escape 
from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 

8. MODIOLA, Moench Modiola. 

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas 
capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the 



102 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each 
cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves 
and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad 
and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.) 

1. M. multifida, Mcench. Hairy; leaves 3 - 5-cleft and incised ; stamens 
1 5 - 20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

9. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. Kosteletzkya. 

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. 
(Named after V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy perennial (2° -4° high) ; leaves 
halberd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.) 
— Marshes on the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. Aug. — Co- 
rolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 

10. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. 

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Col- 
umn of stamens long, bearing anthers fcr much of its length. Styles united : 
stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in 
each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old 
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 

* Indigenous, tall perennials (4° -8°) flowering late in summer. 

1. H. MosehetltOS, L. (Swamp Rose-Mallow.) Leaves ovate, pointed, 
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous 
or slightly downy beneath ; the 1-flowered peduncles tcmetimes united at the 
b.ise with the petioles; calyx not inflated; pod and seeds svioofh or nearly so. — 
Brackish marshes along the coast, sometimes extending up rivers far beyond 
die influence of salt Avater (as above Harrisburg, Perm.) : also Onondaga Lake, 
N". Y., and westward, usually within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla 
V-jB' in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye. 

2. H. grandifldrus, Michx. Leaves soft-downy loth sides, the lower broadly 
ovate and heart-shaped; pod very hirsute; seeds smooth; — otherwise resembling 
the last. — Illinois (Lawrence Co., Fritchey) and southward. 

3. H. militaris, Cav. (Halberd-Leaved K.) Sn.ooth throughout ; lower 
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; -upper leaves halbcrd-form, the short 
lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed ; 
peduncles slender ; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Penn. to 
Illinois and southward. — Corolla 4' - 5' in diameter, flesh-color. 

* * Escaped from gardens or grounds. 

4. H. Tri6num, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) A low, rather hairy annual ; up- 
per leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; 
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, b-wing<d; corolla sulphur-yellow with a 
blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Flower-of-an-hour. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. H. Syriacus, L. (Shrubby Altilea of the gardeners. ) Tall shrub, 
smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed ; corolla usually rose- 
color. — Roadsides and copses, Pennsylvania, &c. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 



CA/IELLIACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 103 

Order 21. TIJLIACE^E. (Linden Family.) 

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, 
valvate calyx, §-c, of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals 
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 
2-celled: — represented in Northern regions only by the genus, 

1. TILIA, L. Linden. Basswood. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments cohe** 
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a 
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5- 
toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 - 
2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- 
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft 
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and often 
truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on 
an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, 
honey -bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name of -the genus.) 

1. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.) Leaves green and glabrous or 
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods, May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely 
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso- 
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. 

Var. pubesceilS. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. 
pubescens, Ait.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward. 

2. T. heterophylla, Vent, (White Basswood.) Leaves larger, 
smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath. 
(T. alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. 

T. EuropJea, the European Linden, which is planted in and near our 
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by 
the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) 
gave the family name to Linnaeus. 

Order 22. CAMEL,MACEiE,* (Camellia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, 
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both 
imbricated in cestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each 
other (monadelphous or 3 - 5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — 
Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 - 5-celled loculicidal pod. 
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- 
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well- 
known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented 
in this country by the two following genera. 

* Name of same date as TERNSTRCEMIACE.E, and preferable. 



104 LINACE^. (FLAX FAMILY.) 

1. STTJARTIA, Catesby. Stuartia. 

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. 
Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crus- 
taceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albu- 
men : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous decid- 
uous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-pedun- 
cled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Lord Bute.) 

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (l'long); sepals ovate; style 1 ; 
stigma 5- toothed; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachode'n- 
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. 

S. pentagyna, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled 
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of Southern Virginia. 

2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. 

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one 
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved; the 
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. 
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- 
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary 
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of 
Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 

I. G. Lasianthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per- 
sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and 
shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps' near the coast. Virginia 
and southward. May - July. — Petals l£' long. 

Order 23. L.INACEJE. (Flax Family.) 

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flow- 
ers 4-6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 
the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an S-10-seeded pod, having 
twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus, 

1. LINUM, L. Flax. 

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each 
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, 
vvith 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com- 
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the 
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, 
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough 
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), Avith- 
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- 
cked flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 
* Indigenous species, glabrous, l°-3° high, with yellow flowers, in summer. 

1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym- 
bose spreading or recurving branches terete and even ; leaves oblong or lanceolate. 



GERANIACEJS. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 105 

or the lower spatulate and often opposite; flowers scattered, small (barely 3" 
long) ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 
10-celled pod; styles distinct. — Dry woods : common. — Root apparently an- 
nual ; but the plant propagated by suckers from the base of the stem. 

2. L. Striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creep- 
ing or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and Avith the mostly racemose short 
branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the leaves; 
these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower 
ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small 
brownish pod : otherwise nearly as in No. 1 . (L. oppositifolium, Engelm.) — Wet 
or boggy grounds, New England to Virginia and southward. — Generally con- 
founded with L. Virginian um (figured for it in Reichenb. Ic. Exot.), but well 
distinguished by Walter, except that the stem-leaves are commonly opposite up 
to the first branch : here described from the indications given by C. F. Austin. 

3. L. sulcatum, Riddell, 1836. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, 
and with the upright or ascending branches striate-angled or grooved ; leaves 
linear, acute, or the upper subulate, rather rigid ; a pair of dark glands in place 
of stipules : sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and 
(like the bracts) with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the 
ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod ; styles united almost to the middle. 
(L. Boottii, Planchon, 1848.) — Dry soils, Rhode Island to Illinois and south- 
westward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. (L. uiGiDUM, 
Pursh., of the Western plains, probably in Minnesota, is dwarf, glaucous, and 
has the styles united almost to the top.) 

* * Escaping from cultivation, blue-flowered, annual. 

4. L. usitatissimdm, L. (Common Flax), is occasionally spontaneous in 
fields. 

Order 24. CJEBAWIACE^. (Geranium Family.) 

Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous 
flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice 
as many, and the lobes or cells (1 -few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, a? 
the sepals, an axis of the dry fruit persisting. — Seeds without albumen 
except in Oxalis. The flower of Impatiens is partly, and that of Tropse- 
oluni still more unsymmetrical. Herbage often strong-scented, but nevei 
punctate with pellucid dots. — As a whole the order, here recombined 
as it was founded by Jussieu, is hard to define. Of late it has generally 
been broken into several small orders : the principal ones here stand as 
suborders, - with only one or two genera to each. — Trop^eolum, the 
Garden Nasturtium, occupies a position between the first and the 
second suborder. 

Suborder I. GJEBANIJE JE. (Geranium Family proper.) 

Flowers 5-merous and symmetrical; the persistent sepals imbricated 
and the petals usually convolute in the bud : 5 glands of the receptacle 



106 



GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 



alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 
deeply 5-lobed, the 5 two-ovuled carpels and the lower part of the long 
styles adnate to a long and beak-like prolongation of the receptacle, 
from which, when ripe and dry, the small and membranaceous pods are 
torn off, and carried away by the styles, — which, as they separate from 
the beak from the base upwards, are elastically recurved or revolute, the 
solitary seed falling out. Embryo filling the seed (no albumen) ; cotyle- 
dons folded together and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong- 
scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular 
flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and 
astringent roots. 

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or 

tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside. 

2. Erodium, Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside^ 

often spirally twisted. 

Suborder II. LIMNANTHEiE. (Limnanthes Family.) 

Flowers 3-merous or 5-merous, completely symmetrical and regular ; the 
persistent sepals ovate in the bud : glands of the receptacle alternate with 
the petals. Stamens distinct. No beak or prolongation of the receptacle 
beyond the ovary, which consists of 3 or 5 almost distinct, at length fleshy 
and separating, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, united by a common style. 
Seeds without albumen : cotyledons very thick and fleshy, the short radicle 
included by their heart-shaped bases. — Tender low annuals, with pinnate 
alternate leaves and no stipules. — Consists of the pretty-flowered Califor- 
nian Limnanthes, and of 

3. Floerkea. Sepals, minute petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 

Suborder III. B A L.S AMINES. (Balsam Family.) 

Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, 5-merous as to the stamens and pistil ; 
the sepals and petals irregular, usually unsymmetrical and of fewer pieces, 
imbricated in the bud, all petaloid and deciduous, the larger piece with an 
ample sac or spur : no glands : filaments distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5- 
celled pod or berry : no albumen : the straight embryo with thick cotyle- 
dons and a short radicle. — Tender herbs, the succulent stems gorged 
with a bland watery juice ; the leaves simple, mostly alternate, without 
stipules. 

4. Impatiens. Inner or lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 

valves, several-seeded. 

Suborder IV. OXAL.TOEJE. (Sorrel Family.) 

Flowers 5-merous, regular and symmetrical, decandrous ; the persistent 
sepals imbricated and the petals convolute in the bud : no glands alter- 
nate with the latter. Stamens often monadelphous at the base. Fruit a 



GERANIACEJ2. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 107 

5-celled loculicidal pod or a berry. Seeds 2 or few in each cell, with a 
straight embryo in a little fleshy albumen. — Leaves compound : juice 
sour. 

5- Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong : the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually 
obcordate. 

1. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill. 

Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in No. 2), all with perfect anthers, the 5 
longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth 
inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles 
1 -3-flowered. (An old Greek name, from ye'pavos, a crane; the long fruit- 
bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.) 

* Rootstock perennial. 
1. G, maculatum, L. (Wild Cranesbill.) Stem erect, hairy; 
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; 
sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' 
long). — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched 
with whitish as they grow old. 

* * Root biennial or annual : flowers small. 

2. G. Carolinianum, L. (Carolina C.) Stems at first erect, dif- 
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft 
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; 
sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; carpels 
hairy ; s&ds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated. — Barren soil and waste 
places : common. May -Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are 
hardly distinguishable from 

3. G. dissectum, L. (Cut-leaved C.) More slender and spreading, 
with narrower lobes to the leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the 
end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, finely and strongly reticulated. — Waste grounds, 
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. G. columbinum, L. (Lon t g-stalked C.) Minutely hairy, with 
very slender decumbent stems ; leaves 5 - 7-parted and cut into narrow, linear 
lobes; peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongated; sepals awned, about equal- 
ling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering ; carpels glabrous ; seeds nearly 
as in No. 3. — Along the Susquehanna, Lancaster Co., &c., Prof. Porter. 
Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. June, July. (Nat.^from Eu.) 

5. G. pusillum, L. (Sm all-flo wered C.) Stems procumbent, slender, 
minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions 
wedge-shapedj mostly 3-lobcd ; sepals awniess, about as long as the (purplish) 
petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania : rare. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

6. G. Robertianum, L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse; 
strong-scented, leaves 3-dividtd or pedately b-divided, the divisions twice pinna- 
tifid: sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; pods wrinkled j seeds 
smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines : common northward. June - Oct. 
(Eu.) 



108 geraniace^e. (geranium family.) 

2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Storksbill. 

The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, 
bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epcoSidy, a heron.) 

1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading ; leaves 
pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — New 
York, Pennsylvania, &c. : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. FLCERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. 

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, 
opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the centre : 
stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous, 
erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A 
small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pe- 
duncles. (Named after Flcerke, a German botanist.) 

1. P. proserpinacoid.es, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New 
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- 
late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. 

4. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed. 

Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals ap- 
parently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably con- 
sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower 
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided 
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short : filaments 
appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united 
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled : stigma 
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several 
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the 
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter- 
nate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled. 
Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, as 
described above, which seldom ripen seeds ; — and very small ones, which are 
fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, nor grow to 
their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upwards on 
its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence 
also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.) 

1. I. pallida, Nut*- (Pale Touch-me-not.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar- 
ingly clotted with browni°h-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, 
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich 
soil; most common northward. July -Sept. — Larger and greener than the 
next, with larger flowers : a spotless variety in N. Vermont and New Hamp- 
shire, Miss Lumbar d. 

2. I. flilva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers orange-color, thickly 
spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into 
a strongly injkxed spur. — Kills and shady moist places : common, especially 



RUTACI'LE. (RUE FAMILY.) 109 

southward. June - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high : the flowers loosely panicled 
at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks, 
the open mouth of the cornucopias-shaped sepal upward. — A variety is not rare 
with spotless flowers; which differs from the I. Noli-tangere of Europe in the 
more inflexed spur and smaller petals. Spur rarely wanting. 

5. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. 

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, their bases sometimes united, withering after 
sxpansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. 
Styles 5, distinet. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, 
each cell opening on the back ; the valves persistent, being fixed to the central 
column or axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous 
from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo 
large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour 
watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which 
close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce (like Impatiens) small 
peculiar flowers, which are precociously fertilized in the bud and are particularly 
fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even triinorphous in 
the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from 6£vs, sour.) 

* Stemless perennials : leaves and scapes a rootstock or bulb : leaflets broadly obcor- 

date: flowers nearly V broad ; cells of the pod few-seeded. 

1. O. Aeetosella, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Rootstock creeping 
and scaly- toothed; scape 1-flowered (2 f - 5' high); petals white with reddish 
veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to Penn., L. Superior 
and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 

2. O. violacea, L. (Violet W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly; scapes 
umbellately several-flowered (5' -9' high), longer than the leaves ; petals violet. — 
Rocky places ; most common southward. May, June. 

* * Stems leafy, branching : peduncles axillary : flowers small : cells several-seeded. 

3. O. Stricta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual or perennial by running sub- 
terranean shoots ; stems at first erect ; stipules absent ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, 
longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Copses 
and cultivated grounds : common. May - Sept. — Varies greatly in appearance 
and in the size of its flowers. 

4. O. corniculAta, L., if in this district, and truly distinct from 0. stricta, 
should be known by the stipules at the base of the petioles. (Eu.) 

. Order 25. RUTACEJE. (Rue Family.) 

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted vjith pellucid glands, abound^ 
ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogynous 
almost ahoays regular 3 - h-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as 
many as the sepals (rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com- 
bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of 
the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or 



110 



KUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) 



straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, 
even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves al- 
ternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old 
World and the Southern hemisphere ; the Proper Rutace^e, represented 
in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, L.) and Fraxinella (Dictdmnus 
Fraxinella, L.) chiefly herbs, but the rest are shrubs or trees. — The Au- 
kantie^e or Orange Family, recently appended to this order, has baccate 
fruit, seeds without albumen, and stamens sometimes almost indefinitely 
numerous. — Our two indigenous genera are 

1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious : ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. 

2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous : ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 

1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickly Ash. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the 
petals. Pistils 2 - 5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. 
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1 -2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, 
smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or 
trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. 
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from £av66s, yellow, and £v\ov, 
wood: therefore more properly spelled with an initial X.) 

1. Z. Americarium, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache- 
tree.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd 
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, with 
slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks : common north- 
ward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing 
before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 

2. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (Southern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5 
pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above; flowers 
in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 3, with 
short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. — 
A small tree with very sharp prickles. 



2. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled: style short: stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled 
and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- 
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. 
(The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.) 

1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky 
places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bit- 
ter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. 

AilAnthus glandul6sus, Desf., called Tree or Heaven, — but whose 
blossoms, especially the steminate ones, are redolent of anything but '- airs from 



ANACARDIACE^E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Ill 

heaven/' — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclining 
to spread from seed in Pennsylvania. It belongs to the order Simarubace^e, 
which differs from Rutacese in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is 
known by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous 
greenish flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny 
samaras. (Adv. from China.) 

Order 26. ANACARDIACE^E. (Cashew Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, ivith a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate 
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, pentandrous flowers, with a 1- 
celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated 
in the bud. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises 
from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice or exhalations often 
poisonous. — Represented here only by the genus 

1. RHUS, L. Sumach. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes 
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a 
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens) 
usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and 
Latin name of the genus. ) 

§ 1. StJMAC, DC. Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit 
globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : leaves odd-pinnate. 
(Not poisonous.) 

1. R. typhina, L. (Staghorn Sumach.) Branches and stalks densely 
velvety -hairy ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 
rarely laciniatc. — Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with or- 
ange-colored wood. 

2. R. glabra, L. (Smooth S.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11- 
31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren 
soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. A var. has laciniate leaves. 

3. R. COpallina, L. (Dwarf S.) Branches and stalks downy: petioles 
wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf- 
lets, Avhich are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — 
Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 1° - 7° high, with running roots. 

§ 2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender 
axillary panicles : fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone stri' 
ate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch.) 

4. R. venenata, DC. (Poison S. or Dogwood.) Smooth, or nearly 
so; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps. June. — 
Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species : also called Poison Elder. 

5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Climbing 
by rootlets over rocks, &c, or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly 
pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — or 
el so entire, then it is R. radicans, L. — Thickets, low grounds, &c. June. 



112 VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) 

§ 3. LOBADiUM, Raf. Flowers polygamo-dicecious, in clustered scaly-bracted 

spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large : fruit as in § 1, but 

fiatttsh: leaves 3-foliolate. (Not poisonous.) 

6. R. aromatica, Ait. (Fragrant S.) Leaves pubescent when young, 

thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle 

one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky soil, from 

Vermont westward and southward. April, May. — A straggling bush ; the 

crushed leaves sweet-scented. 

Oiider 27. VITACEiE. (Vine Family.) 

Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular 
flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens 
as many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled, usually 4- 
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila- 
ments slender : anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a 
slightly 2-lobed stigma : ovary 2-eelled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules 
from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base 
of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. 
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo- 
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c., 
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera. 

1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape. 

Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled with 
an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com- 
pound thyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin name.) 
§ 1. VITIS proper. Petals 5, cohering at the top, separating at the base, and so 
the corolla usually falls off without expanding: 5 thick glands or lobes of the disk 
alternating with the stamens : flowers polygamous or diazcious in all the American 
species, exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and 
heart-shapt-d, q/len variously and variably lobed. 

* Leaves woolly beneath, when lohed having obtuse or rounded sinuses. 

1. V. Labriisca, L. (Northern Fox-Grape.) BrancUets and young 
leaves very vjoolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; 
berries large. — Moist thickets : common. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., 
dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, 
it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties. 

2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves downy with 
loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com- 
pound, long and slender : berries small, black with a bloom. — Thickets : com- 
mon. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct. 

* * Leaves smooth or nearly so and bright green both sides, commonly pubescent on the 
veins beneath, either incisely lobed or undivided. 

3. V. COrdifblia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.) Leaves thin. 






RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 113 

not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob- 
scurely 3-lobed ; panicles compound, large and loose ; berries small, blue or black 
with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. ripAria, has the leaves 
broader and cut-lobed. (V. riparia, Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks : com- 
mon. May, June. — Flowers very sweet-scented. 

4. V. VUlpina, L. (Muscadine or Southern Fox-Grape.) Leaves 
shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed 
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely fiovoered : 
berries large (f'-f in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick 
and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and 
southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separating in strips as in the other 
species. Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong 
Grape, &c. 

§2. CISSUS, L. Petals (5 in our species) expanding before or when they fall: 
disk thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed : flowers commonly perfect : tendrils 
fewer. 

5. V. indivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or truncate 
at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small 
and loose; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1-3-seeded. — River- 
banks, West Virginia, Ohio, and southward. June. 

6. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather up- 
right ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ; 
calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate. 
— Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper. 

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. 
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaf- 
lets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by 
dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from apne\ns, a vine, and ctyrts, 
appearance. ) 

1. A. quinquefblia, Michx. — A common woody vine, in low or rich 
grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk- 
bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in 
October. Also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine. 
LeaA r es turning bright crimson in autumn. 

Order 28. BHAMNAC£ M, (Buckthorn Family.) 

Shrubs or small trees, loith simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some- 
times apetalous), with- the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate 
sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe or 
pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in- 
wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens 
into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx 
and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2 - 5-celled ovary. 
L & M— 25 



114 RHAMNACE^: (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 

Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad 
cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some- 
times dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate : stipules small or obsolete. 
Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent : the fruit often 
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) 

# Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 

1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 

2-celled bony putamen. 

2. Rhamnns. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the 

2-4 separate seed -like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute. 
S. Frangnla. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back: cotyledons 
flat, fleshy. 

# # Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 
4. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 

1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple-Jack. 

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong 
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling 
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a 
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, Avith the pinnate veins 
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small 
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.) 

1. B. VOltlbilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely 
serrulate ; style short. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — As- 
cending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name. 

2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, 
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some- 
times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2- 
4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on 
the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. 
— Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish 
polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek 
name, from the numerous branchlets.) 

* Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. 

1. R. catharticus, L. (Common buckthorn.) Leaves ovate, minutely 
serrate; fruit 3-4-seeded; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spar- 
ingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. B-. lanceolatUS, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on flow- 
ering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth' or minutely downy 
beneath; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn. 
(Mercersburg, Prof Green) to Illinois, and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not 
thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, both per- 
fect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short in- 
cluded style; the other with the pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and 
exscrted. 



CKLASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 115 

* * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting. 
3. R 8 alnifdlius, L'Her. A low shrub, leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly 
straight- veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn., Illinois, and north- 
ward. June. 

3. FEANGULA, Tourn. Alder-Buckthorn. 

Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane, 
thick. Flowers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens almost 
always 5. Leaves with nearly straight parallel veins. Otherwise as in Rham- 
nus. (Name from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.) 

1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves (3' -5' 
long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers in one 
form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ; drupe globose, 
3-seeded. — Secaucus swamp, New Jersey, Dr. Post, W. H. Leggett, and river- 
banks. Virginia to Kentucky and southward. June. 

4. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. 

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick 
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit, Petals 
hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also 
elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed 
as in Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, 
which are crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower- 
branches : calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in 
Theophrastus, probably misspelled.) 

1. C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or ob- 
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base : 
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 1° -3° high 
from a dark red root : branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters. — 
The leaves were used for tea during the American Revolution ; and the manu- 
facture has been recently revived in Pennsylvania. 

2. C. ovalis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely 
glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles. 
— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — The white 
flowers larger than in No. 1, more corymbed: leaves narrower, smooth, mostly 
acute at both ends. 

Order 29. CELASTRACE.E. (Staff-tree Family.) 

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the 
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as 
the petals and alternate icith them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom 
of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one 
or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous : styles united into 
one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy 
albumen : cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. 
Pedicels jointed. — Represented by two genera. 



116 SAPINDACE.E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 

1. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on 
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo- 
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 
in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers 
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient 
Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 

1. C. scandens, L. (Wax- work. Climbing Bitter-sweet.) Twin- 
ing shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and 
thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet 
covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 

2. ETJ6NYMUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat 
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the 
edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx 
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short 
or none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 4 in each cell, 
enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate 
leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation 
from ev, good, and ovop.a, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning 
cattle. Tourn.) 

1. E. atropurptireus, Jacq. (Burning-Bush. Waahoo.) Shrub 
tall (6° -14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of 
the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New 
York to Wisconsin and southward : also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in 
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 

2. E. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bush.) Shrub low, upright or 
straggling (2° - 5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thicfcish, bright green, varying 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple 
flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-ivarty, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the 
aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, S. and W. New York to Illinois and south- 
ward. June. 

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- 
ing stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus, 
Nutt.) — Low or wet places : the commoner form. 

Order 30. §APINDACEiE. (Soapberry Family.) 

Trees, shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and 
often irregular flowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals both imbricated in aesti- 
vation; the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy {perigynous or hypogynous) 
disk; a 2 -3-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in 
each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without 
ulbumen. — A large and diverse order, the true Sapindaceae principally 
toojaaoal, here represented only by the Buckeyes. 



SAPINDACE^E. (soapberry family.) 117 

Suborder I. STAPHYL.EACEiE. Bladder-Nut Family. 

Flowers (perfect) regular : stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — 
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and sti- 
pellate. 

1. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled 

bladdery-inflated pod. 

Suborder IT. SAPINDACEJE proper (including Hippocastane^e.) 

Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular; the 
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely 
twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo 
curved or convolute, rarely straight : cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves 
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound. 

2. vEsculus. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod. 

Leaves opposite, digitate. 

Suborder III. ACEBIWE JE. Maple Family. 

Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsym- 
metrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair 
of ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Em- 
bryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, 
simple or compound. 

3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound. 

4. Negundo. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 5 leaflets. 

1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-Nut. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate, 
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the 
calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, 
united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membrana- 
ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the cells 
containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, 
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite 
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme- 
like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name 
from o-TacfrvXri, a cluster.) 

1. S. trifolia, L. (American Bladder-nut.) Leaflets 3, ovate, 
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish 
striped branches. 

2. JISCULUS, L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. 

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 
4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 



118 sapindace^:. (soapberry family.) 

7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 
3 -celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms a 
seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round 
pale scar, Avithout albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous 
faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 2- 
leaved : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaflets 
serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or 
dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils and 
6terile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and 
narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing 
tree.) 

§ 1. iESCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young. 

1. JE. HippocAstanum, L. (Common Horse-chestnut.) Corolla 
spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; 
leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 

2. 2E. glabra, Willd. (Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.) Stamens curved, 
longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; leaflets 5. — River- 
banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and Kentucky. June. — A large 
tree ; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flow- 
ers small, not showy. 

§ 2. PAVIA, Boerhaave. Fruit smooth: pejals 4, conniving ; the 2 upper smaller 
and longer than the others, with a small and rounded blade on a very long claw. 

3. JE. flava, Ait. (Sweet Buckeye.) Stamens included in the yellow 
corolla; calyx oUong-campanulute ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often 
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and 
southward. May. A large tree or a shrub. 

Var. purpurascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh- 
color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (M. discolor, Pursh.) 

— From West Virginia southward and westward. 

4. iE. Pavia, L. (Red Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co- 
rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft- 
downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. 

— A shrub or small tree. 

3. ACER, Tourn. Maple. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. 
Petals either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws 
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or 
hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each : 
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From 
the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at 
length separable samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously 
coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs, 
with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. 
(The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) 




SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 119 

* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6-8. 

1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) Leaves 3-lobed at 
the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate; the short lobes taper-pointed and 
also serrate; racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate ; fruit Avith large diverging 
wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and south- 
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and 
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers 
and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood and Moose- Wood. 

2. A. spicatum, Lam. (Mountain M.) Leaves downy underneath, 
3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes up- 
right, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very 
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range 
as No. I. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. 

* * Flowers umbellate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves. 

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (Sugar or Rock M.) Leaves 3 -5-lobed, 
with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart- 
shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on 
the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, 
drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; 
wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods, especially north- 
ward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large and hand- 
some tree. 

Var. nigrum. (Black Sugar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but 
often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. (A. 
nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form 

* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much 
preceding the leaves : stamens 3-6- 

4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (White or Silver M.) Leaces very 
deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery -white (and when young- 
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers 
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with 
large divergent wings. — River-banks ; most common southward and westward. 
March -April. — A fine ornamental tree 

5. A. rubrum, L. (Red or Swamp M.) Leaves 3 - 5 lobed, with acute 
sinuses, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, 
the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong; flowers (scarlet, crimson, 
or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro- 
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree, 
with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim- 
son in early autumn. 

4. NEG-UNDO, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4-5. 
Disk none. — Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in 
drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. 
(Name unmeaning.) 



120 



POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 



1. N. aeeroides, Mcench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish 
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather 
incurved wings. — Kiver-banks. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 
April. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate 
drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves. 



Order 31. POI.YOAf.ACE.E. (Milkwort Family.) 

Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadel- 
plwus stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink ; 
the fruit a 1-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented in this country only 
by the genus 

1. POLfGALA, Tourn. Milkwort. 

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper 
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner 
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy- 
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) 
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments 
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the 
petals, free above : anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or 
broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen- 
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a 
small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much 
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or va- 
riously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and 
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs 
in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules : 
sometimes (as in the last two species) bearing concealed flowers next the ground, 
which are fertilized in the closed bud. (An old name composed of 7ro\vs, much, 
and yaXa, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.) 

§ 1. Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow Jlowers, which are dis- 
posed to turn greenish in drying : crest of the heel (lower petal) small : flowering 
all summer. 

1. P. lutea, L. Low; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or oblong 
heads (f ' thick,) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves (1'- 2' long) ob- 
ovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, 
New Jersey and southward, near the coast. 

2. P. ramosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike- 
like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear, the 
lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid ; minutely hairy, twice the length of the 
caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt.) — Damp pine- 
barrens, Delaware and southward. (The allied P. cym6sa, Walt., which is 
P. graminifolia, Poir., P. attenuata, Nutt. and P. acutifolia, Torr. 8f Gray, — 
known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globu- 
lar seeds with no caruncle, — may occur in S. Virginia.) 



POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 121 

§ 2. Annuals, with all the leaves alternate : flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes termi- 
nating the stem or branches, purple or rose-color, in summer : none subterranean. 

* Corolla conspicuously crested on the keel: the claws of the true petals united into a 

hug and slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings. 

3. P. incarnata, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves 
minute and linear-awl-shaped; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle 
longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin 
and southward ; rather rare. 

* * Corolla minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals' not longer but mostly 

shortt r than the wings : seed pear-shaped. 

4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ; 
leaves oblong-linear; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (4"- 5" thick), 
bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any ; wings 
broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parted caruncle almost 
equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist ground : common. 

5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched; 
leaves narrowly linear, small ; spikes short and dense (3" in diameter) ; the small 
rose-purple flowers on pedieds of about the length of the pod; wings obovate- or 
oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous 
with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk- 
like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. §• Gr., excl. syn. ; 
not of Nutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) and Delaware 
to Kentucky and southward. 

6. P. Wuttallii, Torr. & Gr. (Fl. \,p. 670, excl. syn. & descr.) Resembles 
the last, but usually lower ; spikes more cylindrical ; flowers duller or greenish 
purple, on shorter pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after 
the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. (P. sanguinea, 
Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c, Pluk. t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. $• Gr. FL, 
not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Kentucky and south- 
ward. — Spike sometimes rather loose. 

7. P. Curtissii, n. sp. Slender (9' high) ; leaves, &c, as in the two pre- 
ceding ; flowers rose-purple, in elongated and loose racemes ; the ascending pedicels 
and the narrow oblong erect icings fully tivice the length of the pod ; bracts persistent, 
those of the lower and remoter flowers foliaceous ; caruncle small, on one side 
of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at 
the broader end. — Near Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. — Most related to 
P. Chapmanii of Florida. 

§ 3. Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in Jives: 
spikes terminating the stem and branches; fl. summer and autumn. 

* Spikes short and thick (4" - 9" in diameter ; the axis rough with the squarrose bracts 

persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers : crest 
of the keel small. 

8. P. eruciata, L. Stems (3' -10' high) almost winged at the angles, 
with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some- 
what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so, wings broadly deltoid- 
ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point, or rarely pointless ; caruncle 

GM— 6 



122 POLYGALACE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south- 
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. 

9. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Eather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered 
on the branches, narrower; spikes piduncled; wings lanceolate-ocate, pointless or 
lardy mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island ( Olney), New Jersey, and 
southward. Too near the last. 

* * Spikes slender {alout 2" thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which are 
small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger. 

10. P. vertieillata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; stem- 
leaves all whorl ed, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes peduncled, 
dense, acute; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the 
seed. — Dry soil : common. 

11. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem-leaves 
in fours, the red scattered; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often 
purplish and scattered; wings oval; caruncle shorter; otherwise nearly as in 
No. 10, — of which it is probably a mere variety. — Dry soil, from New York 
and Pennsylvania southward. 

§ 4. Perennial, with alternate leaves throughout, and white flowers in a solitary close 
spike : no subterranean blossoms. 

12. P. Senega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot. ) Stems several from thick 
and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, with rough margins ; flowers almost sessile ; wings round-obovate, 
concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W. 
New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 

Var. latifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, 2' -4' long, tapering to each end. — Maryland to Kentucky. 

§ 5. Biennials and perennials, with showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested flowers ; 
also bearing colorless and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, 
fertilized in the bud, on subterranean branches. 

13. P. pol^gama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly 
simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate ; 
terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings- longer than the keel ; 
stamens 8 ; radical floAvers racemed on short runners beneath the ground ; lobes 
of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil; common 
eastward. July. 

14. P. paucifdlia, Willd. Perennial ; flowering stems short (3' - 4' high), 
rising from long and slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear 
concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered : the upper 
leaves ovate, pttioled, crowded at the summit of the stem; flowers 1 -3, large, pe- 
duncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested 
keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed.— 
Woods, in light soil, especially northward, extending southward along the Al- 
leghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very handsome flowers, 9" 
long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Winter- 
jreen, but more appropriately Fringed Polygala. 



LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 123 

Order 32. tEOUMINOS^E. (Pulse Family.) 

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular Jiowers, 10 {rarely 5 and 
sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and 
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without 
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the 
sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. next 
the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from 
noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in northern tem- 
perate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it comprises. 

Suborder I. PAPILIOJVACE^. Proper Pulse Family. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla peri- 
gynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very 
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous, 
i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger 
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward 
or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior 
to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or 
less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or 
keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually 
encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with 
the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set 
in a tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the 
tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, some- 
times 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2- 
many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitro- 
pous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle 
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ger- 
mination usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite 
entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or 

panicles. 

A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 

Tribe I. GENISTE^E. Shrubs or herbs, never climbing, with simple or palmately com- 
pound leaves, and peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Stamens monadelphous : an- 
thers of two forms. Pod continuous. 

1. Lupin us. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod flat. 

2. Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple. 

3. Genista. Keel straight, deflexed. Pod usually flat. Leaves simple. 

Tribe II. TR I FOLIE JE. Herbs, not climbing, with 3 - (rarely 5 - 7-) foliolate leaves, 
the veinlets of the leaflets often running into minute teeth, and the stipules united with the 
base of the petiole. Pedur.cles axillary. Stamens diadelphous : anthers uniform. Pod small 
and 1- few-seeded, or coiled. 

4. Trifoliam. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to 

the stamen-tube. 

5. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. 

«. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1- few-seeded 



124 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

Tribe III. GALEGEH. Herbs or woody plants (twining only in No. 12), not tendril- 
bearing, with pinnate or sometimes palmately compound leaves. Stamens diadelphous of 
rarely monadelphous : anthers uniform (or the 5 alternate ones sometimes smaller in 
No. 7). Pod continuous, at least not transversely jointed. 

* PSORALIE.E. Glandular-dotted shrubs or herbs. Ovary l-3ovuled; the legume small 

and indehiscent, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. 

7. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of 

the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves 3 - 5-foliolate. 

8. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous; the cleft 

tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. Leaves pinnate. 

9. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous; 

the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Leaves pinnate. 

10. Amorpha. Corolla of only one petal ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaves 

pinnate. 

* * TEPHROSIE^. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Ovary several - many-ovuled : pod flattened, 

several-seeded, 2-varved. Leaves pinnate. Standard large and broad. 

11. Robinia. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. 

Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 

12. Wistaria. Wings free from the keel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners : leaflets 

obscurely stipellate. 

13. Teplirosia. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs : leaflets not 

stipellate. 

* * # ASTRAGALEiE. Chiefly herbs, with pinnate leaves and axillary racemes or spikes. Pod 

mostly "turgid or inflated. Style beardless. Standard narrow, erect. 

14. Astragalus. Anthers distinctly 2-celled. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp ap- 

pendage. Pod turgid, with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the ceil 
lengthwise into two. 

15. Oxy tropis. Keel of the corolla tipped with a point : otherwise as Astragalus. 

16. Glycyrrhiza. Anthers with the two cells confluent. Pod short, few-seeded, nearly 

indehiscent, glandular-prickly. 
Tribe TV. HEDYSAREJE. Herbs, with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves, 
not tendril-bearing. Anthers uniform, except in No. 21. Pod (l° men t) transversely 2 - sev- 
eral-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or sometimes reduced to one 

such joint. 

* Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 

17. ^Eschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- 

jointed : joints square. 

18. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several- 

jointed : joints roundish. 

* * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 
19 Desmodiiim. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. 
Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 

20. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- 

ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 

21. Stylosanib.es. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx 

deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. 

Tribe V. VICIE^l. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, usually climbing, the common 
leafstalk continued into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. Stamens chiefly diadelphous 
(9 & 1). Pod continuous, 2-valved, few - several- seeded. Cotyledons very thick, remaining 
under ground in germination. 

22. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs 

at the apex. 

23. Latby rus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded 

down the inner face. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125 

Tribe VI. PHASEOLE^. Twining or sometimes only trailing plants (herbs in tem- 
perate regions), with pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5-7-) foliolate leaves, commonly stipellate. 
Peduncles or flowers axillary ; the pedicels usually clustered on the thickened nodes of 
the raceme. Anthers uniform. Pod continuous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except 
by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick, and 
rising above ground little changed in germination, or sometimes becoming foliaceous. 
# Leaves pinnate. 

12. Wistaria. Woody twiner : leaflets 9-13 Keel barely incurved, obtuse. 

24. Apios. Herbaceous twiuer : leaflets 5 -7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled. 

* * Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. 

25. Phnseolus. Keel strongly incurved or coiled : standard recurved-spreading. Style 

bearded lengthwise. 

26. Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base: keel broad, 

merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma. 

27. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless : keel scythe-shaped. Style 

bearded down the inner face. 
28 Amphicarpsea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect : keel almost straight. 
Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground. 

29. Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract 

and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous. 

* # * Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow. 

30. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Pod short. 

B. Stamens all separate. 

Tribe VII. SOPfiOREJl and PODALYRIEJJ. Stamens 10, distinct ; the co- 
rolla being truly papilionaceous. 

31. Baptisia. Calyx 4 -5-lobed. Pod inflated. Herbs : leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple. 

32. Cladrastis. Calyx 5-toothed. Pod very flat. Tree, with pinnate leaves. 

Suborder II. CESALPINIEiE. Brasiletto Family. 

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- 
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed 
by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the 
calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. 

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 

33. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. 

# * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. 

%i. Cassia. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. 
* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceors, polygamous or dioecious. 

v»5. Gymnocladus. Tree: leaves all doubly pinnate Calyx-tube elongated, at its sum- 
mit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10. 

36 Gleditschia. Trees thorny, leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short; 
its lubes, petals, and stamens 3-5. 

Suborder III. MIMOSEiE. Mimosa Family. 

Flower regular. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 
4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted 
stamens. Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. 

37. Desman til us. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10 Pod smooth. 
88. Sch.rank.ia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with 
small prickles or rough projections. 



126 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

1. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. 

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe- 
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter- 
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric- 
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 
1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers 
in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants 
were thought to devour the fertility of the soil. ) 

*1. L. perennis, L. (Wild Lupine.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem 
erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblaneeolate ; flowers in a long raceme; pods 
very hairy. — Sandy soil : common. May, June. — Flowers showy, purplish- 
blue, rarely pale. 

2. CEOTALAEIA, L. Kattle-box. 

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- 
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of 
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs 
with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from uporakov, a rattle ; the loose 
seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3' - 6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- 
I mceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as 
to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than 
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and south- 
ard. July. 

3. GENISTA, L. Woad- Waxen. Whin. 

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight, 
djflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers 
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple 
leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a oush.) 

1. G. tinct6ria, L. (Dyer's Green-weed.) Low, not thorny, with 
striate-angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes. — 
Eastern New York and Massachusetts, especially Essex Co., where it is thor- 
oughly established on sterile hills. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. TRIPOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil. 

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering ot 
persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate 
standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube : keel short and 
obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, 
often included in the calyx, 1 - 6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the 
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pin- 
nately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. 
Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.) 
* Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away aftet 
flowering, tubular below ; the petals more or less coherent with each other. 



LEGCMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 127 

+- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla : root annual. 

1. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.) Silky, branch- 
ing (5'- 10' high); leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky and 
grayish, oblong or cylindrical. — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

*- +- Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose- 
pwple elongated-tabular corolla. (Short-lived perennials : flowers sweet-scented.) 

2. T. pratense, L. (Red C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; leaflets 
vual or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a 
pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and mead- 
ows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. T. medium, L. (Zigzag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong, 
entire, and spotless; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too 
like the last. — Dry hills, E. Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedi- 

cels reflextd when o'd : corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn- 
ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 

4. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo C.) Annual or biennial ; stems ascending, 
downy ; leaflets obovate-ob'ong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth 
hairy ; pods 3 - 5-seeded. — Western New York (rare) to Illinois and south- 
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and 
keel whitish. 

5. T. Stoloniferum, Muhl. (Running Buffalo-C.) Smooth, peren- 
nial; stems with long runne?s from the base; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, 
minutely toothed ; heads loose ; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies, 
Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple. 
Probably a variety of the last. 

6. T. r&pens, L. (White C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems 
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely 
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very 
long; heads small and loose; calyx much shorter than the white corolla; pods 
about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere. Here probably introduced 
but indigenous northward. 

7. T. Carolini&num, Michx. (Carolina C.) Somewhat pubescent 
small perennial, procumbent, in tufls ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; 
stipules ovate, foliaceous ; heads small on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth lance 
olate nearly equalling the pur/>/ish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — 
Nat, from Southern States in waste grounds below Philadelphia ( C. E. Smith) ; 
probably wild in S. Virginia. May. 

# # * Flowers short-pedi celled in close heads, reflexed when old : corolla yellow, per- 

sistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood- 
shaped : annuals, fl. in summer. 

8. T. agrarium, L. (Yellow or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat up- 
right (6'- 12' high) ; leaflets oborate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate) 
and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its 
length. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 



128 LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

9. T. proctjmbens, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending 
pubescent (3' -6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovute, notched at the end; the lateral at 
a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. — 
Sandy fields and roadsides, New England to Virginia. Also var. minus 
(T. minus, Relhan), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with 
age. With the other ; also Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 

5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Cloyer. 

Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, 
free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the 
calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in 
drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from /ieX:, 
honey, and Acoro's, some leguminous plant.) 

1. M. officinalis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.) Upright (2° -4° high) ; 
leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla ydlow ; the petals nearly of equal length. 
— Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. alba, Lam. (White M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the 
standard longer than the other petals. (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In similar 
places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. MEDICAGO, L. Medick. 

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- 
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut. 
(MT]biKTj, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) 

1. M. satita, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaflets 
obovate-oblong, toothed; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. — 
Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. lupulina, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pu- 
bescent, annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, tootbed at the apex ; flowers in short 
spikes (yehow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. M. maculata, Willd. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procum- 
bent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, mi- 
nutely toothed; peduncles 3-5-flowered; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral, 
of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double 
row of curved prickles. — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some 
-places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. M. denticulata, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; pods loosely spiral, deeply 
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge : otherwise like the last ; in similar places, 
eastward. (Adv. from Eu.) 

7. PSORALEA, L. Psoralea. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or 
sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often 
wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over 
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.) with glandular dots or points. 



LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 12J 

Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemea, white or mostly 
blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, \^a>pa\<?oy, 
scurfy, from the glands or dots.) 

* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 
5*Tl- P. On6brycllis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect 
(3° -5° high) ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointtd (3' long) ; stipules and bracts 
awl-shaped; racemes elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ; pods rough- 
ened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. 

2. P. Stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- 
fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on rather 
short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio, 
Kentucky. June, July. 

3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- 
dular ; stems erect (l°-2°high), slender; /tajiets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; 
spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.) 
— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. 

* * Leaves palmately 3 - bfoliolate. 

4. F. jB.oribu.nda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2°- 
4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young; leaflets varying from linear to 
obovate-oblong (j - 1|-' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panicled; lobes of the 
calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and south- 
westward. June- Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long. 

5. P. argophylla, Pursh. Si/very silky-white all over, erect, divergently 
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes 
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wisconsin, and westward. 
June. — Flowers 4" - 5" long. 

6. P. esculenta, Pursh. Eoughish hairy all over; stem stout (5'- 15' 
high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets 5, 
obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; lobes of the 
calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (^' long). : — High 
plains, N. W. Wisconsin, Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c. r and westward. June. 
The Pommk Blanche, or Pomme de Prairie, of the Voyageurs. 

8. DALE A, L. Dalea. 

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on 
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel 
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which 
is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glan- 
dular-dotted with minute stipules ; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. 
(Named for Samuel Dale, an English botanist.) 

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect annual (l°-2° high), glabrous, 
except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike ; leaves pinnate, of many 
linear-oblong leaflets ; corolla whitish. — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south ward. 
July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 



130 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

9. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Prairie Clover. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread- 
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the 
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the 
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. 
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Chiefly 
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, 
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads 
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, al- 
luding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 

1. P. violaeeus, Michx. Smoothish : leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads 
globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than 
the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Minnesota 
and southward. July. 

2. P. e&ndidus, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob- 
long ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly 
glabrous calyx; coro'la white. — With No. 1. July. 

3. P. villdsus, Nutt. Soft-downy or sillcy all over; leaflets 13-17, linear 
or oblong, small (4" -5" long) ; spikes cylindrical [V - 5' long), short-peduncled, 
soft-villous ; corolla rose-color. — N. Wisconsin (Lake Pepin, &c. T.J.Hale) and 
westward. 

10. AMORPHA, L. False Indigo. 

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals en- 
tirely wanting !) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadel- 
phous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 
1- 2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; 
the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet or pur- 
ple ; crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, afiopfforj, wanting form, from 
the absence of four of the petals.) 

1. A. frutiedsa, L. (False Indigo.) Rather pubescent or smoothish; 
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks S. Penn. to 
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable. 

2. A. can^SCens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened 
with hoary down; leaflets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, smoothish above 
with age ; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wiscon- 
sin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate lead-ore. 

11. EOBfNIA, L. Locust-tree. 

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2 -lipped. Standard large and rounded, 
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. 
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- 
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- 
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging 
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. 
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son 
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe. ) 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 131 

1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Common Locust or False Acacia.) Branches 
naked; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — S.Penn- 
sylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental 
tree, and for its valuable timber: naturalized in many places. June. 

2. II. viscosa, Vent. (Clammy L.) Brahchlcts and leafstalks clammy; 
flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous; pod 
glandular-hispid. — Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller 
tree. June. ' 

3. R. hispida, L. (Bristly L. or Rose Acacia.) Bran chlets and stalks 
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — 
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers, 
&c. — Mountains of Virginia and southward : commonly cultivated. May, 
June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. 

12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Wistaria. 

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower 
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at 
its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens di- 
adelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 
2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules, 
pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, 
and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the 
late Pi o feasor Wistar, of Philadelphia.) 

1. W. fruteseens, DC. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the 
corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw. (W. 
specibsa, Natt.) — Alluvial grounds, W. Virginia to Illinois and southward. 
May. — Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese . 
species. 

13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea. 

Calyx about equally 5-clcft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned 
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous 
or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial 
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets 
mucronate, veiny. (Name from Te<pp6s, ash-colored or hoary.) 

1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat's Rue. Catgut.) Sdky-villous with 
whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple (l°-2° high), leafy to the top; 
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- 
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry 
sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. 

2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched 
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate or 
oblong- wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few, in a loose interrupted very long- 
peduncled spike, reddish. — Dry soil, Delaware and southward. July. 

3. T. hispidula, Pursh Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute 
and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched, 



132 LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

straggling ; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate- wedge-shaped and oblance- 
olate; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - ^-flowered ; flowers reddish-purple. — 
Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 

14. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard narrow, equal- 
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta- 
mens diadelphous. Stigma minute, terminal. Pod several - many-seeded, various, 
mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly 
or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. Chiefly 
herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. 
(The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but 
the connection between the two is past all guess.) 
§ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, not stalked in the cjlyw, 2 -celled, indehiscent, 

or tardily separable into 2 closed portions: stems low> decu,nbent or ascending: 

leaflets numerous. 

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely ap- 
pressed-pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong; flower in a short spike-like 
raceme : corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed. 
about %' in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. Upper Mis- 
sissippi River, thence westward and southward. May. 

2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, 
larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10"- 12" long); 
calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very ob- 
tuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter: otherwise like the last: the unripe 
fruits of both resemble green plums, — whence the popular name, — and are 
eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open 
plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward. 

3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous ; stipules conspicuous ; leaflets 
oblong, often glabrous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, 
cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the 
calyx villous, — invar. Texnesseensis (A. Tennesseensis, Gray, in Chapm. S. 
Fl. ) oblong and slightly curved, much less fleshy and thick than in the preceding. 
— Gravelly or sandy banks of Illinois River ( Vasey, Slosson, Btbb), thence south- 
ward and westward. May. 

§ 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, more or A ss thin-walled, turgid, not stalked in the calyx, 
completely 2-celled only in No. 4. 

4. A. Canadensis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4°high), somewhat pubes- 
cent ; leaflets 21 - 27, -oblong ; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long 
and close spikes ; pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, small, completely 2-celled. — River- 
banks : common from N. New York westward and southward. July - Aug. 

5. A. Codperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (l°-2° high); leaflets 11- 
21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary under-- 
neath; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; pods inflated-ovoid (al- 
most 1' long), thin-walled, one-celled, the dorsal suture slightly, the ventral more 
decidedly projecting inwards. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. Sr Gray. Now named for 



LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133 

the discoverer, the late Wm. Cooper, there being already an A. neglectus.) — > 
Gravelly shores, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. 

6. A. distortus, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the 
base, smoothish; leaflets 11-23, oblong or obovate ; flowers purplish or violet, 
10- 20 in a short spike; the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods oblong, 
turyid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-cel/ed. — Mason Co., Illinois, 
Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) 

§ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, thin-walled, small, stalked in the calyx (stipitate), and with 
it more or less pubescent with fine blackish hairs, hanging on short pedicels : ra- 
ceme sfwrt, rather many-floivertd, long-peduncled : leaflets oval or oblong. 

7 A. alpinus, L. Smooth or slightly hairy; stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high; 
leaflets 13-25; corolla violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or 
blue (5" -6" long) ; pods black-hairy, oblong, deeply grooved on the back and 
partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, its stipe usually rather 
exceeding the calyx. — Rocks and banks, Northern Vermont (Willoughby 
Mountain, J. Blake) and Maine (Dr. Scammon, G. L. Goodale), and north- 
ward. June, July. (Eu.) 

8. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender; 
leaflets 7- 11 ; corolla white (4" long) ; calyx-teeth short; pods oblong, flattish (^' 
long), membranaceous, almost glabrous, the base suddenly contracted into a stipe 
about equalling the calyx, one-celled, a thin membrane slightly projecting from 
the dorsal suture. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of Onion River, 
at Colchester, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins (1829) : the station now obliterated. May. 

15. OXYTROPIS, DC. Oxytropis. 

Keel of the corolla tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage : other- 
wise as in Astragalus. Pod often partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral 
suture. — Our species, and most others, are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, 
with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, 
covered with scaly adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; and naked 
scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name indicates the peculiarity 
of the flower, from o£vs, sharp, and rpoms, keel.) 

1. O* campestris, DC. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or 
oblong : flowers yellowish or white, often tinged or tipped with purple or violet- 
blue ; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture. — Northern 
border of Maine, on the St. John's, near Seven Isles, G. L. Goodale, and north- 
ward. July. (Eu.) 

2. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly 
linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous or 
firm coriaceous in texture, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate and long-pointed, 
almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Minnesota and 
westward. June. 

1Q. GLYCYREHIZA, Tourn. Liquorice. 

Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con- 
fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com- 



134 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY). 

pressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely de- 
hiscent, few-seeded. The flower, &c, otherwise as in Astragalus. — Long peren- 
nial root sweet (whence the name, from yXvKvs, sweet, and pi£a, root) ; herbage 
glandular-viscid; .leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in axillarj 
spikes, white or bluish. 

1. G. lepiddta, Nutt. (Wild Liquorice.) Tall (2°-3° high); leaf- 
lets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales 
when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; 
flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the 
fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the 
sands of the shore, probably drifted from its native northwest regions ; but per- 
fectly established, G. W. Clinton. 

17. JESCHYNOMENE, L. Sensitive Joint-Vetch. 

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-. the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish : keel 
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com- 
posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev- 
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence 
the name, from alax vi/0 l Ji * vr )i being ashamed). 

1. .SB. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual ; leaflets 37-51, lin- 
ear ; racemes few -flowered ; pod stalked, 6 - 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. 
and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally. 

18. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. Hedysarum. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, 
obliquely truncate, not append aged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- 
phous, 5 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round- 
ish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs : leaves odd-pinnate. 
(Name composed of fjdvs, sweet, and apcofxa, smell.) 

1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla- 
brous ; stipules. scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed pur- 
ple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, 
reticulated. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, A. Wood, &c. St. 
John's River, Maine, G. L. Goodale. Also northward. 

19. DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-Trefoil. 

Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to 
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- 
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or 
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating 
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked 
hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial 
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers 
(in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from 
each bract, purple or purplish, often turning gi*een in withering. Stipules ard 



LEGUMINOS^ (PULSE FAMILY.) 135 

bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from beo-fios, a bond or chain, from th© 

connected joints of the pods. ) 

§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk ivithin the calyx (stipe) many times longer than the slightly 
toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straiyhtish on the upper margin, 
deeply sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on 
the back: stamens monadelphous below: plants nearly glabrous: stems erect or 
ascending : raceme terminal, panicled : stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 

1. D. nudifldrum, DC. Leaves'all crowded at the summit of sterile stems ; 
leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend- 
ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods : common. 

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Leares all crowded at the summit of 'the stem from 
which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper- 
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' -5' long). — Rich woods. 

3. D. paucifldrum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8' -15' high) 
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few- 
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and 
southward. 

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply-cleft calyx: 
stems long and prostrate or decumbent : racemes axillary and terminal. 

* Stipules conspicuous, ovate, taper-pointed, striate, persistent : racemes mostly simple. 

4. D. rotUlldifolium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate; leaflets 
orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple; pods almost equally 
sinuate on both edges, 3 - 5-jointed ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky 
woods j rather common. 

Var. glabratum : almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form. 
(Hedysarum humifusum, Muh\. in part, Bigel., &c.) — -Mass., New York, &c. 

5. D. OChroleuoum, M.A.Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent ; leaf- 
lets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath, 
the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ; 
corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2 - 4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and 
reticulated but the margins downy. (Perhaps Muhlenberg's H. humifusum 
from "Carolina.") — Woodlands, Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward. 

* * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent : racemes panicled. 

6. D. humifusum, Beck (as to syn.). Glabrous or nearly so, procum- 
bent ; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the twe 
preceding (l^'-2' long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2 -4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhom- 
boid joints minutely scabrous throughout. (Hedysarum humifusum, MM. Fl 
Lancast. herb., ex Canby.) — Dry sandy soil (Lancaster, Penn., Muhlenberg). 
Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby. 

§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx : racemes panicled. 

* Stems tall (3° -5°) and erect; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large 

and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed : pods of 4-7 unequal- 
sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about £' long. 
(Flowers rather large.) 

7. D. caneseens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets ovate, 
bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sidas 



136 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse family.) 

roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist 
grounds, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and southward, chiefly westward. — 
Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather 
glutinous hairs. 

8. D. CUSpidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle; stem 
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than 
the petiole (3'- 5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smootliish. — Thickets : 
common. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules j|' long. 

* * Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small 

and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal- 
sided rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, £' or less in length. (Flow- 
ers middle-sized.) 

9. D. lsevigatum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout : stem straight ; 
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough- 
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward. 

10. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit; 
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down 
underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. 

11. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, 
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' 
long). — Open woodlands : common. 

12. D. panic ulatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, 
tall ; leaflets oblong -lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin 
(3' -5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. 

13. D. Striatum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (p,°-3° 
high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, 
strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (l'-2' long, %' wide) ; joints of the pod 
1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New 
Jersey, and southward. 

* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : jiods of few roundish or 

obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1^"-2|-" long. 
-«- Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous : racemes densely flowered. 

14. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); leaflets oblong -lance- 
olate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer 
than the petiole (l£'-3' long) ; flowers showy, larger than in any other species 
{^'-\' long). — Dry, rich woods : common, especially northward. 

15. D. sessilifblium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high); 
leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, 
rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. — 
Copses, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois and southward. 

-t--t- Stems ascending (l°-3° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated 
and loosely flowered : flowers small. 

16. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower 
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, 
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer thar 
the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. — In- 
termediate, as it were, between No. 17 and No. 11. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 137 

17. D. ciliare, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves crowded, 
on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy 
on the margins and underneath (^'-l'long). — Dry hills and sandy fields: 
common, especially southward. 

18. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; 
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the 
slender petiole: otherwise resembling the preceding. (D. obtiisum, DC.) — 
Copses : common. 

■»-4-+- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered. 

19. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets 
orbicular, smoothish (£'- 1' long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely 
stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Maryland (W. M. Canby), Virginia and 
southward. 

20. LESPEDEZA, Mich. Bush-Clover 

Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : 
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with 
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — 
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts 
minute. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to 
Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.) 
* Flowers of two sorts, the larger {violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled 
or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones inter- 
mixed, or in subsessi/e little clusters. 

1. L. proctimbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of 
the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly 
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil : commonest southward. — The apetalous 
fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 

2. L. rGpens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered 
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (^' 
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, 
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 

3. L. violaeea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets vary- 
ing from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubes- 
cence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal varieties 
are, 1. divergens, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled flowers; 
this runs into, 2. sessiliflora, with the flowers principally on peduncles much 
shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is 3. angusti- 
folia, with closely clustered flowers on jtraight branches, crowded leaves, and 
narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry copses: com- 
mon. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers. 

4. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy; leaflets oval 
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some- 
times above) ; clusters many-flowered, crowded ; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, 
and sand, Plymouth, Mass. to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear- 
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. 

L & M— 26 



138 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

# * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- 
color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx : 
stems upright, wand-like (2° -4° high). 

5. L. hirta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves; petioles slender; leaflets 
roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as 
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx. ) — Dry hillsides. 

6. L. capitata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short ; stems rigid, woolly ; 
leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky 
beneath ; spikes or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies 
greatly, most of all in var. angustif6lia : slender ; leaflets linear ; peduncles 
sometimes elongated. — Dry and sandy soil; the narrow variety only fo^md 
near the coast and southward. 

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Pencil-Elower. 

Calyx early deciduous ; the tube slender and stalk-like ; the limb unequally 
4-5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamen: 
inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube : standard orbicular : keel incurved. 
Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter 
ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flower- 
ing, the lower part incurved or hooked, and persistent on the apex of the 1 - 
2-jointed small and short reticulated pod, the lower joint when present empty 
and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, 
pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no 
stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name 
composed of arrvXos, a column, and tlv8os, a flower, from the stalk-like 
calyx-tube. ) 

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight- 
veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island, 
New York, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Oct. 

22. VIC I A, Tourn. Vetch. Tare. 

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest 
longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens 
more or less diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style fili- 
form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2 - 
several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under 
ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril 
at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or pedun- 
cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.) 

* Annual : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple. 

1. V. sativa, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent} 
6tem simple ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched 
and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and 
waste places ; both the common form and the var. angustie6lia, which has 
longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 139 

* # Annual, slender : peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 

2. V. tetrasperma, L. Peduncles 1 -2-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear- 
oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; corolla whitish ; pods narrowly oblong, 4- 
seeded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. V. HiRstrTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun- 
cate ; calyx-teeth equal ; corolla bluish ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. — Massa- 
chusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * * Perennial : peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth unequal : pod several-seeded. 

4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent ; leaflets 20 - 24, oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the 
tube. — Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward : rather 
rare. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, 6" long, one-sided in the spike, 
reflexed. (Eu.) 

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt, Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8 - 24, oblong, obtuse, 
scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — River- 
banks, &c. May. — Flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, 
whitish, the keel tipped with blue. 

6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate- 
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-8-flowered. — Moist soil, New 
York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish, 8" long. 

23. LATHYEUS, L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea. 

Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner 
side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the 
apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Ad6vpos, a leguminous plant of Theo- 
phrastus.) — Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants. 

1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout (1° high); 
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halberd-shaped, 
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6-10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New 
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June - Aug. — Flowers 
large, purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also in the other species. (Eu.) 

2. L. venbsus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, 
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- 
der, half arrow-shaped, rarely larger and broader; peduncles many-floivered ; corolla 
purple. — Shady banks, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

3. L. OChroleUCUS, Hook. Stem slender (l°-3° high); leaflets 3-4 
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half 
as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; corolla yellowish-white, smaller 
than in the last. — Hillsides, W Vermont to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and 
northward. July. 

4. L. palustris, L. (Marsh Vetchling.) Stem slender (l°-2° high), 
often winged -margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly ob- 
long, mucronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp- 
pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purple. — Moist 
places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

Var. myrtif61ius. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° high ; leaflets oblong or ovate- 



140 LEGUMINOS.fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

elliptical; upper stipules much larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, 
Muhl.) — W. New England to Virginia and- northward, July. — Ordinarily 
appears quite distinct from L. palustris ; but intermediate specimens occur. 

5. L. pratensis, L. Low and straggling ; leaflets a single pair, narrow* 
lanceolate ; stipules large ; peduncles several-flowered ; corolla yellow. — Spon- 
taneous and abundant along the Connecticut at West Springfield, Mass., 
A. P. Foster. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

24. API OS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper 
very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the long 
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. 
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A 
perennial herb (with some milky juice !), bearing edible tubers on underground 
shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, ob- 
scurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. 
(Name from amov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 

1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Low grounds ; common. 
Aug. - Sept. — Elowers brown purple, or chocolate-color, violet-scented. 

25. PHASE OLUS, L. Kidney Bean. 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of 
the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or curved into 
a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the upper side: stigma 
oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped 
with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out 
of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining or prostrate herbs, 
with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the 
knotty joints of the raceme, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient 
name of the Kidney Bean.) 

* Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled. 

1. P. perennis, Walt. (Wild Bean.) Stem climbing high from a per- 
ennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; pods drooping, strongly 
curved, 4-5-seeded. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. — Flow- 
ers purple, handsome, but small. 

* * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short ctustered and 
long-peduncled raceme. (Strophostyles, Ell.) 

2. P. diversifdllUS, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- 
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong- 
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy 
fields and banks, coast of Massachusetts and along the Great Lakes to 
Illinois and southward. — Corolla greenish-white, tinged with red or purple. 
Pod thickish. 

3. P. hslvolus, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets ovate 
or oblong, entire or obscurely angled ; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves. 
— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. — More slender than 
the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar. 






LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 141 

* * Pods straight and linear, flat : peduncles short, 1 -few-flowered at the summit : 
flowers small : keel less incurved. 
4. P. pauciflorus, Benth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slender, 
pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear. 
(P. leiospermus, Torr. Sr Gr,) — River-banks, Illinois (Mead) and southwest- 
ward. July - Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent. 

26. CENTEOSEMA, DC. Spurred Butterfly-Pea. 

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the spreading 
standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base : keel broad. 
Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, 
flat, pointed with the awl- shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, 
the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining 
perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, 
bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from 
ttevTpov, a spur, and o-rjfia, the standard.) 

1. C. Virginianum, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets 
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun- 
cles 1 -4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy woods, from Mary- 
land southward. July. — Corolla 1 ' long, violet. Pods straight, 4' - 5' long. 

27. CLITORIA, L. Butterfly-Pea. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, 
erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter 
than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded 
down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed 
with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 
3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : 
bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.) 

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; 
stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short, 1- 3-flowered. — Dry banks, 
E. New York to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ; 
the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long. 

28. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Hog Pea-nut. 

Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but 
seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches with the 
corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about 
equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed : bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals 
similar, almost straight; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia- 
delphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat 
scymetar-shaped, 3-4-seeded; of the lower ones commonly subterranean, obo- 
vate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but one large seed. — Low and 
slender perennials ; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves 
pinnately 3-foliokte : leaflets rhombic-ovate, 6tipellate. Flowers small, in clus- 



142 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

tered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasp- 
ing, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from dp.(pi, both, and Kapnos, Jruit, 
in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) 

1. A. mondica, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or 
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood- 
lands. Aug., Sept. 

2 9. GALACTIA, P.Browne. Milk-Pea. 

Calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely 
incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat, 
several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or de- 
formed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 
3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in 
summer. (Name from ydXa, -a/croy, milk; some species being said to yield a 
milky juice, which is unlikely.) 

1. G. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical 
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flovvered; 
pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York, New Jersey and Penn- to 
Virginia and southward. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple. 

2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and 
leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered; pods 
very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July. 

30. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. Rhynchosia. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in- 
curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1 -2-seeded, 
short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnatelv 
3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or 
clustered. (Name from pu^os 1 , a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 

1. R. toment6sa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets roundish ; 
racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the 
upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable : or perhaps the following are 
distinct species. 

Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high); 
leaves mostly of one round leaflet 1' - 2' wide. (R. renifdrmis, DC.) — Virginia 
and southward, in dry sandy soil. — Flowers earlier than the following. 

Var. volllbilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaflets 
3, roundish; racemes feAv-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. (R. diffdrmis, 
DC.) — S. Virginia and southward. 

Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 
3, oval or oblong. (R. erecta, DC.) — Maryland and southward. 

31. BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo. 

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed: 
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. 



LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.; 143 

Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many- 
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, 
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from (3cmTi((o, 
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo.) 

1. B. tinctdria, R. Br. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender (2° -3° 
high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets rounded wedge-obovate 
{%' long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes fw-flowered, terminat- 
ing the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. — 
Sandy dry soil : common. June- Aug. — Corolla yellow, §■' long. 

2. B. australis, R. Br. (Blue False-Indigo.) Smooth, tall and stout 
(4° -5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanaolate, as long as the 
petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated ( 1° - 2°) and many-flowered, erect ; bracts 
deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, 
from Pennsylvania westward and southward : often cultivated. June. — Flow- 
ers 1 ' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' - 3' long. 

3. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in 
the foregoing ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice 
the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. 
July. — Flowers white ; the standard short. Pods 2' long. 

4. B. alba, R. Br. Smooth (l°-3° high) ; the branches slender and widely 
spreading; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets ob- 
long or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods liruar- 
oblong (l'-l^' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May, 
June. — Flowers white, 6" - 9" long. 

5. B. leueophsea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches; 
leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and 
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedi- 
cels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. 
— Raceme often 1°, pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length. 

32. CLADRAbTIS, Raf. Yellow-Wood. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed : the distinct keel-petals 
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved 
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- 
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small and handsome tree, with yellow wood, 
smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7- 11 oval or ovate leaflets, and 
ample panicled racemes (10' -20' long) of showy white flowers drooping from 
the end of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, and 
enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. \Name 
of obscure derivation.) 

1. C. tine t6ria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.f) Rich hillsides, E. Ken- 
tucky and southward along the western base of the Alleghanies. May, June. 

33. CEBCIS, L. Red-bud. Judas-tjiee. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than 
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not 



144 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the 
upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded- 
heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel- 
like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before 
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Red-bud.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile 
above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 
March -May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller 
than in the European species. 

34. CASSIA, L. Senna. 

Sepals 5, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. 
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers 
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross 
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate 
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.) 

# Leaflets large : stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect : 

flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled : herbage glabrous. 

1. C. Marilandica, L. (Wild Senna.) Leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceolate- 
oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; pods linear, 
slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4') ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil. July. 
— Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. 

2. C. occidentalis, L. Leaflets 4 — 6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute; an ovate 
gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (5' long) with a tumid border, 
glabrous. — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

3. C. obtUSifdlia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an 
elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender, 
6' long, curved; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), 
S. Virginia and southward. 

* * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch: stipules striate, persistent: a cup- 

shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all -perfect : flowers in 
small clusters above the axils: pods flat: root annual. 

4. C. Chamgeerista, L. (Partridge Pea.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs, 
linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers [large) on slender pedicels; anthers 10, 
elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) style slender. — Sandy 
fields: common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, l°long: 2 
or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base. 

5. C. nietitans, L. (Wild Sensitive-Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, 
oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short, pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal; 
style short. — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and south- 
ward. Aug. - Sept. 

35. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, 
5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Sta 






LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE i'AMILl'.) 145 

mens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong-, flattened, hard, 
pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough 
bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves : 
the leaflets standing vertically. — Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name 
from yvfivosi naked, and Kkddus, a branch, alluding to the stout branches desti- 
tute of spray.) 

1 . G. Canadensis, Lam. Rich woods, along rivers, W. New York and 
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental 
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks 
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod 
6'- 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over ^' across. Stipules wanting. 

36. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals 
as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta- 
mens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 
1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pin 
nate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above 
the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Uledltsch, a botanist contemporary with 
Linnaeus.) 

1. G. triacanthos, L. (Three-tiiorned Acacia, or Honey-Locust.) 
Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat ser- 
rate; pods linear, elongated (1°- 1^° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp 
between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southwest- 
ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 

2. G. monosperma, Walt. (Water-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly 
simple; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Illinois 
and southwestward. July. — A small tree. 

37. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Desmanthus. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. 
Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat 
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves 
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous 
stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. 
(Name composed of SeV/xa, a bond, and avOos, flo-rer. ) 

1. D. brach^lobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (l°-4° 
high) ; partial petioles 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 20 - 30 pairs ; stamens 5 ; pods ob- 
long or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 ' long, 2 - 6-seeded. (Darlingtonia brachy- 
loba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwest 
ward. 

38. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Briar. 

Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into 
a fnnnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united 
at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-pricklv, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. c 

GM— 7 



146 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — re- 
rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the procum- 
bent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many 
small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored 
flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.) 

1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; 
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly 
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, 
Illinois ? and southward. June - Aug. 

2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined ; pods 
slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the preceding. 

Order 33. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) 

Plants with regular flowers, numerous {rarely few) distinct stamens in- 
serted on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the 
Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 
1 -few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, 
with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some- 
times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3 - 4 - 
8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double 
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- 
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the 
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A 
large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro- 
ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu- 
minosae on one hand, and with Saxifragaceae on the other. 

Suborder I. AMYGDALEJ1. (Almond Family.) 

Calyx entirely free from the (usually) solitary ovary, deciduous. Style 
terminal or nearly so. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit), 1-seeded, or rarely 2- 
seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and 
the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. 
Stipules free, often deciduous. 

1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stone of the drupe bony. 

Suborder II. ROSACEA proper. 

Calyx free from the ovaries (but sometimes enclosing them in its tube), 
mostly persistent with the fruit. Pistils few or many, distinct, occasionally 
single. Stipules commonly united with the petiole. 

Tribe I. SPIRiEE^. Pistils mostly 5 and forming follicles in fruit : styles term inaL 
Calyx without bractlets. Seeds not rarely with some albumen ! 

2. Spirrea. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals obovate, equal, chiefly imbricated in the bud. 

3. Gillenia. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 147 

Ttflbe II. POTERIEJE. Pistils 1-4, one-ovuied, becoming achenia, and enclosed in 

the urn-shaped tube of the dry persistent calyx, which is constricted or nearly closed at the 
throat Petals often wanting 

4. Poterium. Petals none. Lobes of the calyx 4, petal-like. Style terminal : stigma tufted. 

5. Alchemilla. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral 

6. Agdiuonia. Petals 5. Stamens 12 -15. Pistils 2: style terminal. 

Tribe lit. DRYADEjE. Pistils numerous, rarely few or single, one-ovuled, becoming 
dry achenia ; the calyx opeu, not fleshy in fruit. Petals present, usually conspicuous. 

7. Dryas. Petals and calyx-lobes 8 or 9. Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent 

styles becoming long plumose tails in fruit. 

8. Genin. Petals and calyx-lobes 5, the latter usually with 5 alternating small bractlets 

Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent styles becoming long plumos-' or hairy, x>i 
naked and straight or jointed, tails. Radicle inferior. 

9. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 : small or no bractlets. Stamens numerous. 

Achenia 2 - 6 : styles deciduous from the base. Radicle inferior. 

10. Pibbaldia. Petals minute : stamens and achenia 5-10: otherwise same as Potentilla. 

11. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, and also with an 

alternating set of accessory lobes or bractlets. Stamens and achenia numerous ; the 
latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or 
not enlarging in fruit. Radicle superior. 

12. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit. 
Tribe IV. RUBBLE. Pistils numerous or several, 2-ovuled, becoming berry-like or 

drupelets in fruit ; the 5-cleft calyx not bracteolate, open, persistent or withering beneath 
the fruit. Petals conspicuous. 

13. Dalibarda. Carpels 5 -10, in the bottom of the calyx, almost dry. 

14. Rub us. Carpels numerous, heaped on the receptacle. 

Tribe V. ROSEiE. Pistils numerous, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, contained in the 
urn-shaped or globular and almost closed fleshy tube of the calyx, or hip : no bractlet3. 
Petals conspicuous. 

15. Rosa. Character of the Tribe. 

Suborder III. POMEJE. (Pear Family.) 
Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit, including and combined with the 
2-5 ovaries (forming a pome). Stipules free. 

* Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2 5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled. 

16. Crataegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1-5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny. 

17. Pyrus. Pome containing 2 5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. 

* Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled. 

18. Amelancbier. Pome usually of 5 carpels ; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a 

projection from its back : otherwise as Pyrus. 

1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cherry, &c. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obconical, decidu- 
ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Ovary solitary, 
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. — Small trees or 
shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) 
§ 1. PRUNUS & CERASUS, Tourn. Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or 
somewhat rugged : flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds in 
early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves ; the pedicels few or several 
in simple umbel-like clusters. — The Plums of the Old World have the leaves 



148 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

convolute in the bud, the fruit with a bloom; its stone oblong, flattened or flatti 
and acute at both ends : but our wild Plums are like Cherries in having tl 
leaves folded before expansion, little or no bloom, and some of them in the thicJce 
or globular stone, thus confounding the distinctions. 

1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Yellow or Red Plum.) Leaves 
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very 
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- 
low, orange, or red, |'-|' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute 
on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, the flattened 
stone with broader margins : pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin. 
— Woodlands and river-banks : common. — Tree thorny, 8° -20° high. 

2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (2°- 
5°); leaves ovate or ovul, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short, 
pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (^'- 1' in diameter) ; 
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the 
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, 
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmasa, 
Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Maine to Virginia; the variety, New 
Jersey and southward. 

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny 
(8° -15° high) ; Laves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit globular, 
red, nearly destitute of bloom (j'-f in diameter) ; the ovoid stone almost as 
thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Mary- 
land to Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward. 

4. P. spin6sa, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny; leaves 
obovate-oblong or ovate-ldnceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla- 
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one 
edge. — Var. insititia (Bullace-Plum), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower 
side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Roadsides and waste places, 
New England, to Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. P. ptimila, L. (Dwarf Cherry.) Smooth, depressed, and trailing 
(6 7 -^ 6° high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near 
the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red, without 
bloom; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy 
banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, ana south to Virginia along the 
mountains. 

6. P. Pennsylvaniea, L. (Wild Bed Cherry.) Leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; flowers 
many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with 
thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods : common, especially 
northward. May. — Tree 20° - 30° high, with light red-brown bark. 

§2. PADlTS, Mill. (Chf.rRy.) Drupe small, globose, without bloom; the stone 
turgid-ovate, marginless : flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore 
appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 

7. P. Virginiana, L. (Choke-Cherry.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, 
abruptly pointed, very sharply {often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; racemes 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 149 

short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson ; stone 
smooth. — River-banks : common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, 
seldom a tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till per- 
fectly ripe. (P. obovata, Bigelow. . P. serotina, of several authors.) 

8. P. serbtina, Ehrhart. (Wild Black Cherry.) Leaves oblong or 
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, 
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — 
Woods : common. June. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, 
furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker : also abounding eastward as a 
shrub. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. 

2. SPIRJEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the 
bud (except in No. 6). Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 2- 12, several- (2- 
15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts 
are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from (nrtipdaj, to wind, alluding to the fit- 
ness of the plants to be formed into garlands. ) 

§ 1. PHYSQCARPOS, Camb. (Neillia, Don.) Shrubs with simple pat- 
mately-hbed leaves and umbel-like corymbs: pods inflated and diverging when 
grown, 2 - 4-seeded : seeds pretty large, roundish, bitter, with a thick crustaceous 
seed-coat, and rather copious albumen ! 

1. S. opulifdlia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobe \ 
and heart-shaped ; pods 2-5. — Rocky river-banks, especially westward. June. 

— Shrub 4° -10° high, with long recurved branches, and white flowers, suc- 
ceeded by membranaceous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in 
numerous thin layers. 

§2. SPIRiEA proper. Shrubs, with simple leaves; the stipules obsolete: pods 
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded: seeds mostly linear and with a thin or 
loose coat and no albumen, in this and the fallowing sections. 

2. S. coryrnfodsa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2° high); leaves oval or 
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound ; 
flowers white. — Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Virginia and Kentucky. June. 

— A form of S. betulsefolia, Pallas. 

3. S. salicifolia, L. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Nearly smooth (2° - 
3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded 
ptnide, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low grounds : also culti- 
vited. July. (Eu.) 

4. S. tOIXientdsa, L. (Hardhack. Steeple-Bosh.) Stems and lower 
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly; flowers in short racemes 
crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. —Low grounds : commonest in New 
England. July. — Flowers rose-color, rarely white. 

§ 3. lTLMARIA, Mcench. Perennial herbs, with pinnate haves and panicled 
cymose flowers: calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, l-2-seeded. 

5. S. lobata, Murr. (Quekn of the Prairie ) Glabrous (2° - 8° high) ; 
leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, the 
lobes incised and toothed ; stipules kidney -form ; panicle compound-clustered. 



150 ROSACEA. (ROSE family.) 

on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and Prairies, Perm, to Michigan, Illi- 
nois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, 
the petals and sepals often in fours ! The bruised foliage exhales the odor of 
Sweet Birch. 

§ 4. ARIJNCUS, Seringe. Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in 
many slender spikts disposed in a long compound panicle: leaves thrice-pinnate : 
stipules obsolete: pods 3-5, several-setdtd : ptdicels reflexed in fruit. 
6. S. Ariincus, L. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lance- 
olate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cu 1 
and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and westward. 
Near Baltimore, P. V. Leroy. June. (Eu.) 

3. 6ILLENIA, Mcench. Indian Physic. 

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. 
Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; 
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20, included. Pods 5, included, at first 
lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close 
coriaceous coat, and some albuman. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-fo- 
liolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely 
paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure Ger- 
man botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 

1. G. trifoliata, Mcench. (Bowman's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, 
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. 
New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 

2. G. Stipulaeea, Watt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, 
deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn- 
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 

4. POTEEIUM, L. (including Sanguisorba.) Burnet. 

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4 
broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. 
Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1 -3 : 
the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achenium 
(commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx- 
tabe. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, Avith unequally pinnate 
haves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di- 
cxicious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long a/id 
naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name Trorrjptov, a drinking- 
cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medici- 
nal drink.) 

1. P. Canadense. (Canadian Burnet.) Stamens 4, long-exserted. 
club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike ; stem 
3° - 6° high, leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, ob- 
tuse, heart-shaped at the base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. ( Sanguisorba 
Canadensis, L., and former edition.) — Bogs and wet meadows; chiefly north- 
ward. Au£. - Oct. 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 151 

5. ALCHEMlLLA, Tourn. Lady's Mantle. 

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat ; limb 4-parted with as 
many alternate accessory lobes outside. Petals none. Stamens I - 4. Pistils 
1 - 4 ; the slender style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia in- 
cluded in the tube of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed 
or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, 
the Arabic name. ) 

1. A^ arvensis, L. (Parsley Piert.) Small annual (3' -8' high), 
leafy ; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 -3-cleft, pubescent; flow- 
ers sessile in the axils. — Eastern and Central Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) 

A. alpina, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Moun- 
tains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 

6. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles 
above, indurated .fl fruit and enclosing the 2 achenia ; the limb 5-cleft, closed 
after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended. 
— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slen- 
der spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemonia, of the 
same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.) 

1. A. Eupatbria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Leaflets 5-7 with minute 
ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the 
calyx. — Borders of woods : common. July- Sept. (Eu.) 

2. A. parviflbra, Ait. (Small-Elowered A.) Leaflets crowded, 11- 
19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, 
as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, S. New York ( C. F. 
Austin) to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July. 

7. DRY AS, L. Dryas. 

Calyx open, flatfish, 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8 - 9, large. Otherwise like Geum 
§ Sieversia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed 
leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the 
Oaks, the foliage of the original species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 

1. D. illtegrifdlia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, 
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — 
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh; not since 
met with : but it grows in Lower Canada. (Eu.) 

8. GEUM, L. Avens. 

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at 
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- 
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or 
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- 
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from yeu'co, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots 
being rather aromatic.) 



1 52 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

§ 1. GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle; the lower portion 
persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly somewhat hairy 
upper joint falls away: head of fruit sessile in the calyx: calyx-lobes reflexcd. 
(Flowers somewhat panicled at the summit of a leafy stem : achenia in our 
species glabrous or nearly so below, more or less bristly at the top or along the base 
of the style.) 
* Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatula te or oblong : stipules small. 

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high) ; 
root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on 
the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided or lohed, or only toothed ; petals 
about the length of the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Bor- 
ders of woods, &e. : common. May - Aug. — Too near the European G. urba- 
num ; probably a white or whitish-flowered form of it. 

2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly -hairy, especially the stout stem ; lower and 
root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ; 
petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit glabrous or 
nearly so. — Borders of woods and low grounds: common. June -Aug. — 
Heads of fruit larger than in the preceding, on stouter hirsute peduncles. 

* * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx: stipules 
larger and all deeply cut. 

3. G. macroph^llum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1° -3° high); root- 
leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and 
round-heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal 
roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle of the fruit neady 
naked. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, also North- 
ern Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. June. (Eu.) 

4. G. Striatum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high); root-leaves inter- 
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, rhom- 
bic-ovate or oblong, acute ; receptacle of fruit downy. — Moist meadows : common, 
especially northward. July, Aug. (Eu.) 

§ 2. STYLIPUS, Raf. Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the 
calyx: bractlets of the calyx none: otherwise nearly as § 1. 

5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few- 
leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, or some of them 
pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep- 
tacle smooth. (Stylipus vernus, Rqf.) — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Ken- 
tucky. April - June. 

§ 3. CARYOPHYLlATA, Tourn. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the up- 
per joint plumose: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading : petals erect. 

6. G. rivale, L. (Water, or Purple Avens.) Stems nearly simple, 
several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those 
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted 
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Bogs and wet 
meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. — Blos- 
soms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple 
(Eu.) 



rosacea, (rose family.) 153 

§4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight: head 
of fruit sessile : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering sterns simple, 
and bearing only bracts or small leaves. ) 

7. G. trifldrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly 
pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply 
cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the 
purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals: styles very long (2'), strongly 
plumose in fruit — Rocks, N. New Hampshire and N. New. York to Wisconsin 
and westward: rare. April -June. 

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded- 
kidney -shaped, radiate-veined (2' - 5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and 
obscurely 5-7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems 
(8'- 18' high) 1 - 5-flowered ; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and 
more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (^' long), spreading ; styles naked 
except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) 

Yar. P6ckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely 
hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New 
Hampshire. July - Sept. 

9. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (Comarofsis, DC.) 

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- 
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. 
Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the 
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3 - 5- 
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named 
in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low; leaflets 
3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than 
the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hillsides, common north- 
ward,' and southward along the Alleghanies. June. 

10. SIBBALDIA, L. Sibbaldia. 

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk 
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10: styles lateral. — Low and 
depressed mountain perennials, — in fact only reduced Potentillas. (Dedicated 
to Dr. Robert Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.) 

1. S. proeumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; 
petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
and northward. (Eu.) 

11. POTENTILLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-finger. 

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear, 
ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, 
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles lak 
eral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with 



154 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers : their parts rarely in fours. 
(Name a kind of diminutive from potens, powerful, alluding to the reputed medi- 
cinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being merely mild 
astringents, like the rest of the tribe. ) 

§ 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary: achenia glabrous. 

* Annuals or biennials : petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx : receptacle 

globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit. 

1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched ahove; leaves palmate/y 3- 
folioiale ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially 
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 

2. P. paradoxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, 
branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia 
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. 
Shore of L. Ontario, J. A. Paine; probably an immigrant from the West. 

* * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx. 
i- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 

3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufted, villous when young, 
stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Alpine summits 
of the White Mountains of New Hampshire (Rohbins, Tuckerman, &c). July. 

— Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but 
agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another 
form of the same species. (Eu.) 

4. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Cinque-foil or Five-Finger.) Low 
or dwarf, silky-hairy ; stems decumbent, prostrate, or at length creeping ; peduncles 
axillary, 1-flowered ; leaflets 5, obovate- wedge-form, cut-toothd towards the apex. 

— Dry soil. April -July: producing summer runners (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.). 
Var. simplex, Torr. & Gr. Less hairy and greener, larger, the ascending 

stems (l°-2° long, seldom if ever creeping) from a thicker and harder caudex : 
leaflets obovate-oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (P. simplex, Michx.) — 
Meadows or moister soil. May- Sept. — Usually appearing distinct. 

5. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cinque-foil.) Stems ascending, pnnicu- 
lately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, 
almost pinnatjfid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, 
white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.) 

-f- -t- Leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 haflets. 

6. P. Pennsylvaniea, L. Stems erect (5' -18' high), hairy or woolly , 
cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, 
silky or downy with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and 
crowded; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania 1 ? New Hamp- 
shire (Isle of Shoals, Bobbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprayue), N. Wis- 
consin, and northwestward. July -Aug. 

§ 2. Style deeply lateral : petals yellow or white, deciduous. 
* Achenia glabrous: style thickened upwards: receptacle conical in fruit. 

7. P. argtlta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (1° - 4° high,) brownish-hairy, 
clammy above; leaves pinnate, of 3-9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.; 155 

underneath; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk thick and 
glandular. — Rocky hills : common northward and westward. July. 

* * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 

8. P. Anserina, L. (Silver- Weld.) Herbaceous, creeping with slender 
runners; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 9- 19, with minute pairs interposed, 
oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, mostly green and nearly smooth above, silvery-white 
with silky down underneath; stipules many-cleft; flow.rs solitary (yellow), on long 
scape-like peduncles. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c, New England to 
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 

9. P. fruticosa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, shrubby (2° - 
4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowded, 
oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules scale-like ; flowers 
numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Wet grounds: common north- 
wards. June -Sept. (Eu.) 

10. P. tridentata, Ait. (Three-toothed 0.) Stems low (4' -6' high), 
rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; leaves 
palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the 
apex; petals white; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of New England, 
from Cape Cod, and mountain-tops from the Alleghanies, northward : also 
shores of the upper Great Lakes. June. 

§3. Styles moderately lateral: petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) amd 
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recep- 
tacle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 

11. P. paltistris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Finger.) Stems ascending 
from a creeping perennial base (1° -2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5 - 7 lanceolate 
or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; 
calyx (1' broad) dark purple inside ; petals purple. (Comarum palustre, L.) — 
Cool bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June - Aug. (Eu.) 

12. PRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit 
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry 
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with 
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate wedge-form, 
coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the 
scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering 
in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called Wild Strawberry.) 

1. F. Virgilliana, Ehrhart. Achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting 
receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower- 
ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructifled ; leaflets 
of a flrm or coriaceous texture. (F. Canadensis, Michx.) — Moist or rich wood- 
lands, fields, &c. — In the true F. Virginiana, the hairs of the scapes, and es- 
pecially of the pedicels, are silky and appressed. It is the original of the Vir- 
ginian Scarlet strawberries. 

Var. Illino^nsis (F. Grayana, Vdmorin, F. Illinoensis & F. Iowensis, 



156 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

Prince) is a coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species, the flowers more 
inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels 
widely spreading, as in F. elatior and F. collina, which it seems to represent in 
this country. — Common in richer soil, from W. New York to Illinois and be- 
yond the Rocky Mountains. The supposed original of Hovey's Seedling, Bos- 
ton Pine, and other cultivated varieties. 

2. F. veSCa, L. Achenia superficial on the giabious conical or hemispherical 
fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) ; calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ; 
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed ; leaflets 
thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky 
places: common; certainly indigenous northward. (Eu.) 

3. F. Lvdica, L. (or Duchcsnea fragarioides, Smith), — which differs from 
the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bract- 
lets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and insipid fruit, — has sparingly estab- 
lished itself in copses around Philadelphia (Charles E. Smith, &c), and in the 
Southern States. (Adv. from Ind.) 

13. DALIBAEDA, L. Dalibarda. 

Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, 
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed- 
like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and 
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on 
slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in 
honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnaeus. ) 

1. D. repeilS, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and 
enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks : common northward. June - Aug. — 
In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet. 

14. BUB US, Tourn. Bramble. 

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. 
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming 
small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby 
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and -edible fruit. (The Roman 
name, kindred with ruber, red. ) 

§ 1. RASPBERRY. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the 

dry receptacle wlien ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. 

* Leaves simple : flowers large: prickles none: fruit and receptacle flat and broad. 

1. R. odoratUS, L. (Purple Flowering-Raspberry.) Stem shrubby 
(3° -5° high); branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy Iiairs ; 
leaves 3 - 5-lobed. the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- 
longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- 
pendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color • fruit reddish. — Dells, &c. : common 
northward. June - Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad. 

2. R. NutkariUS, Moyino. (White F.) Glandular, scarcely bristly ; 
leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; pdah 
oval, white (R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper Michigan, and westward. 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 157 

3. R. Chamsembrus, L. (Cloud-berry.) Herbaceous, low, dioecious; 
stem simple, 2-3-leaved, 1 -flowered ; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5- 
lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white; fruit of 
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of 
trees : also on the coast at Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) 

* * Leuflets (pinnate/ y) 3-5: petals small, erect, white. 
•*- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains. 

4. R. trifldrus, Richardson. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems ascending 
(6'- 12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth ; peduncle 
1-3-flowered. — Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, 
and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. 

•*--*- Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong : fruit hemispherical. 

5. It. Strig6sus, Miehx. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Stems upright, and 
with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak 
hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5, 
oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath; the lateral ones 
sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills : com- 
mon everywhere, especially northward. June, July. — Fruit ripening all sum- 
mer, more tender than that of the Garden or European Raspberry (R. IdJeus), 
which it too closely resembles. 

6. It. oeeidentalis, L (Black Raspberry. Tiiimbleberry.) 
Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c, with hooked prickl s, 
not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened- 
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the 
sepals ; fruit ]>urple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. — Very 
common northward, especially where ground has been burned over. 

§ 2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy 
prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish. 

7. R. villdsus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1°- 
6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed ivith stout curved prickles; branch- 
lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or 
pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal ones somewhat 
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowprs racemed, numerous, bracts short ; 
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovnte-oblong spreading petals. — 
Var. 1. frondosus : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym- 
bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. humifusus : trailing, smaller ; 
peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c. : common. May, June : the 
pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect, 
and shape of the fruit ; — the varieties connecting with 

8. R. Canadensis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, 
extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- 
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; (lowers ra- 
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigeh, Sfc. ; not of Michx.) — 
Rocky hills and copses : common. May ; ripening its excellent fruit earlier 
than No. 7. •,.-..- - 



158 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

9. R. hispidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, 
scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3 
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely 
serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ; 
flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michx. R. sempervirens and R. setosus, Bigelow.) 
— Low woods : common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend- 
ing ; sterile ones forming long runners. Fruit of few grains, red or purple, sour. 

10. R. CUneifdlius, Pursh. (^and Blackberry.) Shrubby (l°-3° 
high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of 
the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above ; 
peduncles 2 -4-flowered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York, Penn. and 
southward. May - July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 

11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Bush-Blackbeery.) Shrubby, procum- 
bent, bristly and prickly; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous; leaflets 3 (or 
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered ; 
petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May. > 

15. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. 
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge 
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous 
pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — Shrubby and 
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole : stalks, 
foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) 

* Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens. 

1. R. setigera, Michx. (Climbing or Prairie Rose.) Stems climbing, 
armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, 
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers 
corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit 
(hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, W. New York (indigenous?) 
to Wisconsin and south westward : also cultivated. July. — The only Ameri- 
can climbing rose, or with united protruding styles : strong shoots growing 
10° -20° in a season. 

* * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color. 

2. R. Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Steins tall (4° -7° high), armed 
with stout hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull 
above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs ; peduncles 
and calyx (with leaf-like appendages) glandular-bristly; fruit (hip) depressed- 
globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds : common. June -Sept. 

3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. (Dwarf Wild-Rose.) Stems (l°-2°high), 
armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per- 
sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 
shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, and with 
the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth 
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May - 
July. — R. nitida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 159 

4. R. blanda, Ait. (Early Wild-Rose.) Nearly unarmed, or with 
scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate; stipules 
large ; flowers 1-3, the peduncUs and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo- 
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent entire calyx-lobes. — 
Rocks and banks, Vermont to Perm, and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May, 
June. — Petals light rose-color. 

5. Hi rubigin6sa, L. (Sweet-Brier.) Climbing high; prickles numer- 
ous, the larger ones strong and hooked, the smaller awl-shaped ; leaflets doubly serrate, 
rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet glands beneath; fruit 
pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the mostly persistent calyx-lobes. — Roadsides 
and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. R. micrAntha, Smith. (Smaller-fl. S.) Prickles uniform and hooked; 
fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller : otherwise as the 
last : a mere variety of it. — E. New England to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 

16. CRATAEGUS, L. Hawthorn. White Thorn. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamsns many, 
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1 -5 bony 1 -seeded 
stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, 
and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength, on ac- 
count of the hardness of the wood. ) 

* Corymbs many -flowered. 
■*- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red: flowers 
small : calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous (except No. 1) and 
glandless. 

1. C. PyracAntha, Pers. (Evergreen Thorn.) Leaves evergreen, shin- 
ing (1' long), oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and 
young branchlets pubescent ; corymbs small. — Shrub, spontaneous at Wash- 
ington, and near Philadelphia, Isaac Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. C. spatliulata, Michx. Leaves thickish, shining, but deciduous, spatur- 
late or oblanceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, 
nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high. 

3. C. cordata, Ait. (Washington Thorn.) Leaves broadly ovate or 
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender 
petiole, variously 3 - 5-cleft or cut, serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
June. — Trunk 15° -25° high. 

+-+- Fruit small (3' — £' long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3. 

4. C. OxyacAntha, L. (English Hawthorn.) Smooth; leaves obovate, 
cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. — 
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young ; leaves roundish, 
with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnately 5 -7 -cleft, the 
crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ; petioles slender ; calyx-lobes 
glandular-toothed> slender. — Virginia and southward. March, April 



IfiO ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

-i- -t- Fruit large (f # *- : §' long), red: flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit 
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped), or 4-5 
(when the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, Sfc. often beset with 
glands. 

6. C. COCCmea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorn.) Glabrous throughout; 
leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed .and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed, 
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy 
tinge (!' broad) ; fruit bright coral-red, ovoid (^ broad), scarcely edible. — 
Thickets and rocky banks : common. May. — A low tree. 

7. C. tomentdsa, L. (Black or Pear Thorn.) Downy or villous- 
pubescent at least when young on the peduncles, calyx, and lower side of the 
leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and 
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the 
upper surface more or less furrowed along the veins; flowers large (often 1, 
broad), white ; fruit scarlet or orange, large (|'-|' broad), globular or somewhat 
pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets : common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low 
tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked. 

Var. pyrifdlia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon 
glabrous, smooth above, and shining often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright- 
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.) 

Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer 
tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous-pubescent 
when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly im- 
pressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath; fruit globose, usually 
dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.) 

Var. mollis. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the 
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed 
and cut; fruit often downy, dull red. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, 
var.? mollis. Ton: $- Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward. 

8. C. Crus-galli, L. (Cockspcr Thorn.) Glabrous ; leaves thick, 
shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, 
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (£' broad). — Thickets. 
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark-green leaves very shining 
above, and slender thorns often 4/ long. This is our best species for hedges. 

* Corymbs simple, few- (1 -6-) flowered: calyx, bracts, Sfc. glandular. 

9. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous; 
leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, unequally 
toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles 
4 - 5 ; fruit somewhat peai'-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (*f - 1' broad). 
— Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree 15° -20° high, with 
rather large flowers, 2 - 6 in a corymb. 

Var. pubescens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thick- 
ish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. ( C. ellfptica, Ait. C. glandu- 
losa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward. 

10. C. parvifblia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Downy; leaves thick, obovate- 
spatulate, crenate-toothed (£' - 1£' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 161 

shining ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together on very short peduncles ; calyx-lobes as 
long as the petals ; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish. — Sandy 
soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 

17. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta- 
mens numerous. Styles 2 - 5. Pome fleshy or berry-like ; the 2 - 5 carpels or 
cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with 
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) 

§ 1. MALUS, Tourn. (Apple.) Leaves simple: cymes simple and umbel-like: 
pome fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. 

1. P. COronaria, L. (American Crab-Apple.) Leaves ovate, often 
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at 
the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree 
20° high, with large, rose-colored, fragrant blossoms, few in the corymb, and 
fragrant, greenish fruit. 

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. (Narrow-leaved C.) Leaves oblong or lance- 
olate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles distinct. — Glades, 
from Pennsylvania southward. April. — Perhaps a variety of No. 1 . 

§ 2. ADENQRI1ACHIS, DC. Leaves simple, the mid-rib glandular along the up- 
per side: cymes compound : styles united at the base: fruit berry-like, small. 

3. P. arbutifolia, L. (Choke-berry.) Leaves oblong or obovate, finely 
serrate; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. erythrocarpa, 
has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. me- 
lanocarpa, is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets: common. 
May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple. 

§3. SORBUS, Tourn. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets : cymes 
compound : styles separate : pome berry-like, small. 

4. P. Americana, DC. (Amkrican Mountain-Ash.) Nearly glabrous 
or soon becoming so ; leaflets 13 - 15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with 
pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, not larger 
than peas ; leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. — Swamps and 
mountain-woods, Maine toPenn. and Michigan, and southward along the whole 
length of the Alleghanies. June. (P. microcarpa, DC.) — Tree or tall shrub, 
with leaflets rather shining above and scarcely pale underneath, the rhachis and 
petiole reddish and elongated : prized in cultivation for the autumnal clusters 
of bright-red berries. 

5. P. sambucifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. Leaflets oblong oval, or lance- 
ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more 
spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger, 
the latter (4" broad) when young ovoid, at length globose; leaf buds sparingly 
hairy: otherwise nearly as the preceding. (Sorbus aucuparia, var. j3. Michx.) 
— Along the northern frontiers of the United States, northward and westward 
to the Pacific, &c. Perhaps passes into No. 4 : it is sometimes cultivated for it, 
and nearly connects it with 

L & M— 27 



1G2 CALYCANTHACE^E. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) 

P. aucuparia, Gaertn., the European Mountain Ash or Rowan-tree, 
the one more commonly planted in grounds : it has paler, oblong, and obtuse 
leaflets, their lower surface downy, larger globose berries, and blunter and 
tomentose leaf-buds. 

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-berry. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 
5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled ; but a projection grows 
from the back of each, and forms a false partition ; the berry -like pome thus 
10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen) : partitions cartilaginous. 

— Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers 
in racemes. (Ameluncier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-bush. Service-berry.) 
Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe 
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. 

— Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, — 

Var. Botryapilim ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves 
ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped to the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ; 
flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the 
calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.) 

Var. oblongifblia ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like 
the branchlets white downy w r hen young ; racemes and petals shorter. 

Var. rotundifblia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first 
variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. 

Var. alnifdlia ; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both 
ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly 
in the Western States and westward. 

Var. oligocarpa; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, 
and 2-4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the 
calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward. 

Order 34. CAL,Y€AlVTHACEiE. (Calycanthus Family.) 

Shrubs v)ith opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar 
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute: 
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus 

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Carolina Allspice. Sweet- 

Scented Shrub. 

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with 
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored 
like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top 
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, 
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or 
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling 
those of the Rose ; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the acheuia. 



SAXIFRAGACK.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1 G3 

— The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage 
aromatic ; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawber- 
ries. (Name composed of Kakvt-, a cup or calyx, and avdos, flower, from the 
closed cup which contains the pistils.) 

1. C. floridllS, L. Leaves ocal, sof -downy underneath. — Virginia'? and 
southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April- Aug. 

2. C. lsevigatUS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, 
bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath ; flow- 
ers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. {Prof. Porter), and southward 
along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. 

3. C. glatlCUS, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspicu- 
ously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4' -7' 
long); probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia? near the mountains 
and southward. May -Aug. 

Order 35. SAXIFKAGACEJE. (Saxifrage Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosacea? by hav- 
ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and 
usually no stipules when the leaves are alternate ; the stamens mostly definite, 
and. the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly 
so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adher- 
ent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost al- 
ways inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. — A large family, to 
which Parnassia, formerly associated with Drosera, is commonly referred, 
— now made to include Ribes also. 

Tribe I. GROSSULiARIES. Shrubs, with alternate and palmately veined and lobed 
leaves : stipules none or united with the base of the petiole. Calyx-tube coherent with the 
one-celled ovary, which has 2 parietal placenta? and forms a many-seeded berry. Seed-coat 
externally gelatinous. Embryo minute at the base of the hard albumen. 

1. Ribes. Character of the tribe. Stamens and small petals 5 

Tribe II. ESCALiL.ONIE.aE. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and simple pinnately 
veined leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2-5-celled. 

2. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovnry, which becomes a septicidal pod. 

Tribe III. HYDRAIVGIEjE. Shrubs or trees, with opposite simple leave*, and no 
stipules. Ovary 2-5-celled ; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit (in the fol- 
lowing) a many -seeded pod . 

3. Hydrangea. Lobes of the calyx minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud. 

Stamens 8 or 10. 

4. Philadelpbus. Lobes of the calyx and petals conspicuous; the former valvate, the 

latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. 

Tribe IV. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs, without stipules, except perhaps a membranous 
dilatation of the base of the petiole. Petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Fruit 
dry, capsular or follicular. 
» A cluster of sterile or gland-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Stigmas 3 or 4, situ- 
ated directly over as many parietal placenta? ! 
5. Parnassia. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduucle a scapa or scape-like, Te 
flowered. 



164 SAXIFRAGACEJi:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

* # No sterile stamens or bodies resembling them . 

■*- Pod 2-3-celled and 2-3-beaked, or of as many distinct follicles. 

6. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous. Stamens twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. 

Leaves decompound. 
1. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Seeds numerous, 
with a close coat. 

8. Boy kinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute 

in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close. 

9. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined. 

•*- *- Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placenta?. 
++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. 

10. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. 

++ ++ Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 

11. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. 

12. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. 

13. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. 

1. KIBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. 

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, 
inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. 
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry 
crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx ; the surface of the numerous 
seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em- 
bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, 
with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except 
in one species), often clustered in the axils ; the small flowers from the same 
clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (An Arabic name, properly belonging 
to a species of Rheum. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted 
for the genus.) 

§ 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (Gooseberry.) Stems mostly bearing thorns 
at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly 
prickles : berries prickly or smooth. ( Our species are indiscriminately called 
Wild Gooseberry: the flowers greenish.) 

* Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed. 

1 . R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves pubescent ; peduncles slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; 
stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods : com- 
mon, especially northward. May. — Spines small or obsolete. Berry large, 
armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 

2. R. hirtellum, Michx. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles 
very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexed ; stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the 
bell-shaped calyx ; fruit smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, New Eng- 
land to Rlinois, common. May. — Stems either smooth or pricklj, and with 
very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of 
New England, &c, and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name be- 
longs to the next. 

3. R. rotundif61ium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy ; peduncles slen- 
der, 1 - 3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylin- 
drical calyx; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, 
and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June. 



SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 165 

* * Racemes 4 - ^-flowered, slender, nodding. 

4. R. laciistre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and 
with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut ; 
calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly 
(small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, New England to Wisconsin 
and northward ; south to Pennsylvania. June. 

§2. RIBESIA, Berl. (Currant.) Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers 
(greenish) in racemes : berries never -prickly. 

5. R. prostratum, L'Her. (Fetid Currant.) Stems reclined ; leaves 
deeply heart-shaped, 5- 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; 
racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular- 
bristly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward. 
May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor. 

6. R. floridum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with 
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3- 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes 
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; 
fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods: common. May. — Much like the 
Black Cuirant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smell and flavor. 
Flowers large, whitish. 

7. R. rubrum, L. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined; 
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath 
when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx 
flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red ; on our wild plant apt to turn 
upwards in the drooping raceme : the veins of the leaves are whitish beneath 
(whence the name R. albinervium, Michx.) : but apparently not distinct from 
the garden Red Currant of the Old World. — Cold bogs and damp woods, New 
Hampshire to Minnesota and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 

R. aureum, Pursh, the Buffalo or Missouri Currant, remarkable 
for the spicy fragrance of its yellow blossoms in early spring, is widely culti- 
vated for ornament. Its leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud. 

2. I TEA, L. Itea. 

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, -aneeolate, much 
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 
2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, 
several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stip- 
ules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) 

1. I. Virginiea, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely ser- 
rate ; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat. — Wet places, New Jersey 
and southward, near the coast. June. 

3. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hydrangea. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 
4 - 5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8- 10, slender. Pod 
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a 
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, 



IG6 SAXIKKAGACl^E. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 

and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually 
sterile and radiant, consisting- merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and 
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from vbcop, water, and ayyos, a vase.) 

1. H. arborescens, L. (Wild Hydrangea.) Glabrous or nearly so ; 
leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides ; cymes flat. 
— Rocky banks, N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July, — Flowers often 
all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden Hydrangea. 

4. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock Orange or Syringa. 

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4- 5-parted, spread- 
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute 
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top. 
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many 
pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen- 
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, 
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered 
showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaeus to this genus for 
no obvious reason.) 

1. P. inodbrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, 
entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the 
diverging branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer 
than the tube. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. 

Var. grandifldrilS. Somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger ; calyx-lobes 
longer and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains. 
May -July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches : often cultivated. 
P. coronArius, L., the common Mock Orange or Syringa of the gar- 
dens, with cream-colored, odorous flowers, in full clusters, the crushed foliage 
with the odor and taste of cucumbers, — has sometimes escaped from grounds. 

5. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. 

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes 
also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length 
deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped 
sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the 
petals : filaments persistent : anthers opening inwards. Ovary I -celled, with 
4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. 
Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu- 
merous, anatropous, with a thick win^-like seed-coat and little if any albumen 
Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the 
leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long- 
naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from 
Mount Parnassus: called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) In former 
edition placed between Droseraceae and Hypericaceae. 

1. P. parvifldra, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx; sterile 
filaments about 5 in each set, slender ; leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base. 
r-N. W. shore of L. Michigan (White-Fish Bay, Wisconsin, Henri/ Gillman), 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 167 

and westward. July. — More slender than the next, and the flower only half 
the size. 

2. P. pallistris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- 
veined; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender ; leaves heart-shaped. — Shore 
of Lake Superior, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' - 10' high. Flower nearly 
1' broad. (Eu.) 

3. P. Carolini&na, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length 
of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to 
the buse. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially 
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often 
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. 
Stalk 9' - 2° high. Flower 1' - 1±' broad. 

4. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base ; 
sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in the 
foregoing. — High Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. 

6. ASTILBE, Don. False Goatsbeard. 

Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5, 
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost 
free, many-ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, 
each ripening few seeds Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — 
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed 
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, 
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and 
a-Tikftr}, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining. ) 

1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart- 
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich 
woods, Alleghanies of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating 
Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high. 

7. SAXIPRAGA, L. Saxifrage. 

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or 
parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens 
10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or 
sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — 
Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly 
alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break ; many species 
rooting in the clefts of rocks.) 

* Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy: leavrs opposite: calyx free from the pod. 

1. S. oppositif61ia, L. (Mountain Saxifrage.) Leaves fleshy. 

ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2" long) ; flowers 

solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx. — 

Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, and northward. (Eu.) 

# * Stems ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with the pod. 

2. S. rivulariSjL. (Alpine Brook-S.) Small; stems weak, 3-5- 
flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - b-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lance- 



1G8 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

olate ; petals white, orate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hamp- 
shire (Oakes, &c.) : rare. (Eu.) 

3. S. aizoides, L. (Yellow Mountain-S.) Low (3' -5' high), in 
tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, 
distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Willoughby 
Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Michigan ; and north- 
ward. June. (Eu.) 

4. S. tricuspidata, Retz Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; 
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the sum- 
mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) 

* * * Leaves clustered at the root: scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. 
-t- Petals all alike. 

5. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi- 
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often 
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Willoughby 
Mountain, Vermont [Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5' -10' high. (Eu.) 

6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (Early S.) Low (4' -9' high); leaves 
obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ; 
flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes 
of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals; 
pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks : com- 
mon, especially northward. April- June. 

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (Swamp S.) Large (l°-2° high); leaves 
oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' - 8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and 
broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the 
nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small 
petals ; filaments awl-shaped : pods at length divergent. — Bogs : common, es- 
pecially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 

8.' S. erosa, Pursh. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 
sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape slender 
(l°-3° high) ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; calyx re- 
flexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (ivhite) petals; filaments club- 
shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn- 
sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies, south- 
ward. June. 
+-■*- Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow 

spots near the base : leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate ; calyg. free and 

reflexed. 

9. S. leucanthemifdlia, Lapeyrouse, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed 
or cut, tapering into a petiole ; scapes (5' -18' high) bearing one or more leaves 
or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals 
lanceolate ; the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots ; the 2 
smaller with a tapering base and no spots. — Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia 
( Wm. M. Canby), and southward in the Alleghanies. 

10. S. Stellaris, L., var. combsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more 
or less toothed ; scape (4' - 5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle ; many 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 169 

or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves ; petals all lanceo- 
late and tapering into the claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine (Rev. J. Blake) and 
high northward. ( Eu . ) 

8. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Boykinia. 

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta- 
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. 
Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5 - 7- 
lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the 
late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.) 

1. B. aconitifblia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -20' high); leaves deeply 
5-7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 

9. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. Sullivantia. 

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. 
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the 
petals. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the 
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading per- 
ennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on 
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, 
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx 
glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryolo- 
gist who discovered the only species.) 

1. S. Ohidnis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, Chi oris Bor.- Am., pf. fi.) — Limestone 
cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin Kiver, Lapham. June 

10. HEITCHERA, L. Alum-root. 

Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- 
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1-celled, 
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentas, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round' 
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, 
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. 
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish 
or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henry Headier, a German botanist of 
the beginning of the 18th century.) 

* Flowtrs small, loosely panic! ed : stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular. 

1. H. Vill6sa, Michx. Scapes (l°-3°high), petioles, and veins of the 
acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx lj" long; petals 
spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, 
Kentucky and southward, in and near the mountains. Aug. - Sept. 

2. H. Americana, L. (Common Alum -root.) Scapes (2° -3° high), 
&c. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs ; leaves roundish, with 
short rounded lobe6 and crenate teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals 
not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and 
southward. June. 

GM— 8 



570 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

* * Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short: panicle 
very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed. 

3. H. hispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc- 
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; stamens soon exserted, longer than 
the spatulate petals. ( H. Richardsonii, R. Br. ) — Mountains of Virginia. Also 
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May- July. — Scapes 2° -4° high. 

4. H. pubescens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high) and petioles granular- 
pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter than 
the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Rich woods, Lancaster, Penn. to 
Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains. June, July. 

11. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap. 

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, 
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, 
1 -celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the 
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round 
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; 
those on the scapes, opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme 
or spike. (Name a diminutive from pirpa, a mitre or cap, alluding to the form 
of the young pod. ) 

1 . M. diph^lla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5- 
lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill- 
sides in rich woods : common, especially westward and northward. May. — 
Flowers white, in a raceme 6' - 8' long. 

2. M. ntlda, L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply 
and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4'- 6' 
high). (M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.)— Deep moist woods in 
moss, Maine to Penn., 111., and northward. May - July. — A delicate little 
plant, sending forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 

12. TIAEELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, 
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1 -celled, 
2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, 
globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive from 
napa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like 
that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 

1. T. eordifdlia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart- 
shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; scape 
leafless (5' -12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods: 
common northward, and southward along the mountains. April, May. 

13. CHEYSOSPLENIITM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. 
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. 



CRASSULACE^I. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 17 1 

Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, l-celled, 
with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small 
smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed 
flowers. (Name compounded of xpv<ros, golden, and aTrXrjv, the spleen, probably 
from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, spreading and forking; 
leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely cre- 
nate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with 
yellow or purple. ) — Cold wet places : common northward. April, May. 

Order 36. CRASSMACEiE. (Orpine Family.) 

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers : viz. the petals and 
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3 - 20), and the stamens the same or 
double their number, — technically different from Saxifrageae only in this 
complete symmetry, and in the carpels being quite distinct from each 
other, but even this does not hold in two N. American genera. Also, in- 
stead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, 
one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) 
opening down the ventral suture, many- rarely few-seeded. — Stipules 
none. Flowers usually eymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Pentho- 
rum not at all fleshy. 

* Not succulent : the carpels united, forming a 5-celled pod. Transition to the Saxifrage Family. 

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5 Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded. 

# * Leaves, &c, thick and succulent. Carpels distinct. 

2. Tillsea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many. 

3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 10-8. Seeds many. 

1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop. 

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming 
a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the 
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of 
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked 
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from 7reVre, 
five, and opos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower. ) 

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet 
places, everywhere. July - Oct. — Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens. 

2. TILLiSA, L. Till^a. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very 
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named 
in honor of Michael Angdo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.) 

1. T. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear- 
oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish- 
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the 
base of each. (T. asce'ndens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantucket to M ; 
ryland. July - Sept. 



172 CRASSTJLACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 

3. SEDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine. 

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 1 0. Pods many-seeded ; a little scale 
at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with 
the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or 
pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants 
fix themselves upon rocks and walls.) 

* Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering 

branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly 
5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 1- nitrous and 8-androus. 

1. S. Acre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss 
like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on* the branches, ovate, 
very thick ; petals yellow. — Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, &c. 
July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. S. pulchelllim, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4'- 12' high) ; 
leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely 
flowered ; petals rose-purple. — Virginia to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; 
also cultivated in gardens. July. 

3. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3' -5' high) ; leaves all alter- 
nate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obocate or spatulate, on flowering stems lin- 
ear-spatulate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ; petals white, 
more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and 
blossoms smaller. — Mountains of Virginia ( Salt Pond Mountain, W. M. Can- 
by) to Alabama (R. D. Nevius). 

4. S. tematum, Michx. Stems spreading (3' -6' high); leaves flat; the 
lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spiked, 
leafy ; petals white. — Rocky woods, Penn. to Illinois and southward : common 
in gardens. May, June. 

* * Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less ped uncled: 

leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate. 

•*- Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus. 

5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy 
to the top ; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed ; cyme small ; 
petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods tapering into a slender style. 
— Dry rocks, Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly 
in New Jersey 1 W. New York ? and Indiana. June. — Too near the next. 

6. S. Telephium, L. (Garden Orptne or Live-por-ever.) Stems 
erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals 
purple, oblong-lanceolate; pods abruptly pointed with a short style. — Kocks and 
banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

■*- -•- Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-mnvns and 8-androus. 

7. S. Rhodiola, DC. (Roseroot.) Stems erect (5'- 10' high) ; leaves 
oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish- 
yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Pennsylvania, on cliffs of Delawar 
River, below Easton ! {Professors Porter Sr Green) ; Qnoddv Head, Maine (Proj 
Verrill), and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 



HAMAMliLACEJS. ( WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 173 

Order 37. HAM ARIEL ACE JB. (Witch-Hazel Family.) 

i Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flow- 
i ers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx cohering 

with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms 
■ a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody pod, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed 

in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted 

on the calyx, narrow, valvate, or involute in the bud, or often none at all. 
i Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed 

into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, 

in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat. 

I Tribe I. HAMAMELEJE. Flowers with a manifest calyx or calyx and corolla, and a 
single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 

1. Hamauit-lis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. 

2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. 

Tribe IE. BAliSAMlFLU/E. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and 
no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell 

3. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli- 

dated by their bases in a dense head. 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. 

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like> 
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet- 
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, 
very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect 
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the 
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony 
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with 
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From apa, 
like to, and fir]\ls, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some 
other tree resembling the Apple, which the Witch- Hazel does not.) 

1. H. Virginiea, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat 
downy when young. —Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the 
leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. 

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. f. Fothergilla. 

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 
the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long, 
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base 
of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each ceil. — A low 
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the 
summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by 
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fotheryill.) 

1. P. alnifblia. L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April, 
May. 



174 HALORAGE^E. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 

3. LI QUI DA MB A B, L. Sweet-Gum Tree. 

Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged 
in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute 
scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked 
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering 
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods 
opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner 
side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled 
seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved decid- 
uous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, 
amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebin thine juice which exudes from the 
tree.) 

1. L. Styraeiflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, 
ileeply 5-7-lobed. smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.— 
Moist woods, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A targe 
and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with 
corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep 
crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re- 
sembling sawdust. 

Order 38. HALOBAGE^E. (Water-Milfoil Family.) 

Aquatic or marsh plants {at least in northern countries), with the incon- 
spicuous symmetrical jlowers sessile in the axils of lea res or bracts, calyx-tube 
coherent with the ovary, which consists of 2-4 more or less united carpels 
(or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. 
Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small 
or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single 
anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the 
axis of fleshy albumen : cotyledons minute. — Formerly attached as a sub- 
order to Onagraceae, but now deemed quite distinct. 

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without 

petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected. 
2 Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Immersed leaves 

pinnately dissected. 
5 Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary 

only one. Leaves entire. 

1. MYEIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, 
of .the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- 
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves 
( rowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divis- 
ions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in 
summer ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from (xvpios, a thousand, and <f)v\- 
Xov, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.) 



HALORAGE^. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 175 

* Stamens 8 : petals deciduous: carpels even: leaves whorled in threes or fours. 

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except 
the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the 
flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — Deep water : common. (Eu.) 

2. M. verticillatum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec- 
tinate-pinnat/fld : otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.) 

* * /Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - 2-ridged and / oughened on the 

back: leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions. 

3. M. heteroph^llum, Michx. Stem stout; floral, leaves ovate and lance- 
olate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely rough- 
ened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward. 

4. M. SCabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately 
parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate- 
toothed or cut-serrate : carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — Shallow 
ponds, from S. New England and Ohio southward. 

* * * Stamens A: petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back: leaves .chiefly 

scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems. 

5. M. ambigUUm, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 
very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral 
linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect', fruit (minute) 
smooth. — Var. 1. nAtans : stems floating, prolonged. Var. 2. capiliAceum: 
stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. 
3. lim6sum : small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or 
entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 
southward, near the coast. 

6. M. tenelluni, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like, 
(3'- 10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts 
small, entire; flowers alternate, monoecious; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N. 
New York, New England, and northward. 

2. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid-weed. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens S. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut- 
like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the 
name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the 
axils, solitary or 3-4 together, in summer. 

1. P. pallistris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate 
when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps : not rare. 

2. P. pectiliacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl- 
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 

9. HIPPURIS, L. Mare's Tail. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, 
inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down 
one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruif" 



176 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in 
whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from liriros, 
a horse, and ovpd, a tail. ) 

1. H. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds 
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward : rare. Stems simple, 1°~ 
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.) 

Order 39. ONAGBACEJB. (Evening-Primrose Family.) 

Herbs, with 4-merous {sometimes 2-3- or 5 - 6-merous) perfect and sym- 
metrical Jlowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-celled ovary, 
its lobes valvale in the bud, or obsolete; the petals convolute in the bud, some- 
times wanting ; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or 
calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen- 
der : stigma 2 - 4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains olten connected by cob- 
webby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. 

* Parts of the flower in twos. 

1. Circeea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded, bristly. 

# * Parts of the flowers in fours or more, 
-t- Fruit dry and indehiscent, mostly becoming 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. 

2. Gaura* Petals 4 Stamens 8 and with the long style turned downwards. 

h- ■*- Fruit a many -seeded pod, usually loculicidal. 

3. Epilobium, Stamens 8 Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 

4. Oenothera. Stamens 8 and petals 4 on the prolonged calyx-tube. Seeds naked. 

5. Jussisea. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Calyx-tube not prulonged beyond the ovary. 

6. Ludwigia. Stamens 4. Petals 4 or more. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 

1. CIRC iE A, Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; 
lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde- 
hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1-2-celled: cells 1-seeded. 
— Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin 
leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in 
summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.) 

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Taller (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed; 
bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-cdled fruit bristly. — Very common. JEu.) 

2. C. alpina, L. Low (3' -8' high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, 
thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong \-ceiled 
fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods . common northward. July. (Eu.) 

2. GAURA, L. Gaura. 

Calyx- tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap- 
pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a 
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3 - 4-ribbed or angled, inde- 



ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 177 

hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1 -4-seeded. Seeds naked. 

— Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish 
in fading, in wand-like spikes or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that 
the name, from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate). 

1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° - 8° high) ; leaves oblong -lanceo- 
late, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed, downy. — 
Dry banks, from New York westward and southward : common. Aug. 

2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; leaves 
unear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- 
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender pedicelled- 

— Open places, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-clcft, deciduous. Pet- 
als 4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft 
of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, 
purple, or white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of enl Xo/3o0 tov, viz. 
a violtt on a pod. ) 

* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws, entire : 

stamens and style turned downwards : stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves scattered. 

1. E. angustifdlium, L. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem simple, tall 
(4° -7°) ; leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land : 
common northward. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.) 

* * Flowers rather large, ngular : petals obcordate : stamens and style erect ; stigma 

of 4 long linear lobes : leaves mostly opposite. 

2. E. hiesutum, L. Soft-hairy, branching (3° -5° high); leaves lance- 
oblong, serrulate ; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme ; petals 
rose-purple, 6" long. — Spontaneous in waste grounds, New Bedford, Mass. 
(T. A. Greene) and Roxbury (D. Murray) ; and in a ravine near Albany, New 
York (C. H. Peck). (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled : petals (mostly notched at the end), sta, 

mens, and style erect : stigma club-shaped, nearly entire : lower leaves opposite, 
entiie or denticulate. 

3. E. alpinum, L. Low (2< -6' high), nearly glabrous; stems ascending 
from a stoloniferous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly 
entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; petals 
purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of 
New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.) 

Var. majUS, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed, 
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origanifolium, 
Lam.) — With the typical form : also upper Wisconsin and Michigan. (Eu.) 

4. E. palustre, L., var. lineare. Erect and slender (l°-2° high), 
branched above, minutely hoary -pubescent ; stem roundish ; leares narrowly lanceo- 
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or 
white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Mutl E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs, N 

12 



178 ONAGRACE^. ( EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

England to Perm., Illinois, and northward. There is also a small an simple 
1 -few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter 
leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of 
New Hampshire, and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, 
Fries, but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.) 

5. E. molle, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (1° -2^° high), at 
length branching; leaves crowded; linear -oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti- 
oled; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and 
Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward. Sept. 

6. E. coloratura, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem roundish, not 
angled, much branched (1° -3° high), many-flowered ; leaces lanceolate or ovate- 
oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually pur- 
ple-veined ; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l^"-2" 
long). — Wet places : common. July - Sept. 

4. OENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose. 

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear and versatile. Pod 4-valved, 
many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oivos, wine, and 
Orjpa, a hunt or eager pursuit, given to some plant the roots of which were eaten 
to provoke a relish for wine.) 
§ 1, Tube of the calyx filiform or cylindrical and much prolonged beyond the ovary : 

stamens nearly equal : anthers linear : stigma of 4 filiform or linear divergent 

lobes. 
* Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous, yellow, withering the next day : 
pods fusiform or cylindrical, closely sessile. 
1. CE. biennis, L. (Common Evening-Primrose.) Eret, mostly 
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal 
rather leafy spike ; calyx -tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart shaped 
(light yellow); pods o'dong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as 
Var. 1. mtjricAta, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer 
than the stamens. Var. 2. grandifl6ra, with larger and more showy petals. 
Var. 3. parvifl6ra, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. 
cruciAta, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than 
the stamens, and smooth pods. Var. 5. OakesiAna (CE. Oak^siana, Robbins), 
with a minute and wholly appressed pubescence, or almost glabrous : otherwise 
as Var. 3. — Fields and waste places : very common. June- Sept. 

2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute ; calyx-tube very 
slender, extended an inch longer than the short cylindrical ovary : otherwise 
resembling a smoothish or rather hoary narrow-leaved state of No. 1 . — Sandy 
soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. July- Sept. 

3. CE. sinuata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flow- 
ers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-color 
in fading); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and south- 
ward, principally a dwarf state. Juno. 



ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY) 179 

*- * Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal {opening in sunshine), yellow : pods club- 
shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs, 

4. CE. glauea, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate ; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged; almost sessile ; root perennial. — Moun- 
tains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May -July. — Leaves broader 
and flowers larger than in the next. 

5. CE. fruticdsa, L. (Sundrops.) Hairy or nearly smooth (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly 
obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4- 
winged, longer than the pedicels ; root perennial. — Open places, S. New England 
to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. — Corolla 1^' broad. 

6. CE. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- 
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at 
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong -club-shaped, slen- 
der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged ; root biennial. — River-banks and swamps, Qua- 
ker Bridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southward. 

7. CE. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves linear ; 
flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods ob- 
ocate, hoary, scarcely \-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Mon- 
tauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June, July. — Plant 1° 
high, bushy-branched : flowers I' wide. 

8. CE. chrysantha, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves lance- 
olate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched 
at the end {orange-yellow), longer than the stamens : pods all pedicelled, oblong-club- 
shaped, scarcely wing-angled; root biennial 1 ? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to 
Wisconsin and northward. July. — Stem 12'- 15' high ; flowers larger than in 
No. 9, from which it may not be distinct. 

9. CE. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceoi 'ate, 
mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate 
{jiale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club- 
shaped, strongly wing-angled ; root perennial or biennial ? — Dry fields : com- 
mon northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly 
simple, 5'- 12' high : the corolla ^' broad. 

§ 2. Tube of the calyx funnel -form, strongly 4-nerved, and shorter than the cylindrical 
ovary, its lobes keeled with the midrib: filaments opposite the petals shorter : an- 
thers oblong, versatile : stigma disk-shaped, almost entire : flowers opening in sun- 
shine or daylight. 

10. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves 
lance-linear, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or toothed ; flow- 
ers axillary mostly small ; petals yellow, obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer 
than the stamens ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wis- 
consin {Lesquereux, T. J Hale), and westward. 

5. JUSSI.ZEA, L. Jussi^a. 

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6, 
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. 



180 ONAGRACE^E. ( EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

Pod 4 - 6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous 
— Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, 
and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the 
founder of the Natural System of Botany, as further developed by his illustrious 
nephew. ) 

1. J. deciirrens, DC. Stem erect (l°-2° high), branching, winged by 
the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; pod oblong- 
club-shaped, wing-angled. — Wet places, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 

2. J. ripens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, ta- 
pering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and 
obovate petals 5 ; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. — In water, Illinois, 
Kentucky, and southward. ALo nat. near Philadelphia. 

6. LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrife. 

Calyx- tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually persist- 
ent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindrical, 
many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked, — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely 
capitate) flowers, produced through summer and autumn. (Named in honor 
of Christian G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Lin- 
naeus.) 

* Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so. 

■*- Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4" - 8" long), 

equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceo us lobes of the calyx. 

1. L. alternifdlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched 
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends ; pods cubical, rounded 
at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps : common, especially near the coast. — Pods 
opening first by a hole where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in pieces. 

2. L. hirtella, Haf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in the last, 
but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and 
southward. — Fascicled roots often tuberous-thickened. 

-i- -t- Flowers small, sessile (so'itary or sometimes clustered or crowded) in the axils, 
with very small greenish petals (in No. 5) or mostly none: leaves mostly lanceolate 
or linear on the erect steins (l°-3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate 
or creeping sterile shoots or stolons are often produced from the bane of the stem. 
these are thickly beset with shorter oborate or spatulate leaves. (Our species gla* 
brous, except No. 3.) 

3. L. sphserocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or 
nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at the base ; those 
of the runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate ; 
bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; pods globular or depressed (sometimes acute at the 
base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2" long). — Water or wet 
swamps, E. Mass., S. New York, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. — Bark 
of lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened. 

4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at 
both ends ; those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets linea r - 



. 



MELAST0MACEJ3. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 181 

awl-shaped, and conspicuous on the base of the 4.-sided somewhat top-shaped pod, 
which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois, Ken- 
tucky, and southward. 

5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those 
of the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute at 
the base of the elongated top-shaped ^-sided pod, which is 3" long and much longer 
than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. 

6. Ii. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate- 
lauceolate. much tapering at the base, or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at 
the base of the cylindrical pod, which is 3" long, and several times exceeds the 
calyx-lobes. — Mound City, S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and southward. 

* * Leaves all opposite: stems creeping or floating 

7. L. pallistris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth : leaves ovate or 
j>val, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the 
plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not ta- 
pering at the base, sessile in the axils (2" long). (Isnardia palustris, L.) — 
Ditches: common. (Eu.) 

8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, 
nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the 
calyx (3" long) ; pods oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved (£' long). — 
Swamps, Eastern Virginia and southward. 



Order 40. MEEASTOUIACEJE. (Melastoma Family.) 

Plants with opposite 3 - 1 -ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers 
opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose 
Family. — All tropical, except the genus 

1. EHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beaut v. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above 
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- 
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 
long, 1 -celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the 
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the 
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial 
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3- 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large 
showy cymose flowers ; in summer ; the petals falling early. (Name from prfgis, 
a rupture, applied to this genu's for no obvious reason.) 

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the 
filament above its base : flowers cymose, peduncled. 

1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- 
'■anceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, E. Massachusetts to 
Penn., Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 

2. R. Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical ; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below ; 
petals paler. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. 



182 LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 

* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur : flowers few, sessile. 
3. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, 
ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward. 

Order 41. LYTHBACE^l. (Loosestrife Family.) 

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing 
but free from the 1 - ^-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and 
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter 
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary 
or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even tri- 
morphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally 
longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-celled by 
the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentae in the axis. 
Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided. 

* Flowers regular, or nearly so. 

1. Ammannia. Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4, rarely 2. 

2. Lythrnm, Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 5-7. Stamens 5 -14. 

3. JVessea. Calyx short-campanulate or hemispherical. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted. 

* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal. 

4. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12. 

1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammannia. 

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn- 
shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, rarely 2, short. Pod globular, 2 - 4-celled. 
— Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small 
greenish flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul 
Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linnaeus.) 

§ 1. Calyx with manifest tooth-like or horn-shaped appendages at the sinuses: pod 4- 
celled : plants of low or wet ground ; ours are annuals. 

1. A. htimilis, Michx. Leaves tapering at the base or into a short petiole, 
linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary or 3 together in the 
axils of the leaves, sessile ; style very short. — Massachusetts to Michigan, 
Illinois and southward. 

2. A. latifdlia, L. Leaves linear -lanceolate (2' -3' long), ivith a broad 
auricled sessile base; style sometimes very short, sometimes slender. — Ohio, 
Illinois, and southward. Ship-yards, Philadelphia, an immigrant from the 
south, C. F. Parker. 
§ 2. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Appendages at the sinuses of the calyx 

mere callous points or none : petals none : pod 1-celled. 

3. A. Nuttallii, Gray. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terrestrial, 
rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely 
sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ; 
flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad triangular 
lobes; style very short. (Peplis diandra, Null., but stamens usually 4- Hypo- 



LYTHKACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 183 

brichia Nuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — "Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hale), 
Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &c), and southward. — When in deep water the 
stems are l°-3° long, very leafy, the flowers and pods not larger than a pin's 
bead : when terrestrial 2' - 6' long, larger-flowered, resembling depauperate 
specimens of No. 1, with obsolete projections at the sinuses. 

2. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the 
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in- 
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. 
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple 
(rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from \v6pov, blood; per> 
haps from the crimson blossoms of some species.) 

* Stamens and petals 5 - 7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of 

the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the inter' 
mediate processes : plants smooth. 

1. L. Hyssopifdlia, L. Low annual (6 ; - 10' high), pale; leaves oblong- 
linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals (pale-purple) 5-6.—' 
Marshes, coast of New England and New Jersey. (Eu.) 

2. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial ; branches with 
margined angles ; leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the 
flowers; petals (deep purple) 6. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. 

3. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (3° -4° high), bushy at the top, 
two of the angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the 
upper acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate ; petals 
(whitish) 6. — Brackish marshes, New Jersey and southward. 

* * Stamens 12, twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter : flowers large, 

crowded and whorled, in an interrupted wand-like spike. 

4. L. Salicaria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) Leaves lanceolate, heart- 
shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern New 
England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. — Plant more or less 
downy, tall : flowers large, purple, trimorphous, as to respective length of style 
and filaments in 3 different kinds of individuals. 

3. N E S 2E A , Commerson, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife. 

Calyx short, broadly be\l-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and 
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. 
Stamens 10-14, exserted, of two lengths. Pod globose, 3-5-celled. — Peren- 
nial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and ax- 
illary flowers (these probably dimorphous or trimorphous). 

1. "N. verticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2°~ 
8° long), 4-6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the 
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- 
lanceolate, rose-purple (fy long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (De'codon 
verticillatum, Gmdin.). — Swampy grounds : common eastward. July- Sept- 



184 CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 

4. CITPHEA, Jacq. Cuphea. 






Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the 
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as- many little 
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- 
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next 
the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong, 
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose, 
stalked. (Name from icvcpos, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.) 

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very viscid- 
hairy, branching : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. 
— Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds flat, 
borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the ruptured pod. 

Order 42. L.OASACEvE. (Loasa Family.) 

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad- 
herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placental ; — represented here 
only by the genus 

1. MENTZELIA, Plumier. (Bart6nia, Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in- 
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry 
and opening irregularly, few -many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little 
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or cy- 
mose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 

1. M. oligOSperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (l°-3° high), much 
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed 
or angled; flowers yellow (7" -10" broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge- 
oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform: pod small, about 9- 
seeded. — Prairies and plains, Illinois, and on the western plains; — where M. 
ornata and M. nuda, with large white flowers, are showy representatives of 
the genus. 

Order 43. CACTACEJE. (Cactus Family.) 

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular, 
or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. 
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev- 
eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long 
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by 
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a 
1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal 
placentae. — Represented east of the Mississippi only by the genus 



PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 185 

1. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. 

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the 
inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined. Embryo 
coiled around albumen : cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination. — Stem 
composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves 
arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also 
in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than 
one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different 
plant.) 

1. O. vulgaris, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate or spreading, 
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and 
appresscd; the axils bristly, rarely Avith a few small spines; flowers sulphur-yel- 
low ; berry nearly smooth, pulpy, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from 
Nantucket, Mass., southward, usually near the coast. June. 

2. O. Rafinesquii, Engelm. Joints (deep green) and flowers larger than 
in the preceding, the latter often with a red centre, and with more numerous 
(10-12) petals; leaves spreading, longer and narrower (3" -4") ; axils some of 
them bearing a few small spines and a single strong one (9" -12" long). — 
Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward. June. 

3. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate; the joints broadly obovate and 
flat (2' -4' long), tuberculate; leaves minute; axils armed with a tuft of straw- 
colored bristles and 5 - 10 slender radiating spines (1 '-2' long); flowers light 
yellow; berry dry, prickly. — Borders of Wisconsin and westward. May- July. 

Order 44. PASSIFLORACE^E. (Passion-Flower Family.) 

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 mona- 
delphous stamens, and a stalked l-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 
4 parietal placentas, and as many club-shaped styles ; — represented by the 
typical genus 

1. PASSIPLORA, L. Passion-Flower. 

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, 
usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat crowned with a double 
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments 
united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above : 
anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the ana- 
tropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, 
grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Pedun- 
cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (Name, from />assio, passion, 
and fios, a flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these 
blossoms, in which they fancied a representation of the implements of the cru- 
cifixion.) 

1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the 
lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1' broad). — Damp 
thickets, S. Penn. to 111. and southward. July - Sept. — Fruit $ in diameter. 
L & M— 28 



186 CUCURBITACE^. (GOURD 1 AMILY.) 

2. P. incarn&ta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleft ; the lobes serrate ; peti- 
ole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple purple 
and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leavcd. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky, 
and southward. May - July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called 
Maypops. 

Order 45. CUCURBIT ACE 2E. (Gourd Family.) 

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diozcious or monoecious (often mono^ 
p-talous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering vjith the 1-3-celled ovary, and the 
5 or usually 1\ stamens (i. e. one with a one-celled and 2 with two-celled 
anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also 
by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. — 
Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 
or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons 
leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a trop- 
ical or subtropical order ; represented in cultivation by the Gourd (La- 
genaria vulgaris), Pumpkin and Squash (species of Cucurbit a), 
Muskmelon (Cucumis Melo), Cucumber (C. sativus), and Wa- 
termelon (Citrullus vulgaris) ; while as wild plants, there are only 
the three following : — 

1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, indehis- 

cent, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. 

2. Bcliinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly, 

2-celled. 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 

3. Melothria. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Berry smooth, 

many-seeded. 

1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Star-Cucumber. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish co- 
rolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended 
ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the 
single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — 
Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, small whitish flowers ; the sterile and 
fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate 
cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) 

1. S. anglllatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, 
the lobes pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks ; and a weed in damp 
yards. July - Sept. 

2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-applb. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open 
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2 celled, with 2 erect 
ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with 
weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous- 
netted. Seeds large, with a thickish hard coat. Tall climbing plants, nearly 
smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish- 



UMBELLIFEU^E. (pAllSLET FAMILY.) 187 

white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fruitful in 
small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of e^Ii/os, 
a hedgehog, and kvcttls, a bladder, from the prickly covering of the at length 
bladdery fruit.) 

1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gr. Root annual; leaves deeply and sharply 5- 
lobed ; fruit oval (2' long) ; seeds flat, dark-colored. (Sicyos lobatus, Michx. 
Momdrdica echinata, Muhl. ) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to 
Wisconsin and Kentucky : also cult, for arbors. July - Oct. 

3. MELOTHRIA, L. Melothria. 

Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5- 
lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam- 
panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many 
flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered 
from MrjXcodpou, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 

1 . M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing ; leaves 
small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers 
few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry ovaL 
green. — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug. 

Order 46. UMBEM.IFERiE. (Parsley Family.) 

Herbs, with small Jlowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely 
adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in- 
serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 
styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx 
obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud 
or valvate with the point innexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) 
cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from 
each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon- 
gation of the axis (carpophore) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 
primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter- 
stices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittw), 
which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing 
aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed 
suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo 
in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com- 
pound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base : rarely with true 
stipules. Umbels usually compound ; when the secondary ones are termed 
umbellets : each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (that under the 
umbel is the involucre; that of the umbellet, involucel). — In many the 
flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles are protruded from the bud some 
time before the anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-fertilization. 
— A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with 
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all, 



188 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c, which likewise 
exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore difficult 
for the young student. 

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). 

* Umbels or heads simple or irregularly compound, sometimes proliferous (i. e. one from the 
summit of another). 

1. Hydrocotyle. Fruit smooth, orbicular or shield-shaped, flattened laterally. Leaves 

with an orbicular or roundish blade. 

2. Crantzia. Fruit smooth, globular, corky. Leaves are thread-shaped or awl-shaped 

petioles, with no true blade. 

3. Sanicula. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, globular. Flowers polygamous, capitate 

in the umbellets. 

4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with appressed scales or tubercles, top-shaped. Floweni 

perfect, iu dense heads. 

# * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays regularly bearing umbellets. 
•*-. Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not fiat. 

5. Dancns. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs. 

— - ■*- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc- 
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 

6. Polytseuia. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the 

fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 

7. Heraclewm. Fruit broadly wing-margined: the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back : 

lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 

8. Pastiiiaca. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the 

marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 

9. Aichemora. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral 

ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 

10. Tiedemaimia. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, 

hollow, with some cross partitions. 
h_ h_ ^_ Fruit smooth, fiat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, 
each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back. 

11. Angelica. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. 

Seed not loose. 

12. Archangelica. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil- 

tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed. 

13. Conioselinum. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. 

_ — h- *- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or only slightly so, the cross-section nearly 

orbicular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 
14 JEthnsa. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single 
oil-tubes in the intervals. 

15. Ligusticum. Fruit elliptical: carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with 

several oil-tubes in each interval. 

16. Thaspinm. Fruit elliptical or ovoid: carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single 

oil-tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 

h_ +. +. „_ h- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 

17. Zizia. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil- 

tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. 

18. Bupleurum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong: the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed. 

Leaves all simple. 

19. Discopleuva. Flowers white Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky 

margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions. 






UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 



189 



20. Cicuta. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin: the carpels strongly and equally 5- 

ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate. 

21. Sium. Flowers white. Fruit ovate or globular : the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply 

pinnate. 

22. Cryptotsenia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular. 

II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins invo- 
lute, so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 

23. Chrerophyllum. Fruit linear or oblong, narrowed or beaked at the apex. 

24. Osmorrhiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly. 

25. Conium. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides -. ribs prominent, wavy. 

26. Euloplius. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs. 

III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at 
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 

27. Erigenia. Fruit twin : carpels nearly kidney -form. Umbellets few-flowered. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Water Pennywort. 



Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-sl 
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened 
margin : oil-tubes none. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, 
with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, 
with scale-like stipules. FloAvers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, 
which are either single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from 
v8a>p 1 water, and kotvXyj, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being 
somewhat cup-shaped.) 

* Peduncles much shorter than the petioles : pedicels short or none : leaves not peltate. 

1. H. repanda, Pers. Petioles (2' -9' long) and peduncles (1'- 2' long) 
clustered on the creeping stems or runners ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped with a shal- 
low open sinus, repand-toothed, thickish ; flowers 2 - 4 in a head or cluster, with 
a conspicuous 2-leavecl involucre ; ripe fruit ribbed, reticulated between the 
ribs. — Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward. — Probably a variety of 
H. Asiatica, L. 

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Petioles (2' -9' long) and peduncles (|'-I' 
long, in fruit reflexed) from long commonly floating creeping stems ; leaves or- 
bicular or kidney-form, 3 - 1 -cleft, the lobes broad and crenate ; flowers 5 - 1 in a 
capitate umbel; fruit smooth, scarcely ribbed. — Pennsylvania to Virginia, and 
southward. 

3. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching, spreading and creeping ; 
leaves rounded kidney-form, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, thin, very smooth and 
shining, short-petioled ; the few-flowered umbels of minute flowers in their axils 
almost sessile. — Shady damp places : common northward. 

* * Peduncles scape-like,- as long as the slender petioles, all from slender runners or 

rootstocks creeping in the mud: leaves orbicular, centrally peltate, simply or doubly 
crenate : fruit sharp-margined. 

4. H. limbellata, L. Umbel many-flowered and simple or sometimes 
proliferous (2 or 3, above one another) ; pedicels slender i£"-3" long); fruit 



190 UMBELLIFER2E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

notched at base and apex. — Massachusetts on the coast, to Penn. (on the Juni- 
ata River, Prof. Porter), and southward. — Petioles and peduncles 3' -8" high: 
leaves l'-2' wide. 

Var. 1 ambigua. Umbels 3 - 4 ; pedicels only once or twice the length of 
the fruit. — Maryland, W. M. Canby. Intermediate between H. umbellata and 
H. vulgaris : differs from the next by the distinctly pedicelled fruit. 

5. H. interrupta, Muhl. Umbels or rather little heads few-flowered, 
proliferous and forming an interrupted spike ; pedicels scarcely any, the broadly 
margined fruit acutish at the base. — Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, 
along the coast. — Usually smaller than No. 4. 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Crantzia. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube 
in each interval. — Minute perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, like 
Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in 
place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. 
Flowers white. ( Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of 
the 18th century.) 

1. C. iineata, Nutt. Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (I 7 -2' 
long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, forming a corky margin. — Brackish 
marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July- 

3. SANICTJLA, Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating 
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes. 
— Perennial rather tall herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from 
the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or 
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. 
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile 
flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the 
prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin 
Maves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the 
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 

2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowrs numerous, 
on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, 
recurved. — Woods and copses : common. — Stem 2° -3° high ; the leaves more 
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous 
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Eryngo. 

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered 
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly 
perennials with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white 
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides. 
of uncertain origin. ) 



UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.; 19"\ 

1. E. yuecsefdlium, Michx. (Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snake- 
root.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly-fringed ; leaf- 
lets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads; root perennial, 
(E. aquaticum, L., in part, but never aquatic.) — Dry or damp pine-barrens or 
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July, Aug. 

2. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked 
or somewhat sfdny te<th, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed, 
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads ; root biennial. — Swamps, New. 
Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 

5. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels 
scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of them 
on the inner iWce, also with 4 equal and moie or less winged secondary ones, 
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of 
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- 
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 

1. D. Car6ta, L. (Common Carrot.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnati- 
fid, equalling the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields. July -Sept. — Flowers 
white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark-purple. 
Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. POLYTilNIA, DC. Polyt^enia. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky 
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each interval, 
and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb (2° -3° high), jesembling a 
Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo- 
lucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from naXvs, many, 
and raivia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and south westward. 
May. 

7. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the 
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely 
heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 
2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. 
Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 - 2-ternately 
compound ; leaflets somewliat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist 
rich ground : most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented 
plant, 4° - 8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort. 

8. PASTINACA, Tourn. Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the 
carpels minutely 5-ribbed ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral 



192 UMBEL LIFERS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

ones distant from them and near the margin : an oil-tube in each interval, of the 
length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none of the flowers radiant. 
— Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pinnately-compound leaves. 
Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin name, from, past us, food.) 
1. P. sativa, L. (Common Parsnip.) Stem grooved, smooth; leaflets 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c. 
July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

9. ARCHBMORA, DC. Cowbane. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish;, 
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex back 
oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4 - 6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, 
with rather rigid leaves of 3 - 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly 
none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied 
to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Archemorus, who is 
said to have died from eating parsley. DC. ) 

1. A. rigid a, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from 
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. amb^gua, 
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey and W. New York to 
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

10. TIBDEMANNIA, DC. False Water-Dropwort. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single-winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the 
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each 
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a 
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the 
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels 
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the distinguished anat- 
omist the late Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.) 

1. T. teretifdlia, DC. Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug. 

11. ANGELICA, L. Angelica. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the 
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing; their 
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2 - 4 on 
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout perennial herbs, more 
or less aromatic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternately 
divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, 
scanty or no involuci-e, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or 
greenish. Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic from its cor- 
dial and medicinal properties.) 

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate Or the 
divisions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut 
and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. — 
Mountains of Pennsylvania {Prof. Porter-), Virginia, and southward in the Alle« 
ghanies. Aug. 



DMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 193 

12. AECHANGELICA, Hoffm. Archangelica. 

Calyx -teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer- 
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which 
the species have been separated, with hardly sufficient reason. 

1. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high), 
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish, 
ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate ; involucels as long as the umbellets ; pedun- 
cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. (Angelica triquinata, Nutt.) — Dry open 
woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 

2. A. atropurpurea, Hoffm. (Great Angelica.) Smooth ; stem dark 
purple, very stoat (4° -6° high), hollow; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound; the 
leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much 
inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged. (Angelica triquinata^ 
Michx.) — Low river-banks, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. 
June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented. 

3. A. Gmelini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3°high); 
leaves 2 - 3-ternately divided; the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, glabrous ; in- 
volucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing- 
like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the others. (A. pere- 
grma, Nutt., & ed. 2.) — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. 
July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so 
equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. 

13. CONIOSELINTJM, Fischer. Hemlock-Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval : the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly 
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes 
in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on 
the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin 
leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of 
the involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and 
Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera. ) 

1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid ; fruit longer than the 
pedicels. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward through 
the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock. 

14. ^ITHXJSA, L. Fool's Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick 
6harply-keeled ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous 
herbs, with 2 -3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- 
nate, and white flowers. . (Name from aWco, to burn, from the acrid taste.) 

1. JE. CynApium, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucre 
none : involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New 
England to Penn. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of 
Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and 
unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 

OtM-9 



194 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.; 

15. LIGTJSTICTJM, L. Lovage. 

Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or 
slightly flattened on the sides ; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or 
narrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- 
nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white 
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the 
gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.) 

1. L. Scoticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Very smooth; stem (2° high), 
simple; leaves 2-temate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut ; leaflets 
of the involucre and involucels linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowly oblong. 
— Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. — (Eu.) 

2. L. actseifdlium, Michx. (Nondo. Angelico.) Smooth; stem (3° - 
6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked 
somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf- 
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted ; calyx-teeth mi- 
nute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and 
southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong 
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, " Banks of the St. 
Lawrence," is probably a mistake. * 

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or 
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat 
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, 
the lateral ones marginal: oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs, 
with 1 - 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no 
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple 
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thap- 
sus. ) I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because the same species has fruit 
either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. integerrima, DC. 
* Stems loosely branched, 2° -5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but 
manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound. 

1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate 
and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2 -3-cleft 
or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 6-10-winged 
(3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. — River-banks, 
W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 

2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves 1 -3-ternate ; leaflets l-2-pinnatifd, the lobes linear or oblong; fruit oblong, 
narrowly 8-10-winged (1^'long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin- 
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt. ) — Barrens of 
Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains. 

* * Stems somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure. 

3. T. atireum, Nutt. Leaves all 1- 2-ternately divided or parted (or rarely 
some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong- 



UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 195 

lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep 
yellow ) fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. — Moist river-banks, &c. June. 

Var. apterum. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings. 
(Smyrnium aureum, L. Zizia aurea, Koch.) — With the winged form. 

4. T. trifoliatum. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped; 
stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted; the divisions or leaflets ovate- 
lanceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenattly toothed; 
flowers deep yellow ; fr ait globose-ovoid, with 10 winged ridges. — Rocky thickets, 
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : rare eastward. June. 

Var. atropurpureum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap- 
sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum, 
Nutt. ) — From New York westward and southward. 

Var. apterum. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings. 
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form. 

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (Zizia § T^enidia, Torr. & Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the 
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular : 
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con- 
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A 
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately 
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen- 
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named 
for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) 

1. Z. integer rima, DC — Rocky hillsides: not rare. May, June. 

18. BUPLEUEUM, Tourn. Thorough-wax. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat 
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire 
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from /3o0s, an ox, and nXevpov, a rib.) 

1. B. rotunbieolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; involucre none; in- 
volucels of 5 ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York to Virginia : rare. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

19. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed. 

Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on 
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : in- 
tervals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the 
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre 
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from Siotcos, a disk, and ifkcvpov, a rib.) 

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbel few-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre 3 - 5- 
cleft; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. — Brackish 
swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct. 

Var. % costata, DC. Larger; rays and divisions of the involucre numer- 
ous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois ( Vasey) and south westward. 

2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre entire 
and shorter ; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and southward. 



196 UMBELLIFEK^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

20. ClCUTA, L. Water-Hemlock. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides, 
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. — 
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately 
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in 
the notches. Involucre few-leaved : involucels many-leaved. Flowers white ; 
in summer. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 

1. C. maculata, L. (Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Bea- 
ver-Poison.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely senate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — SAvamps : common. Aug. — 
Plant 3' - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison. 

2. C. bulbifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper 
axils bearing clustered bulblets. — Swamps : common northward : seldom fruiting. 

21. SIUM, L. Water-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth small or none. Fruit oblong, ovate or globular, flattish or con- 
tracted at the sides ; the carpels with 5 mostly strong ribs : intervals with 1 - 
several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with sharp- 
angled or grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and serrate or incised leaflets, 
or the immersed leaves more compound. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers 
white; in summer. (Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water.) 

* Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal. 

1. S. lineare, Michx. Tall (2° - 4°) ; leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblong- 
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, very sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or 
obsolete ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather wings ; oil-tubes 
1-3 in the very narrow intervals. (S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin, of Siberia is prob- 
ably the same, and if so, the older name.) — In water or wet places : common. 

S. latifolium, L., of Europe (for which broad-leaved forms of our plant 
have been mistaken), if ever found in this country, Avill be known by its blunt 
or less tapering leaves, slender calyx-teeth, and much less projecting or wing- 
like ribs to the more oval fruit. 

2. S. Carsdnii, Durand, ined. Smaller (1°- 2° high), branched ; leaflets 
3-7, thin, varying from linear to oblong, acute, sharply serrate; calyx-teeth 
none or obsolete ; fruit ovoid-globular, with strong filiform, ribs, the broad inter- 
vals with 1-3 conspicuous oil-tubes. — Wet banks of streams, or in flowing 
water (when the submersed or floating leaflets are very thin, sometimes reduced 
to the terminal one, ovate or oblong, and usually laciniate-toothed or dissected : 
in this state it was doubtfully referred to Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch, in 
addend, to ed. 2). — Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain, Prof. Traill 
Green, Prof T. C. Porter, Dr. Carson. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton. 

* * Ribs inconspicuous or confluent in the thick texture of the pericarp, concealing 
the numerous oil-tubes, the lateral ones not quite marginal. (Berula, Koch.) 

3. S. angUStif61ium, L. Low (9'- 20' high); leaflets varying from 
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft or even pinnatifid ; peduncles 
short; fruit ovate ; calyx-teeth scarcely any. — Wet places, Massachusetts (M. 
A. Ctcrtis in herb Durand), Michigan, Illinois (Z>. Vasey), and westward (Eu.) 



UMBELLIFERvE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 197 

22. CRYPTOTJENIA, DC. Honewort. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides ; the carpels 
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and 
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial 
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very 
unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name 
composed of KpvTrros, hidden, and raivia, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.) 

1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Thickets: common. June -Sept. — Plant 
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed. 

23. CHJEROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed or short-beaked, con- 
tracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed, at least at the apex : inner face of 
the seed deeply grooved lengthwise : intervals usually with single oil-tubes. — 
Chiefly annuals or biennials : leaves ternately decompound ; the leaflets lobed 
or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers chiefly 
white. (Name from x at P a) ' to gladden, and (fivWov, a leaf, alluding to the 
agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage. ) 

1. C. proeumbens, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little 
hairy ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile 
or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong, with conspicuous narrow ribs, not beaked. 
— Moist copses, New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June. 

2. C. sativum, Lam. (Garden Chervil.) Taller; lobes of the leaves 
ovate and pinnatifid ; fruit oblong-linear, ribless, but tapering into a ribbed beak 
shorter than the seed. (Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffm.) — Rarely seen in 
gardens (as a sweet herb), but thoroughly spontaneous in fields and copses near 
Lancaster, Penn., Prof. T. C. Porter. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2 4. OSMOEEHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into 
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels 
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a 
deep longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick sweet-aro- 
matic roots, and large 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, 
pinnatifid-toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name 
from 007x77, a scent, and pl£a, a root, from the anise-like flavor of the latter.) 

1. O. longistylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Styles slender, 
nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short- 
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods : commonest north- 
ward. May, June. — Plant 3° high, branching : stem reddish. 

2. O. brevistylis, DC. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Styles conical and not 
longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit; leaf- 
lets downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-cut. — Common : root less sweet. 

25. CONIXJM, L. Poison Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5 
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar» 



198 ARALIACE^E. (ginseng family.) 

row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound 
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3 - 5-leaved, the latter 1 -sided. Flowers white. 
(Kwveiov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers 
were put to death at Athens.) 

1. C. maculatum, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati- 
fid: involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A large 
branching herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised. 
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.) 

26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. Eulophus. 

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ; 
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner 
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A slen- 
der, smooth perennial : leaves 2-ternately divided into narrow linear leaflets. In- 
volucre scarcely any : involucels bristle-form. FloAvers white. (Name from ev, 
well, and \6cfios, a crest, not well applied to a plant with no crest at all. ) 

1. E. AmericanilS, Nutt. — Darby plains, near Columbus, Ohio {Sulli- 
vant), Illinois, and southwestward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers. 

27. EEIGENIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ; 
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender 
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hollowed 
into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing from 
a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided 
leaves, and a someAvhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers 
few, white. (Name from rjpiiyeprjs, born in the spring.) 

1. E. bulbdsa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn. to 
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' - 9' high. 

Order 47. ARAL.IACE.E. (Ginseng Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but 
with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few - several-celled drupe. 
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.) — Represented here only 
by the genus 

1. ARAL I A, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla. 

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the bvary, the 
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, 
lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with 
the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers 
short and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended 
from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds 
as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white 
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic. 
(Derivation obscure.) 



CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 199 

§ 1. ARALIA, L. Flowers monceciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually 
in corymbs or panicles : styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : steins 
herbaceous or woody : ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate. 

* Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle : leaves very large, quinately or 
pinnately decompound. 

1. A. spindsa, L. (Angelica-tree. Hercules' Club.) Shrub, or a 
low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale be- 
neath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : common in 
cultivation. July, August. 

2. A. racemdsa, L. (Spikenard.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched; 
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose; 
styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic 
large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks. 

* * Umbels 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody. 

3. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.) Stem 
(l°-2° high), bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; 
leaves twice pinnate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places : 
common northward, and southward along the mountains. June. 

4. A. nudieaillis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out 
of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 
2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 
divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June. — 
The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as a 
substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalk 1° high, 

§ 2. GiNSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.) Flowers diceciously poly- 
gamous: styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3 : stem herbaceous, low, 
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 - 1 -foliolate leaves (or per- 
haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a 
slender naked peduncle. 

5. A. quinquefdlia. (Ginseng-.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often 
forked (4' -9' long, aromatic); stem 1° high; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, 
large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. (Pa- 
nax quinquefolium, L.) — Rich and cool woods : becoming rare. July. 

6. A. trif61ia. (Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.) Root or tuber globular, 
deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4' - 8' high ; leaf- 
lets 3-5, sessile, at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles 
usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods : common northward. April, May. 

Hedera Helix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative 
of this family in the northern temperate zone. 

Order 48. CORNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.) 

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, 
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals 
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy- 
nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one ; a single anatropous ovule hang- 



200 cornace^:. (dogwood family.) 

ing from the top of the cell ; the fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly 
the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small 
family represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa. 
(Bark bitter and tonic.) 

1. CORNUS, Tourn. Cornel. Dogwood. 

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- 
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style 
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2- 
seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, 
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like 
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood) 
§ 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, which is suirounded by a large and 
showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.) Stems low 
and simple (5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody 
trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an 
apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre 
ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods: common northward. June. 

2. C. florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Leaves ovate, pointed, 
acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (1^' 
long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods: more common southward. May, June. — 
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. 

§ 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit spherical. 
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs. 

3. C. circinata, L'Her. (Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.) 
Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath 
(2' -5' broad); cymes Rat; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June. — 
Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 

4. C. serieea. L. (Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.) Branches purplish ; 
the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves 
silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; 
fruit pale blue. — Wet places : common. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. 

5. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) Branches, especially 
the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the 
base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both 
sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth; fruit 
white or lead-color. — Wet places: common, especially northward. Multiplies 
freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3° - 6° 
high. June. 

6. C. asperifdlia, Michx. (Rough-leaved Dogwood.) Branches 
brownish ; the branchlets, See. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short 
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath ; calyx- 
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Rlinois and southward. May, June. 

7. C. Strieta, Lam. (Stiff Cornel.) Branches brownish or reddish, 
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous, 



cornace^:. (dogwood family.) 201 

vf nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish ; anthers and fruit pale blue. 
— Swamps, Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high. 

8. C. pailiculata, L'Her. (Panicled Cornel.) Branches gray, smooth; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not 
downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit white, depressed-globose. — 
Thickets and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high, very much branched, 
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. 

* * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches, 

9. C. alternifdlia, L. (Alternate-leaved Cornel.) Branches green- 
ish streaked with white, alternate; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the 
base, Avhitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue on reddish 
stalks. — Hillsides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° - 20° high, with 
flattish top, and very open, broad cymes. 

2. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour-Gum Tree. 

Flowers dioeciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit 
of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense 
cluster of fascicles. . Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. 
Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk: filaments 
slender : anthers short. No pistil. Pist. FL solitary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted 
cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re- 
pand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu- 
ous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style 
elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid 
or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1 -seeded stone. — 
Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but 
mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing 
with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph : "so called because it [the original 
species] grows in the water.") 

1. N. multiflora, Wang. (Tupelo. Pepperidge. Black or Sour 
Gum. ) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes- 
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old 
( 2' - 5' long) ; fertile flowers 3 - 8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, 
bluish-black (about ^' long). (N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, &c.) — 
Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. 
April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat 
spray, like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, on 
account of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. 
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 

2. N". uniflora, Walt. (Large Tupelo.) Leaves oblong or ovate, some- 
times slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale 
and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' - 12' long) ; fertile flower 
solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (1' or more in length). (N. den- 
ticulata, Ait. N. tomentbsa, and angulisans, Michx. N. grandidentata, Michx. 
f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April. - - 
Wood soft : that of the roots very light and spongy, used for corks.- 



202 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter 
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.* 

Order 49. CAPRIFOLJACEtE. (Honeysuckle Family.) 

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no {genuine) stipules, the 
calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (of 
one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted 
on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds an- 
atropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. 

Tribe I. IiONICEREJE. Corolla tubular, often Irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style 
slender : stigma capitate. 

1. Liimrea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 

1-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 

2. Sympb.orica.rpus. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular 

corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 

3. Lionicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular 

corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile. 

4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, 

many-seeded, slender. 

5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. 

Tribe II. SAMBUCEJE. Coralla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. 
Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 

6. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like containing the small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 

7. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. 

1 . LINN JE A , Grouov. Linn^a. Twin-flower. 

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost 
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of 
the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1 seeded, two of the 
cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little ever- 
green, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at 
the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 
pedicels at (he top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Co- 
rolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linncens, 
who first pointed out its characters, and Avith whom this pretty little plant was a 
special favorite.) 

1. L. borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs: common 
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and 
along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.) 

* In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c, the petals in some genera are nearly or quite sep- 
arate. In Compositse and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, or a 
mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student 
might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis prefixed to the 
volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead the student to the proper order. 






CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 203 

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberry. 

Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4 - 
5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, 
only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4 celled but only 2- 
seeded. Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short- 
petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or 
lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close 
short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of cri;/j.(^)opea), to bear together, and 
xapiros, fruit ; from the clustered berries.) 

1. S. OCCidentalis, R. Brown. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in dense ter- 
minal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style 
■protruded; berries white. — Northern Michigan, Illinois, and westward. — Flow- 
ers lai'ger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next. 

2. S. racemdsilS, Michx. (Snowberry.) Flowers in a loose and some- 
what leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside ; 
berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania and 
Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June- Sept. — Berries ripe in autumn. 

Var. pauciflbrus, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading ; 
leaves smaller (about I' long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the 
axils of the uppermost. — Rocky woods of L. Superior, Dr. Robbins, and north- 
westward. Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, J. R. Lowrie, Mr. Backing. 

3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Indian Currant. Coral-berry.) Flower? 
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly 
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to 
Illinois and southward : also cultivated. July. 

3. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. 

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the 
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled. 
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. 
(Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of 
the 16th century.) 

§ 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled 
clusters from the axils of the {often connate) upper leaves and forming interrupted 
terminal spikes: calyx-teeth persistent on the {red or orange) berry. 

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularly and equally 5-lobed. 

1. L. sempervirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honeysuckle.) Flowers in 
somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the up- 
permost pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to 
Virginia, and southward : common also in cultivation. May - Oct. — Leaves 
deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, 
yellowish within or rarely throughout. 

* * Corolla ringent : the lower hp narrow, the upper broad and \-lobed. 

2. L. grata, Ait. (American Woodbine.) L'aves smooth, glaucous be- 
neath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the axils of 



204 CAPRIFOLIACE^. (honeysuckle family.) 

the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (whitish with a 
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood- 
lands, New York, Penn., and westward : also cultivated. May. 

3. L. flava, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, very pale 
and glaucous both sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into 
round cup-like disks ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the smooth (Ugh? 
yellow) corolla somewhat gibbous ; hlameuts almost or quite smooth. — Rocky 
banks. Catskill mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a form with rathel 
short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany Mountains, June. 

4. L. parviflora, Lam. (Small Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, oh 
long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ; 
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib- 
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple), short 
(9" long); filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. 
May, June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high. 

Var. Douglasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when 
young, or ciliate; corolla crimson or deep dull purple (L. Douglasii, DC.) — 
Northern Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. 

5. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) . Leaves not glaucous, 
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull, 
broadly oval ; the uppermost united, the lower short-pctioled ; flowers in ap- 
proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy -pubescent corolla gibbous at 
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward. 
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species. 

§2. XYLOSTEON, Juss. Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base : 
peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes 
united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent. 
* The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts. 

6. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches 
4-angular ; leaves (3' - 6' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with 
a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle ; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, 
cylindraceous (6" -8" long); ovaries and globose berries distinct. — Deep 
woods, Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., Dr. Bobbins) and westward. June. 

* * Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute. 
1. L. eiliata, Muhl. (Fly -Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3° - 
5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often hart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; 
filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred 
at the base (greenish-yellow, %' long), the lobes nearly equal ; berries separate 
{red). — Rocky woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. 

8. L. C8Brulea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1° -2° high) ; branches up- 
right; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, 
longer than the. ovaries of the two (3-ellowish) flowers, which are united into one (blue) 
berry. (Xyldsteum villosum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Rhode Isl 
and to Wisconsin, northward. May. (Eu.) 

9. L- oblongifblia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Branches upright; leaves ob- 
long, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bract$ 






CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 205 

minute or deciduous ; corolla deeply 2-lipped (%' long, yellowish-white) ; berries 
(purple) united or nearly distinct. — Bogs, Northern New York to Wisconsin. 
June. — Shrub 2° - 5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

4. DIERVILLA, Tonrn. Bush-Honeysuckle. 

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. 
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, 
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, 
with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered 
peduncles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. 
Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.) 

1. D. triflda, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; pe- 
duncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muhl.) — Rocks: 
common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy, 
like the Japanese species cultivated under the name of Weigela. 

D. sessilifolia, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may 
occur in those of S. W. Virginia. 

5. TBIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. 

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous 
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as 
many angled and ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial 
herbs, leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the 
base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or 
clustered in the axils. (Name from rpels, three, and oareov, a bone, alluding to 
three bony seeds, or rather nutlets. ) 

1. T.' perfoliatum, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly 
narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered. — 
Rich woodlands : not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, h' long. 

2. T. angUStif61ium, L. Smaller ; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, taper- 
ing to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — S. 
Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May. 

6. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Elder. 

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly 
spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy 
drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank 
smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numei-ous small 
and white flowers in compound cymes. (Name from o-ap,j3i)Kr}, an aucient mu- 
sical instrument, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood. ) 

1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody 
(5° - 10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; 
cymes flat ; fruit black-] mr pie. — Rich soil, in open places. June. — Pith white. 

2. S. pubens, Michx. (Red-serried Elder.) Stems woody (2° - 18° 
high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes 



206 CAPRiFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

panicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods; 
chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening 
in June. — Pith brown. — Var. with dissected leaves, Lake Superior, Lewis Foote, 
Dr. Robbins. 

7. VIBURNUM, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, ] -seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous 
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in 
flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are 
evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical 
Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 

§ 1 . Flowers all alike and perfect. 

* Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green ; veins not prominent : no stipular ap- 

pendages : whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf: fruit black or 
with a blue bloom, sweet; the stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular. 

1. V. LentagO, L. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.) Leaves ovate, 
strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ; 
cyme sessile; fruit oval, ^' or more long, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15° -30° 
high. — Copses, &c. : common, especially northward. May, June. 

2. V. prunifolium, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly 
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (l'-2 7 long) ; 
fruit similar or rather smaller; cyme sessile. — Dry copses; Connecticut to Illi- 
nois, and common southward. May. — A tall shrub or small tree. 

3. V. nudum, L. (Withe-rod.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or 
lanceolate, not shining, the margins entire, repand, or crenate; cyme short-peduudtd ; 
fruit round-ovoid (3*' long). — Var. 1. Claytoni has the leaves nearly entire, 
the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massa- 
chusetts, near the coast, to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. cassinoides (V 
pyrifolium, Pursh, Src.) has more opaque, often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold 
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. , May, June. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. 

4. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticu- 
late, thickish, small (l'-l^' long), shining; cymes sessile, small; fruit ovoid- 
oblong. — River-banks, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high. 

# * Leaves {with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately 

veined, the veins straight and simple or sparingly forked : no rusty scurf: fruit 
small, ovoid, blue or purple ; the stone tumid and grooved: cymes peduncled. 

5. V. dentatum, L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, 
very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, on slender petioles ; fruit bright 
blue ; the turgid stone deeply excavated on one face ; cross section of the seed 
between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, common northward. June 
— Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark ; the pale leaves often with hairy 
tufts in the axils of the straight veins. 

6. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obouate or ovate, scarcely pointed, 
coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, rather slender petioles, branch- 
lets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily (En> 



CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 207 

gelm.), the stone as in No. 5, but less deeply excavated on the face. (V. denta- 
tum, var. scabrellum, Torr. Sf Gr.) — Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 

7. V. pubeseens, Pursh. (Downy A.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in 
No. 5, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young ; 
fruit dark -purple ; the stone plano-convex and 3 - 4-grooved on the flat face. — 
Rocks, &c, W. Vermont to New Jersey, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. 
June. — A low, straggling shrub. 

* * * Leaves coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-Iobed, roundish, the base mostly 

truncate or somewhat heart-shaped, 3 - 5-ribbed from the base, the ribs and veins 
prominent beneath : stipular appendages bristle-shaptd : cymes small, slender- 
ped uncled : fruit red ; the stone flattened. 

8. V. acerifdlium, L. (Maple-leaved A. Dockmackie.) Leaves 
soft-downy beneath, 3-ribbed, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ; 
stamens exserted ; fruit crimson turning purple ; the lenticular stone undulately 
2-grooved on one face and 3-grooved on the other. — Rocky woods : common. 
May, June. Shrub 3° - 6° high. 

9. V. pauciflbrum, Pylaie. Leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 
5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the 
summit ; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter than the corolla ; fruit red, sour, glob- 
ular ; the stone very flat and even. (V. Oxycdccus, var. eradiatum, Oalces.) — 
Cold woods, Northern N. Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin, and northward. — 
A low straggling shrub, most related to the next ; the leaf-buds similar. 

§ 2. Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and pistils, and with corollas 
many times larger than the others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea : 
stipular appendages conspicuous on the petiole. 

* Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red; the stone very flat, smooth and even, 

nearly orbicular : leaf-buds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales. 

10. V. Opulus, L. (Cranberry-tree.) Nearly smooth, upright (5°- 
10° high) ; leaves 3 -5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or trun- 
cate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire 
in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex, cymes pedunclcd. (V. 
Oxycdccus and V. edule, Pursh.) — Low grounds, along streams: common 
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to the borders of Maryland. 
June, July. — The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the name 
High Cranberry-bush, &c. — The well-known Snow-bal^ Tree, or Guelder- 
Rose, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile 
tloAvers. (Eu.) 

* * Fruit ovoid, red, turning darker ; the stone tumid, 6-grooved : buds ivholly naked. 

11. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hobble-bush. American Wayfar- 
ing-tree.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, 
closely serrate, pinnately many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath along 
with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and 
flat. — Cold moist woods, New England to Penn. and northward, and southward 
in the Alleghanies. May. — A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often 
taking root. Flowers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across. 



208 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

Order 50. RUBIACEJE. (Madder Family.) 

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, 
or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2-A-celled 
ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (3-5), and 
inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitch- 
ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. 
Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large 
family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the 
Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees) tropical ; not sufficiently represented in 
-9ur district to render it worth while to note the tribes and the larger 
systematic divisions. 

I. STELLATiE. Leaves in whorls : no apparent stipules. 

1. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit 

twin, separating into 2 indehiscent one-seeded carpels. 

II. CINCHONEiE, &c. Leaves rarely in whorls, with stipules. 

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. 
h- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 

2. Spermaeoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4 Fruit separating when ripe 

into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. 

3. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels : otherwise as No. 2. 

— -<- Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 

4. Ceplialantlius. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-seeded. 

" ' •«- -»- +- Flowers twin*, their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry. 

5. Mitchella. Corolla funuel-form 5 its lobes 4. — A creeping herb. 

* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the (loculicidal) pod. 

6. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species. 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous 

and minute, angular. 

7. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble- 

shaped or saucer-shaped. 

1. GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate 
in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globu- 
lar, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. 
— Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems,, 
and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name 
from yaXa, milk, which some species are used to curdle.) 

* Annval : leaves about 8 in a whorl : peduncles 1 -2 : flowered, ax/Vary. 
1. G. Aparine, L (Cleavers. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and re- 
clining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, tapering 
to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long) ; flow- 
ers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubtful 
if truly indigenous in our district. (Eu.) 

* * Perennial, ascending ; leaves 4-6 or 8 m a whorl, with prominent midrib, but 
no lateral nerves : flowers white, few or numerous, on slender pedicels : fruit smooth. 



RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 209 

■i- Flowers very abundant, the small clusters or cymes panicled on the branches. 

2. G. Molltjgo, L. Steins (l°-3° long) very smooth; leaves mostly in 
whorls of 8, oblanceolate or oblong-linear, barely rough on the margins, slen- 
der-pointed ; flowers forming a long panicle. — Washington Heights, near New 
York, W. W. Denslow. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. G. asprellum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Stem weak, much 
branched, rough backwards with ftoohd prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5° high) ; 
leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, pointed, with almost 
prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2-3 times forked. — Low thick- 
ets : common northward. 

4. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gr. Stems low and slender (6'- 12' high), 
with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, slightly pointed, 
veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, 
diffusely panicled at the summit ; pedicels short, — Dry ground, Pennsylvania 
from the Suscpiehanna, to Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. — Leaves 
not blackening in drying. 

■*- ■*- Flowers few, lateral or terminating the branches, not panicled. 

5. G. trifidum, L. (Small Bedstraw.) Stems weak, ascending (5'- 
20' high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in 
whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; 
corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3. — Var. 1. pusillum : stems rather 
simple, 5' -8' high, nearly smooth; leaves only 3" -4" long, all in fours, soon 
reflexed; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. (In deep sphagnous swamps, northward.) 
Var. 2. tinctorium : stem taller and stouter, and with nearly smooth angles ; 
peduncles 3 - 7-flowered, the corolla-lobes and stamens 4. Var. 3. latif6lium 
(G. obtusum, Bigel.) : stem smooth and widely branched ; leaves oblong or ellip- 
tical, quite rough on the midrib and margins. — Swamps : common, and very 
variable. (Eu.) 

* * * Perennial, procumbent : leaves 6 or rarely 5 in a whorl, with prominent midrib 

and no lateral nerves : flowers greenish : fruit bur-like, beset with hooked bristles. 

6. G. triflorum, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Stem (l°- 
3° long) bristly-roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 
bristle-pointed, with slightly roughened margins (V -2' long) ; peduncles 3-flow- 
ered, the flowers all pedicelled. — Rich woodlands : common. — Sweet-scented 
in drying. (Eu.) 

* * * * Perennial, ascending or upright : leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved. 

peduncles loosely or remotely 3 - several-flowered : corolla dull-purple, brownish, or 
rarely cream-color ; the lobes pointed or bristle-tipped : fruit, except in No. 10, 
bur-like, beset with hooked bristles. 

7. G. pildsum, Ait. Hairy ; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1' long), scarcely 3- 
nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 2 - 3 forked, the flowers all pedicel/eel. — Dry copses, 
Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois and southward. — Var. puxcticul6sum 
is a nearly smooth form (G. puncticulosum, Michx.) : Virginia and southward. 

8. G. circsezans, Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Smooth or downy (1° 
high) ; leaven oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate (1'- 1^' 
long) ; peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in 

L &M— 29 



210 RUBIACE.E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, rcflexed in frmt; 
lobes of the corolla hairy outside above the middle. — Rich woods : common. — * 
The var. montAnum is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods. 

9. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Leaves (except the 
lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2' long) ; corolla glabrous: ' 
otherwise like the last. — Woodlands : common northward. 

10. G. latifolium, Michx. Smooth (l°-2° high); leaves lanceolate of 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved below ; tbe midrib and margins rough ; cymes 
panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers all on slender spreading pedi- 
cels ; fruit smooth. — Dry Avoods, Mercersberg, Penn. (Prof. Porter), Maryland,, 
and southward in the Alleghanies. (Also Arkansas, Engelmann.) 

***** Perennial, erect : leaves 4 or 8 in a whorl ; flowers very numerous and 
crowded in a narrow and compact terminal panicle, white or yellow. 

11. G. boreale, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Smooth (1° -2° high); 
leaves in fours, Urn ar -lanceolate, 3-nerved ; flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, some- 
times smooth. — Rocky banks of streams : common, especially northward. (Eu.) 

12. G. verum, L. (Yellow Bedstraw.) Leaves in eights (or some in 
sixes), linear, grooved above, roughish deflexed; flowers yellow ; fruit smooth. ^- 
Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. SPERMACOCE, L. Button-weed. 

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or 
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. 
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one 
of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other 
open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles con- 
nected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers smalt, crowded into 
sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded 
of a-7repfia, seed, and aKuxr], a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on 
the fruit.) 

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous perennial ; stems spreading (9' - 20' long) ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding 
the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and 
style hardly any. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward Aug. 

3. DIODIA, L. Button-weed. 

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2-. (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous 
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise resembling 
Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. ( Name from diodos, a thoroughfare ; the 
species often growing by the wayside. ) 

1. D. Virginica, L. Smooth or hairy perennial ; stems spreading (1°- 
2° long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1 - 3 in each 
axil; corolla white (^' long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large 
limb; style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender 
calyx-teeth. — River-banks, Maryland, and southward. Also naturalized near 
Philadelphia, C. F. Parker. 



RUBIACK^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 211 

2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual ; stem spreading 
3 '- 9' long), nearly terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid ; flowers 
1-3 in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, 
not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate- 
turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. — Sandy fields, from 
New Jersey and Illinois southward. 

4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bush. 

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4 
toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. 
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, 
at length splitting from the base upward into 2- 4-closed 1-seeded portions. — 
Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flow- 
ers white. (Name composed of Kecf)a\r), a head, and civOos, a flower.) 

1. C. occidental is, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or 
lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening 
stipules. — Wet places : common. July, Aug. 

5. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry. 

FloAvers in pairs, Avith their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ; thj lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the 
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, 
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each with 4 small and seed-like 
bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate 
and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged 
with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain 
over winter. Flowers occasionally 3 - 6-merous, always dimorphous ; all those 
of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, 
included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates 
Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, 
who resided in Virginia.) 

1. M. repens, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees : common. 
June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flow- 
ers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla. 

6. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier, L. Oldenlandia. 

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel- 
shaped; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 
5): anthers short. Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many- 
seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave, very numer- 
ous, minute and angular. — Low herbs, with small stipules united to the peti- 
oles. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of O/dnihind, a German physician 
and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. ) 

1. O. glomeruta, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, 
branched and spreading annual (2' -12' high) ; leaves oblong ; flowers in sessile 



212 RUBIACF^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

axillary clusters ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the 
calyx. (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, S. New York 
to Virginia near the coast, aud southward. 

7. HOUSTONIA, L. Houstonia. 

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or 
funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate 
in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers linear or oblong. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Ovary 
2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper 
half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the 
top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globu- 
lar-thimble-shaped, pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting 
the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and pedun- 
cled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with the anthers borne 
high up on the tube of the corolla and projecting from its throat, while the style 
is short and the stigma therefore included : in the other sort the anthers are low 
down in the corolla and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding ; — ?u 
arrangement for cross-fertilization. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English 
botanist who collected in Central America.) The genus, formerly merged in 
Oldenlandia, merits restoration. 

* Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6' -20' high), ivith stem-leaves sessile, and flowers 

in terminal small cymes or clusters : corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy in- 
side : seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face. 

1. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying 
from roundish-ovate to lanceolote, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half 
free globular pod. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, M4chx. Oldenlandia 
purpurea, ed. 2.) — Woodlands, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 
May - July. — Varying wonderfully, as into : — 

Var. longifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- 
rowed at the base, 1 -ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod; stems 5'- 
12' high. ( Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. 
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is H. tenuifolia, Nutt. 

Var. ciliolata. More tufted steins 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes, 
thickish and ciliate ; calyx-lobes about as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, 
Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 

2. H. angUStifdlia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root ; 
leaves narrowly linmr, acute 1 -ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, 
short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod oboroid, acute at 
the base, only its summit free from the cnlyx, opening first across the top, at length 
through the partition. (Oldenlandia angustifolia, ed. 2. Hedyotis stenophyila, 
Torr. 8c Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June -Aug. 

* * Small and delicate, chiefly annuals or biennials, vernal-flowering : peduncles 1 -flow- 

ered: corolla salver-form : upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free: 
seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face. 

3. H. minima, Beck. Scabrous; stems at length much branched and 
spreading (l'-4' high) ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or 



VALERIANACE^E. (valerian family.) 213 

nearly linear ; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones 
short ; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes nor than the ample calyx* 
lobes (1^' long). — Dry hills, W. Illinois and southwestward. March -May. 

4. H. C8erulea, L. (Bluets.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly 
branched from the base (3' -5' high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3" -4" long); 
peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla with tube much longer than its lobes or than those 
of the calyx. (Oldenlandia casrulea, ed. 2.) Moist and grassy places; produ- 
cing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers, light blue, pale 
lilac, or nearly white with a yellowish eye. 

H. serpyllifolia, Michx., — with similar flowers, but with slender 
creeping steins, abounding in the mountains of N. Carolina, — may occur in 
those of Virginia. 

H. rotundif6lia, Michx., — also creeping, but with much larger round- 
ish leaves, and axillary peduncles nodding in fruit, — belongs to the low country 
of the Southern States, and may occur in S. E. Virginia. 



Order 51. VAIiERIANACE^E. (ValeriAxV Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules : the calyx-tube coherent with 
the ovary, which has one fertile \-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ; 
the stamens distinct, 1 - 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted 
on its lube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5- 
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender: stigmas 1-3. 
Fruit indehiseent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappear- 
ing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, 
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled 
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre- 
sented by only two genera. 

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian. 

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled 
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma- 
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. 
Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple 
or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious, or dimorphous. 
(Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.) 
* Root fibrous: leaves thin. (Stems l°-3° high.) 

1. V. paucifl6ra, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose ; root-leaves ovate, 
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem- 
leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme 
few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slendei- (£' long). — Wood- 
lands, and alluvial banks, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof Porter) and Ohio to S 
Illinois and southward. June. 

2. V. sylvatica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; root-leave? 
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5 - 1 ' 



2U 



VALE RlAN ACE M: (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 



oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at first close, many- 
flowered ; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color or white). — Cedar swamps, 
Western Vermont to Wisconsin and northward. June. (Probably a form of 
V. dioica, L.) 

* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6' -12' long) : leaves thickish. 
3. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young ; stem 
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely 
ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted 
into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted 
panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2" long). (V. ciliata, 
Torr. 8f Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June. 



2. PEDIA, Gaertn. Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce. 

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally 
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells 
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and 
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves 
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered 
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all 
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, 
&c, that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 
a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore be- 
long to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) Valerianella. 

1. F. olit6ria, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than 
long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the 
(often confluent) empty cells ; flowers bluish. — Fields, New York and Penn. 
to Virginia : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved 
betiveen the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are 
much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one ; flowers white. — Low grounds, 
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant 
l°-2° high. 

3. F. radiata, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and 
unequally somewhat 4-angled ; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a 
deep groove between them, rather narrower than the flattish fertile cell. — Low 
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high. 

4. F. Umbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth; the much inflated 
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish fertile one, contiguous, and 
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular 
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili- 
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1842.) 

5. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk-like, 
slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely divergent, 
much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it when 
ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, resem- 
bling the last, but with a very different fruit. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 

Order 52. DIPSACEyE. (Teasel Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense 
heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the sta- 
mens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by 
the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus 

1. DIPS AC US, Tourn. Teasel. 

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts 
among- the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in- 
volucel investing the ovaiy and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with 
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 
4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse 
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from §i\//-daj, 
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some 
species hold water.) 

1. D. sylvestris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly ; leaves lance-oblong ; 
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering 
into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Roadsides : rather rare. (Nat. 
from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of 

2. D. FullOnum, L., the cultivated Fuller's Teasel, which has a shorter 
involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a 
nap upon woollen cloth : it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

Order 53. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.) 

Floioers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), 
on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) 
stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). 
— Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) 
crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c, or 
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu- 
lar ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering 
the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like 
(achenium), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with.no albu- 
men. — An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without 
stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious flowers. The 
flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flow- 
ers : the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the 
margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head 
which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains 
two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterdgamous ; when only one sort, 
homdgamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, 
are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the recep- 



216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

tacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting, 
the receptacle is said to be naked. — The largest order of Phfenogamous 
plants. It is divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of 
which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much 
the larger. 

Suborder I. TUBITLIFL.OR^. 

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) 
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present 
are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). 

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubulifloree, 
taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will 
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded 
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The 
numbers are those of the genera.) 

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. 

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none : corollas all tubular (or rarely none). 
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. 
Pappus composed of bristles : 

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 1 

Simple, the bristles all of the same sort. 

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . . 2 
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. 
Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy . . . 67, 68, 70. 

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 69 

Receptacle naked. 

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 4. 

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish • . 5. 

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 6, 7, 8, 20. 

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 62, 63. 

Pappus composed of scales or chaff. 

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. 3. 

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate 45. 

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers. 49. 

Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth 41, 42- 

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . . . . . . 55, 57 

# # Flowers of two kinds in the same head. 
Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66 
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. 

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 60- 

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. 

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23, 58. 59 

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . . . 14,61 

Pappus obsolete or none. 

Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre 11 

Achenia not exceeding the involucre. 29, 56, 57 

* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate. 
Heads dioecious ; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary. .... 24, 59 
Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 80,31 



composite. (qoiirosiTE family.) 217 

§ 2- Rays present 5 i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. 
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) 

Rays occupying several rows 9, 10, 14 

Rays in one marginal row, and 

White, purple or blue, never yellow. . 12-15. 

Yellow, of the same color as the disk. 

Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21. 

Pappus simple. 
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. 

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite .64. 

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22. 

* * Pappus a circle of «haffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. 
# * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. 

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 50. 

Heads 8-10 flowered. Receptacle naked 18. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 48. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 45£, 46, 47. 

* * # Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding 

with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. 

-1- Receptacle naked. 

Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns 16. 

Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 17. 

Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 54. 

Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical 55. 

+- -1- Receptacle chaffy. 
Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. 
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and 

Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 51. 

Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all 36-40. 

Receptacle flat or fl ittish. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41,42. 
Rays pistillate and fertile 5 the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. 

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned 43. 

Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53. 

Achenia 3-4-angular. terete or laterally flattish, awnless. 

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate dissected. 52. 

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite simple. 

Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. 32 

Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 35. 

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 33, 34. 

Rajs pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect). 

Receptacle chaffy 25-28. 



Systematic Synopsis. 

Tribe I. VERIVONTACEjE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- 
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy 
all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 

1. Venionia. Heads several -many- flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- 

pus of many capillary bristles 

2. Elephantopns. Heads 3-5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. 

Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. 
Tribe II. EUPATORTACEJE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- 
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style 
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent j the 
stigmatic lines indistinct. 

GM— 10 



218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

Subtribe 1. Eupaforiere. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. 

# Pappus a row of hard scales. 

3. Sclerolepls. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled. 

* * Pappus of slender bristles. 

4. Liatris. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corollas 

red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. 

5. Kuhnift. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corol- 

las whitish, 5-toothed. 

6. Eupatoriiim. Achenia 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the 

involucre many or several. Receptacle of the 5 - many flowers flat or barely convex. 

7. Mikania. Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 

8. Couoclininm. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. 

Subtrifoe 2. Tussilaginese. Flowers (sometimes yellow, more or less monoecious or 
dioecious) of 2 sorts iu the same head. 

# Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless. 

9. Nardosmia. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary. 

20. Tussilago. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary. 

# * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy. 

11. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none. 

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEiE. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tubular ; 
or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Branches of the style in the perfect 
flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi- 
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which 
is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of 
chaff) in all our species. 

Subtribe 1. Asterinese. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal 
ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base. 

* Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. 
+- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles: receptacle flat. 

12. Sericocarpus. Heads 12 -15 flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, 

imbricated, cartilaginous. Ac lenia short, narrowed downwards, silky. 

13. Aster. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish. 

Pappus simple, copious. 

14. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of narrow scales, little imbricated. 

Achenia flattened Pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales. 

15. Diplopappus. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double; the 

outer obscure, of minute still bristles, 
■i- -i- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical. 

16. Boltonia. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short. 

17. Bellis. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. 

* # Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. 

18. Bracliyclipeta. Heads 8 -10-flowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of mi- 

nute bristles shorter than the achenium. 

19. Solidago. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1 - 16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen. 

der and equal capillary bristles. 
SO. Bigelovia. Heads 3 - 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple, 
a single row of capillary bristles. 

21. Clirysopsis. Heads many -flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of 

very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles. 

Subtribe 2. Inulese. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1. 

22. Inula. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary and copious. 



■> 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 

Sabtribe 3. Saccharides & Tarchonanthese. Flowers of (he head all tubu- 
lar, either dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in 
different heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flow- 
ers a very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit. 

23. Pltichea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many 

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary. 

24. Baccharis. Heads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants. 

Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. 

Tribe IV. SENECIOlVIDEiE. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile 
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internals, hairy or pencil -tufted at tho 
apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued be- 
yond into a bristly-hairy appendage — Leaves either opposite or alternate. 

Subtribe I. Mclampodineae. Flowers none of them truly perfect, but either stam- 
inate or pistillate ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. 
Pappus, if any, never of bristles. 

* Heads containing two kinds of flowers, the marginal ones pistillate, the central and tubular 

staminate flowers having a style, but always sterile. 
+- Fertile flowers with a ligulate corolla (rarely wanting in No. 25) receptacle chaffy. 

25. Poiymnia. Achenia thick and turgid, roundish. Pappus none. 

26. Chrysogonnm. Achenia flattish. Pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed chaffy crown. 

27. Silphium. Achenia flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows: rays deciduous. 

28. Parthenium. Achenia flat, slightly margined : rays very short, |iersistenfc. 

h- h- Fertile flowers with tubular or no corolla : no pappus. 

29. Iva. Achenia short and thick : receptacle with narrow chaff. 

67. Artemisia, in part. Achenia short and small : receptacle naked. 

11. Adenocauloii. Achenia elongated, bearing stalked glands : receptacle naked. 

* * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on 

the same plant ; the pistillate only 1 or A. in a closed involucre resembling an achenium or 
a bur ; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre. 
30- Ambrosia. Fertile involucre (fruit; small. 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 

31. Xa lithium. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celIed, 2-flowered. 

Subtribe 2. Helia u these. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; the rays ligulate, the disk- 
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tulless. Pappus none, 
or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform 
chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. 

* Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 -4-sided, slightly if at all flattened. 
-(- Involucre double ; the outer formiug a cup. 

32. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. 

h- +- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. 

33. Eclipta. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none. 

34. Borrichia. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown. 
85. Heliopsis. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border. 

* * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none ; ache- 

nia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, th* 
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge. 

■t- Receptacle elevated, conica/ or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown. 

36. Echinacea. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided. 

37. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless. 

38. Lepaihys. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined. 

h- m- Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned. 

39. Helianthus. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very deciduous chaffy scales. 

40. Actinomeris. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. 



220 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 

* # # Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcom pressed, i. e. flattened parallel with the scales of tha 
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading 
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. 

41. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or 

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown. 

42. Bide lis. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth. 

# * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned. 

43. Verbesinn. Hays few and small, or rarely none. Receptacle convex. Achenia some- 

times winged. 
Subtribe 3. Tagelinese. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers 
all perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. 
Pappus various. — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted with 
large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 

44. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. 

Subtribe 4. Heleniese. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect. 
Pappus a circle of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless. 

* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed.) 
46. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored. 
45£. Actinella. Hays pistillate, merely toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. 

46. Heleniuun. Rays pistillate, 3 5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. 

47. Leptopoda. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46. 

* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like hone,, comb. 

48. Baldwiuia. Rays numerous: neutral, elongated. Involucre much imbricated. 

# * * Receptacle chaffy. 

49. Marshal lia. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow and foliaceous scales. 

50- Galinsoga. Rays 4 or 5, short, pistillate, whitish ; the disk yellow. Involucre of 4 or 
5 ovate and thin scales. 

Subtribe 5. Anthemideae. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes 
infertile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- 
wise nearly as Subtribe 4. 

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate. 

51. Maruta. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid and many-ribbed. Pappus none. 

52. Anthemig. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none. 

53. Achillea. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined. 

* # Receptacle naked. 
64. Leucanthemum. Rays numeroas, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate 
or ribbed. Pappus none. 

55. Matricaria. Rays pistillate, or none, and then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle con- 

ical. Pappus crown-like or none. 

56. Tanacetum. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the 

top. Pappus a short crown. 
57 Artemisia. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at 
the top. Pappus none. 

Subtribe 6. Gnaphalineee. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas; those of the 
fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles. 
Flocculent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate. 

68. Gnaphalium. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate 

flowers. Bristles of the pappus all slender. 

69. Antennaria. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of ths 

staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit. 
60. Filago. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil 
lary, of the outer often none. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 22J 

Sab tribe 7. Senecionere. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. An- 
thers tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly 
in a single row.) 

# Heads discoid. Leaves alternate. 

61. Erecbthites. Heads man. -flowered : flowers whitish; the marginal ones pistillate 

and with filiform corollas. 

62. Cacalia. Heads 5 -many-flowered : flowers white or cream -color, all tubular and perfect. 

63. Senecio. Heads many-flowered : flowers yellow, all perfect. 

* # Heads radiate, many-flowered. 

-i- Rays conspicuous and in a sing'e row : flowers all fertile, yellow. 

63. Senecio. Pappus fine and soft. Leaves alternate. 

64. Arnica. Pappus of more rigid and rough-denticulate bristles. Leaves all opposite. 

-t- -r- Rays narrow or small, in more than one row, at least in fertile heads. Leaves all radical. 
9. Naretosuiia. Flowers whitish or purplish Scape. bearing several heads. 
10. Tussilago. Flowers yellow. Scape bearing a single head. 

Tribe V. CYNAREiE. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or 
some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays but not truly ligulate. Style 
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any 
appendage, often united below. (Heads large.) 

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose. 

65. Centaurea. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral 

flowers commonly enlarged or ray-like. 
66- Cnicus. Achenia terete, beariug 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter 
rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. 

* * Flowers all alike in the (o\ oid or globular) head. 

67. Cirsium. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose brittles. Receptacle clothed with long 

and soft bristles or hairs. 

68. Carduus. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No. 67. 

69. Onopordon. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep- 

tacle honeycombed. 

70. Lappa. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Receptacle 

bristly. 

Suborder II. L<IGUL.IFLiOI12E. Tribe vi. cichoracejj. 

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 
fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 

# Pappus none. 

71. Lampsana, Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row. 8 - 12-flowered. 

* # Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 

72. Cichorium. Pappus a small crown of many bristle -form scales. Involucre double. 
13 Krigia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 slender bristles. 

?l. Cynthia. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of 
numerous long capillary bristles. 

* * # Pappus plumose. 
75- Leontodon. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy -dilated at the base, tawny. 

* # * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose, 
-i- Achenia not flattened nor distinctly beaked, columnar or terete, often slender: pappus 

rather stiff, mostly tawny or dirty-white. 
76. Troximon. Involucre loosely imbricated, many-flowered: corolla yellow. Achenia 

10-ribbed. Pappus very copious and unequal. 
T7. Hieracium. Involucre more or less imbricated, 12 - many-flowered : corolla yellow. 
Achenia short. Pappus of rather scanty and tawny roughish bristles. 



222 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



78. 



82 



84 



Nabalns. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-14 linear equal scales in a single row and a f»w 
little scales at base, 5 - n>any-flowered : corolla whitish, cream-color, or purplish. Ache- 
nia rather short and blunt. Pappus of very copious tawny or brown roughish bristles. 

JLy godesmia , Involucre as the preceding, 5 - 10-flowered . corolla rose-purple. Aehe- 

nia long and slender, tapering at the summit. Pappus of copious whitish bristles. 
+- Achenia terete or nearly so, ribbed, roughish above, abruptly slender-beaked. Pappus 

soft, fine, and flaccid. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear scales in a single row and 

some small short ones at the base. Corolla yellow. 

Ghondrilla. Involucre few-flowered. Pappus white. Stems branching, leafy. 

Pyrrhopappus. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus reddish or rusty. Stems 
branching, leafy below. 

Taraxacum. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus whitish. Scape naked, simple. 
k +- -i- Achenia flat or flattish. Involucre somewhat imbricated, mostly many-flowered. 

L.actuca. Achenia abruptly long and plender-beaked, very flat : pappus bright white. 

Mnlgedium. Achenia flattish, and with a short and thick beak. 

Sonchus. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus white. Flowers yellow. 



1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. 

Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- 
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. 
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer 
of minute scale-like bristles ; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor 
of a Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 

1. V. Noveboraeensis, Willd. Scales of the, involucre tipped with a long 
bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn ; in some varieties merely 
pointed. -—Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-banks in 
the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall coarse weed 
with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 

2. V. fascieulata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) 
rounded and obtuse, without, appendage. — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis- 
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads 
mostly crowded. Very variable, and manifestly passing into No. 1. 



2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. 



Elephant's-foot. 



Heads 3 - 5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound head : flow- 
ers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia 
many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, 
with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of eAe<£as, ele- 
phant, and 7rovs,foot.) 

1. E. Car olinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cas. Sclerolepis. 

Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, 
in 1 or 2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of 
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems, 
rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and a terminal head 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 

of flesh-colored flowers. (Name of o-KXnpos, hard, and AeTri's, a scale, from the 
pappus.) 

1. S. verticillata, Cass. — In water: pine barrens, New Jersey and 
southward. Aug. 

4. LIATRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star. 

Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im- 
bricated, appressed. Keceptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobcd. Achenia slender, 
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15 -40 capillary bristles, 
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often 
resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves (these sometimes twisted so 
as to become vertical), and heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, spicate, 
racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Deri- 
vation of the name unknown.) 

§ 1 . Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish corm or tuber 
(impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or grass-like, 1- 
5-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the 
corolla long and slender. 

* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-foivered involucre with ovate or lanceolate 

spreading petai -I ike (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers. 

1. L. elegans, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves 
short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir- 
ginia and southward. 

* * Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many flowered involucre imbri- 

cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like : corolla hairy witliin. 

2. L. squarr6sa, Willd. (Blazing-Star, &c.) Often hairy (1.0-3° 
high); leaves linear, elongated; heads few (1' long) ; scales of the involucre 
mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to 
Illinois and southward. 

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6' -18' high); leaves 
linear; heads few (j'-f long) ; scales of the involucre with short and rounded ap- 
pressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward. 

* * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside. 

4. L. SCari6sa, Willd. Stem stout (2°-5°high) pubescent or hoary; 
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest o' long-lanceolate or 
obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, larg€, 30-40-flow- 
ered ; scales of the broad or depressed involucre ohovate or spatulate, very numerous, 
with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry soil, New England to 
Minnesota, and southward. — Widely variable : heads 1' or less in diameter. 

5. L. pil6sa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout ; leaves 
linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of the 
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very 
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward : rare and 
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of the next ; but the flowers as largo 
a6 in the preceding. 



224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

6. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy ; stems very leafy 
(2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved; heads 8-12-flowered (£'- 
f long), crowded in a long spike ; scales of the cylindrical-beU-shaped involucre 
oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish. 

— Moist grounds : common from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. — 
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 

7. L. graminifoiia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3° high) 
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved ; heads several or numerous, 
in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre 
yatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenia hairy. — 
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in 

Var. dtlbia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often 
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 

8. L. pycnostaehya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout (3° - 5° 
high), very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate; the upper very narrowly linear ; 
spike thick and dense (6' -20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (£' long) ; scales of 
the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. 

— Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward. 

§ 2. Stem simple or branched abore, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan- 
icled, 4 - 10-flowered : involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: 
pappus not plumose. 

9. L. Odoratissima, Willd. (Vanilla-plant.) Very smooth; leaves 
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. 

— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of 
Vanilla when bruised. 

10. L. paniculata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lan- 
ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Virginia 
and southward. 

5. KtJHNIA, L. Kuhnia. 

Heads 10-25-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and 
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia cylindri- 
cal, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A 
perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and 
paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, 
of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.) 

1 . K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and 
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south 
ward. Sept. 

6. EUPATOEIUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort. 

Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- 
shaped. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5- 
anglcd. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — 
Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally co- 
rymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225 

summer. (Dedicated to Eapator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species 
of the genus in medicine.) 

* Heads cylindrical, 5 - 15-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated 

in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly 
whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers. 

1. E. purpureum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet- Weed.) Stems tall 
and stout, simple ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, 
very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies 
greatly in size (2° -12° high), &c, and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted 
stems, &c, — including several nominal species. — Low grounds: common. 

* * Heads 3 - 20-flowered : involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricated and unequal 

scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white. 
■*- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panickd, very small, 3 - 5-flowered. 

2. E. fcenicul&ceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much- 
branched (3° -10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Virginia, 
near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia. 

■+- -»- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile : heads 5 - %-flowered, corymbed. 

3. E. hyssopifblium, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves 
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower 
toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base ; scales of the involucre obtuse. 
— Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward. 

4. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°high); 
leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough both sides; 
corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy 
bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. 

5. E. parviflbrum, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, 
tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short involucre 
obtuse. (Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.) — Damp 
soil, Virginia and southward. 

6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high), downy; leaves 
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerced, entire, or toothed above the 
middle, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre obtuse, 
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky. — 
Leaves 3 f -4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago. 

7. E. album, L. Ronghish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely 
toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb; scales of the involucre closely imbri- 
cated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer than the 
flowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and 
southward. 

8. E. teucrifblium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2° -3° high); leaves 
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple- 
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toivards the base, the upper ones alternate' 
branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather 
obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers. (E. verbensefolium, Michx.) — Low 
grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia ana southward near the coast. 

15 



226 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 



9. E. rotundifblium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves roundish 
ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, 
triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (i'-2' long) ; corymb large and dense; scales of 
the (b-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode 
Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 

10. E. pufaescens, Muhl. Pubescent : leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly 
truncate at the base, serrate- toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the 
b-%-flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to 
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 

11. E. sessilifdlium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4° -6° high), 
smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded 
sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb very 
compound, pubescent ; scales of the 5- (or 5 - 12- ?) flowered involucre oval and oblong, 
obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward along the 
mountains. 

-* — -« — -* — Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading : heads 
mostly 10- 15 -flowered: corymbs very compound and large. 

12. E. resindsum, Torr, Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves 
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly 
veiny beneath (4' -6' long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine 
barrens, New Jersey, — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. 

13. E. perfoliatum, L. (Thoroughwort. Boneset.) Stem stout 
(2° -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around thp. stem (connate- 
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy be- 
neath (5' -8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds: 
common and well-known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered. 

-» — -* — -» — -* — Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate: heads 12- lb-flowered, i>i 
compound corymbs. 

14. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched 
(3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and 
veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvi d 
ground, Maryland to Illinois and southward. 

* * * Heads 8 - SO-flowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one 
row : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted : 
flowers white. 

15. E. ageratoides, L. (White Snake-root.) Smooth, branching 
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled, 
thin (4' -5' long) ; corymbs compound. — Rich woods : common northward. 

16. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy ; stems nearly sim- 
ple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. — 
Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Lower and 
more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. 

7. MIKANIA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed. 

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and 
achenia, &c, as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with 



ish 
fid. 



COMrOSTTJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227 

oppo»tte ;^mmonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled 
flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.) 

*■ M. SCandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves somewhat triangu- 
lar-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along 
streams, E. New England to Kentucky and southward. July- Sept. 

8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Mist-flower. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal linear-awl- 
shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! Otherwise as in Eu- 
patorium, of which it is rather a section. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite 
petioled leaves, and violet-purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. 
(Name formed of kwvos, a cone, and K\ivrj, a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 

1. C. CCelestinum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (1°- 2° high) ; leaves tri- 
angular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich 
soil, Pennsylvania to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 

9. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Sweet Coltsfoot. 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single 
vow of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk; in the 
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular 
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat. 
Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer and copious in the fer- 
tile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, 
the scape with sheathing scaty bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fra- 
grant flowers, in a corymb. (Name from vapdos, spikenard, and oo-fxrj, odor.) 

1. "N. palmata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white- 
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5-7-lobed. the lobes toothed and cut. 
(Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigel.) — Swamps, Maine and Massachu- 
setts to Michigan and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Eull-grown leaves 
(6' -10' broad). 

10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot. 

Head many-flowered; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in 
many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre 
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori- 
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bear- 
ing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves 
later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tiissis, 
a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) 

1. T. Farfara. L. — Wet places, and along brooks, New England, New 
York, and Pennsylvania; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.) 

11. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Adenocaulon. 

Heads 5-10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the 
marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre 



223 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset wi; h 
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate 
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few 
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, 
from ddr)v, a gland, and KavXos, a stem). 

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-_ 
lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe- 
rior, and westward. 

12. SEEICOCAEPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster. 

Heads 12- 15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre 
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several 
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- 
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely pyram- 
idal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial 
tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small 
heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale 
yellow. (Name from (rrjpucos, silky, and Kaprros, fruit.) 

1. S. SOlidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, 
entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3" long), inclose 
clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to Virginia, 
near the coast. July. 

2. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather 
loosely corymbed, obconical (4" -6" long); pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground: 
common. July. 

3. S. tortifblius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu- 
late, short, (g-'-l' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads 
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long); pappus white. — Pine woods, 
Virginia and southward. Aug. 

13. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. 
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- 
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia more or less flattened. Pappus 
simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual only in § 6), with co- 
rymbed, panicled, or racemose heads ; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, 
or blue: the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name darfjp, a star, from 
the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers. ) 

§ 1. BIOTIA, DC. Involucre obovoid-bdl -shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in 

several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 {white or 

nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely 

serrate : heads in open corymbs. 

1. A. COrymbdsus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, 

smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed, 

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 

slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Woodlands : common, especially northward. 
July, Aug. -7- Plant l°-2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder 
and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next ; not 
rough, but sometimes pubescent. 

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high); leaves 
thickish, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10' 
long, 3' -6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- 
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — 
Moist woods : common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., 
Sept. — Involucre %' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the 
innermost much larger and thinner. 

§ 2. CALLIASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several 
rows, coriaceous, with short herbaceous tips: rays 12-30, violet or blue: achenia 
narrow (smoothish) : pappus of rigid bristles of unequal thickness: stem-leaves all 
sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped : heads few, or when several corymbose, large 
and showy. (Allied to § 1, and to Sericocarpus.) 

3. A. Radllla, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth, 
many-leaved (l°-3°high); leaves oblong -lanceolate pointed, sharply serrate in the 
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly 
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, oppressed, with very short and slightly 
spreading herbaceous tips ; achenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware 
to Maine and northward, near the coast. Also Pocono Mountain, Penn. (Prof. 
T. Green) ; and a dwarf variety, with linear-lanceolate leaves, at White Moun- 
tains, New Hampshire. Aug. — Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, 
except the ciliate margins. 

4. A. SUrculdsus, Michx. Stems slender (\° -\° high), from long and 
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping, subterranean shoois or suck- 
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves 
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower spatulate ; involucre obconical or 
bell-shaped (£'-§■' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short herbaceous 
tips, the outer ones shorter; achenia slightly pubescent. — Var. gracilis (A. gra- 
cilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical involucre succes- 
sively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling 
a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. 
Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, 6" long. 

5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems (1°- 2° high) minutely rough and gland- 
ular-pubescent at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed, 
tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-ob- 
long, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ; 
achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near 
the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus, 
though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly 
1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre |' long and wide. 

6. A. H6rveyi, n. sp. Stem slender (l°-2° high), nearly smooth, the 
summit and peduncles of the several corymbose heads minutely glandular-pubes- 
cent; leaves thinnish, roughish, obscurely serrate, oblong-lanceolate, very acute, all but 



230 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



the uppermost taper-pointed, and also tapering below into a narrowed base or winged 
petiole ; heads small (less than %' long, exclusive of the narrow rays) ; involucre 
between bell-shaped and top-shaped ; the scales obscurely glandular, linear, or the 
short outer ones oblong, Avith greenish appressed tips ; achenia linear, slightly 
pubescent. — Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, New Bedford, Mass., 
E. W. Hervty. Sept. — An ambiguous member, and the smallest-flowered, of 
the section. Pappus whitish, tiner than that of the preceding. 

§ 3. ASTER, proper. Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with 
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numer- 
ous: pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia flattemd. (All flowering late 
in summer or in autumn.) 

* Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate: involu- 

te imbricated in 3 to several tows: rays showy, purple-violet. 

7. A. Sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves silver-white, lance- 
olate or oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ; scales of 
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous 
base ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to 
Kentucky and southward. — Heads large : rays 20 - 30. 

8. A. COncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, ob- 
long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple 
or compound wand-like raceme ; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated 
in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenia silky. — Dry 
sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — Plant l°-3° high, 
with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky both sides. 

* * Lower leaves not heart-shaped; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by 

a heart-shaped or auricled base : heads showy : scales of the. inversely conical or 
bell-shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively 
shorter, appressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips: rays large, 
purple or blue. 

9. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (l°-3° 
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating 
the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted 
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-shaped base, rough, especially 
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with 
spreading pointed tips ; achenia silky. — Var. phlogif6lius is a form which 
the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely 
rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much 
contracted below the middle. —Dry ground: common, especially southward. 
Heads \' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays. 

10. A. lgevis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves 
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less 
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi- 
spherical involucre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. 
A variable and elegant species, of which the two best-marked forms are : — 

Var. laevigatas. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; 
involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lauceolate or linear, with narrow and 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 

acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. laevis, L. A. laevigatas, 
Willd.) — Dry woodlands : rather common. 

Var. cyaneus. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the 
upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; invo- 
lucre narrowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter 
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Hoffm., Sfc.) — Border of woodlands : common, 
especially northward. 

11. A. turbinellus, Lindl. Very smooth; stem slender, paniculately 
branched ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; 
involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (|' long) ; the scales linear, 
with very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenia nearly smooth. — • 
Dry hills, &c., Illinois and southwestward. — Well-marked and handsome. 
* * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, tlie upper sessile or petioled : invo- 
lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous, 
racemosed or panicled. 
•*- Leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized : rays bright-blue. 

12. A. aztireus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound 
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-lance- 
olate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin- 
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses 
and prairies, Niagara Falls (Clinton), and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — 
Involucre much as in A. laevis, but much smaller, slightly pubescent ; the rays 
bright blue. 

13. A. Shortii. Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing 
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pubes- 
cent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a 
sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base, and on naked 
petioles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and 
southward. — A pretty species, 2° - 4° high ; the leaves 3' - 5' long. 

14. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence ; 
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under- 
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted 
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or di- 
rectly sessile by a heart-shaped base ; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, 
■Michx.) — Dry copses : common. 

=*t ■*- Leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small : rays pale Hw or nearly white. 

15. A. COrdif61ius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or di- 
verging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart- 
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely comi- 
cal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acUtish. — 
Woodlands : very common. — Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, 
roughish, or sometimes hairy. Heads profuse, but quite small. 

16. A. sagi.ttifdli.US, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches 
bearing numerous racemose heads ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower 
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, 



232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAillLY.) 

pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped 

slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Kentucky and 

northward. — Usually more or less hairy or downy ; the heads rather larger 

than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, LindL, which probably 

grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is a downy-leaved variety of this. 

* * * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid, 

entire: involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales apprtssed and 

whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads 

small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose ; rays white. 

17. A. ericoides, L. Smuotk or sparingly liairy (l°-l£° high) ; the sim- 
ple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like 
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the ot/iers 
linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre 
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. vill6sus is a 
hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry 
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. 

18. A. multifidrus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° 
high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading 
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or chiate mar- 
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base ; scales of the in- 
volucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer 
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil : common. 

***** Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem tapering at the base, 
sessile; involucre imbricated ; the scales unequal, with short and narrow op- 
pressed or rather loose greenish tips : heads small or middle-sized : rays white or 
bluish-purple. 

-•- Heads small. (Involucre 2" -4" long.) 

19. A. dumdsus, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the 
scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear 
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; 
scales of the closely imbricated involucre Unear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. — 
Thickets: common. — A variable species, l°-3°high, loosely branched, with 
small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely conical or bell-shaped invo- 
lucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Eays pale 
purple or blue, larger than in the next. Euns into several peculiar forms. 

20. A. TradeSCanti, L. Smooth or smoothish ; the numerous heads closely 
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves 
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with 
fine sharp teeth ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acufish, in 3 or 4 
rows. — Var. frAgilis has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest, 
the heads more scattered. — Moist banks : very common. — Stems 2° - 4° 
high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or 
nearly so. 

21. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the branches 
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middh ■• 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 

scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — 
Thickets, fields, &c. : very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger 
than in either of the preceding (2' -5'); the involucre intermediate between 
them, as to the form of the scales. Eays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or 
white. 

■*- +- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre 3" - 5" long.) 

22. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much 
branched ; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit ; 
leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-aivl-shaped, 
loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks : common. — Rays pale. 
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. 

23. A. tenilifdlius, L. Nearly smooth; stem much branched (2° -3° 
high) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
tapering into a long slender point (2'- 6' long), with rough margins, the lower some- 
what, serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl -shaped, 
very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish. 

24. A. carneilS, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent ; 
leaves lanctolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping ; 
heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of the obovate in- 
volucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated. — Moist soil : common. Leaves 
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish, 
violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older 
names will be found and verified for this and No. 22, which here cover a multi- 
tude of forms. A muta'bilis, L., is probably one of them. 

****** Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the hemi- 
spherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herba- 
ceous tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized or large : 
rays blue or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.) 

25. A. eestivus, Ait. Stem slender, rough, bushy-branched ; leaves nar- 
rowlg lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads 
corymbose, loose ; scales of the involucre linear, loose ; rays large, apparently light 
blue. (A. laxifolius Nees.) — Var. l^etifl6rus has very slender branches 
and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. — 
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. — Heads about as large 
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves 4' - 
7' long, % to j' wide. 

26. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong -lanceo- 
late, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ; 
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips; 
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state. 
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 24 and No. 27. — Heads 
smaller and less showy than in the next. 

27. A. longif61lUS, Lam. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched, corym- 
bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lanceo- 
late, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above; scales 

L & M— 30 



234 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading 
or recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist 
places, along streams, &c. : common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large 
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform 
varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hvffm., A. laxus, Willd. (a form with more 
leafy involucres), A. prasaltus, Poir., A. elodes, Torr. Sf Gr. : also A. salicifolius, 
Scholler, the oldest name of all. 

28. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines, 
usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, clasping by an auri- 
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressid teeth, rough above, nearly 
smooth underneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose, 
equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in 
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, in 
open grounds rough with rii>id bristly hairs. 

Var. vimmeus (A vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through- 
out ; growing in shade. 

29. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3°high), corymbose-pani- 
cled, hairy above in linps ; leaves rough aliove, very smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate., 
sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering below in a 
long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly diluted into an auricled-heurt-shaped 
clasping base ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-spreading 
tips; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York to Wisconsin, and 
southwards to Virginia. 

******* Leaves entire, those of the stem sessile, the base often clasping : heads 
solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbed, showy: scales of the invo- 
lucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly foliaceous tips, 
usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branch! ets, Sfc. 

-t- Involucre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks. 

30. A. grandiflbrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs; stems slender, 
loosely much branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (i'-l' long), oblong- 
linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical 
squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (I' long); achenia hairy. 
— Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy. 

31. A. Oblong if61ius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much branched 
above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (l°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong or lance- 
olate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2' long by 2" -5" wide) ; 
scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base ; rays violet-purple ; 
achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Pennsylvania (Huntingdon County, 
Prof Porter !) and Virginia to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and ^westward. — Heads 
middle-sized or smaller. 

32. A. ameth^Stinus, Nutt. Taller than the foregoing (2° -5° high), 
more upright, with more hirsute and not at all glandular or viscid pubescence ; 
heads more racemose on the branches and smaller ; involucre only about 3" in 
diameter, the tips of the scales less spreading ; rays light clear blue. — Moist 
grounds, Massachusetts (near Salem, Cambridge, &c, Nuttall, Dr. Robbins, &c. : 
Amherst {Prof Tuclcerman), Illinois {E. Hall), and Wisconsin. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 

*r -t- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row. 

33. A. NoV88-Angli3e, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbed at 
the summit ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed 
with minute pubescence ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, 
as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, in var. roseus rose-purple (A. 
roseus, Desf), very numerous; achenia hairy. — Moist grounds: common.—. 
Heads large, corymbed. Var. ? with white rays, Carroll Co., 111., H. Shimer. 

******** Heads, Sfc, as in the preceding group ; but foliage as in * * *. 

34. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubesccnt ; stems slendet 
/ 2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lance- 
olate, pointed, entire or nearly soothe lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper 
small and almost sessile ; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in 
several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achenia smooth. — 
Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Missouri, near St. Louis), Engelmann. — Heads 
as large as those of No. 31 : rays violet-purple. 

§ 4. OKITROPHIUM, Kunth. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and 
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous : pappus of soft and uniform capil- 
lary bristles: mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads. 

35. A. graminifdlius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6' -12' high) ; 
leaves very numerous, narrowly linear ; branches prolonged into slender naked 
peduncles, bearing solitary small heads ; rays rose-purple or whitish. — North- 
ern borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward. 

§ 5. ORTHOMERIS, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, 
unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitnte of herba- 
ceous tips: pappus of soft and unequal capillary bristles. 

36. A. acuminatllS, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) 
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit ; peduncles slender ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire 
at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, 
pointed, thin (3" - 5" long) ; heads few or several ; rays 12-18, white, or slightly 
purple. — Cool rich woods : common northward and southward along the Alle- 
ghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White 
Mountains of New Hampshire. 

37. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubesccnt ; stem slender, 
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (I'- 
ll-' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of the 
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into 
awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of NeAv 
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of 
New Hampshire; a small form, Avith solitary heads. Sept. 

38. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Or. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- 
tered (6'- 15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering 
to the base, 1 - 3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long); heads small, in a 

flat corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white 
(2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Illinois and Wisconsin along the 
Great Lakes, and northward. Aug. 



236 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

§ 6. OXYTRIPOLIUM, DC. Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba- 
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft 
and capillary : achenia striate. 

39. A. flexilOSUS, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' - 20' high) ; the 
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire, 
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many roivs, ovate-lanceolate with 
awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes on the 
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept. 

40. A. linifdlillS, L. Annual; stem much branched (6' -24' high), the 
branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
pointed, entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre 
linear-awl-shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be- 
yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, 
Michx.) Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Aug. -Oct. 

41. A. angUStus, Torr. & Gr. (Tripolium angustum, Lindl. T. frondo- 
sum, Nutt. Also in Siberia, Conyza Altaica, DC, and Brachyactis cilia ta, 
Ledeb. ) An annual species related to the last, but with broader leaves, very 
many minute rays, and more copious pappus : comes from the northwest to near 
the borders of Wisconsin. 

14. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. 

H^ads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays 
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and 
little imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenia flattened, usually 
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter 
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy 
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary 
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from rjp, spring, 
and yepcov, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of the ver- 
nal species.) 

§ 1. CL3EN0TUS, Nutt. Bays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than 
the pappus : pappus simple : chiefly annuals and biennials. 

1. E. Canadense, L. (Horse-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy; 
stem erect, wand-like (3° - 5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire ; those from the 
root cut-lobed; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. — Waste 
places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Oct.— 
Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. (Nat, in Eu. &c.) 

2. E. divaricatum, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' - 6' high) ; leaves 
linear or awl-shaped ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple : otherwise like No. 1 . — 
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 

3. E. acre, L. Sparsely hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (10' -20' high) ; 
leaves lanceolate or the lower spa tula te-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather 
numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4"-5' J 
long) ; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pap- 
pus. — Shores of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, Prof Porter, &c.), and northwest' 
ward. (Eu.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 23? 

§ 2. EUERfGERON, Torr. & Gr. Rays elongated, crowded in one or more rows: 
pappus simple. (Erect perennials: heads somewhat corymbed, middle-sized.) 

4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.) Hairy, producing 
offsets from the base: stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large 
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; 
those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about 
50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks : common. May. 

5. E. Philadelphia U.m, L. (Common Fleabane.) Hairy; stem leafy, 
corymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob- 
long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the 
lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh- 
color. (E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground : common. June -Aug. 

§ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. Outermost bristles of the pappus short and minute, or 
rather chaffy, forming an external series : otherwise as § 2. 

6. E. glabellum, Nutt. Stem (6'- 15' high) stout, hairy above, the 
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the 
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or 
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple) 
more than twice the length of the hoary -hispid involucre. — Plains N. Wiscon- 
sin, and westward. June. 

§ 4. PHALACROLOMA, Cass. Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, con- 
spicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chaffy-bristle-form 
scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely 
wanting in the ray : annuals and biennials. 

7. E. annuum, Pers. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem 
stout (3° -5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and 
sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole.; the upper 
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, 
ringed with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E. hetero- 
phyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places : a very com- 
mon weed. June -Aug. (Nat. in Eu.) 

8. E. Strigdsum, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Stem panicled-corym- 
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves ivith minute appressed hairs, or almost 
smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest ob- 
long or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length 
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifblium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. : com- 
mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and* more simple than the last, with smaller 
heads but longer rays. — Var. discoideum, Robbins, has the rays minute, 
scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and adjacent parts 
of Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. Robbins. 

§ 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. Rays about 30, in a single row, rather 
broad : pappus simple : achenia mostly ^-nerved : root perennial. 

9. E. vernum, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the root, 
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1°- 2° high), bearing 5-12 small 
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low 
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 



238 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

15. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Double-bristled Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo- 
lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1 -nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous 
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer 
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as 
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers 
yellow ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of din\6os, double, and ird-nnos, 
■pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.) 
§ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated.' 
achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike. 

1. D. linariifolius, Hook. Stems (6'- 20' high) several from the same 
woody root, mostly simple, very leafy ; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 
1 -nerved, smooth, rough-margined. — Dry soil : common. Sept., Oct. 

§ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated 
in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some 
of them thickened at the tip : leaves rather large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, 
entire. 

2. D. Timbellatus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the bas* (3' -6'' long) ; 
heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre rather 
close, obtusish. — Moist thickets: common, especially northward. Aug. 

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- 
cre loose, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. Aug. — 
Too near the last ; but lower, rougher, and with broader and shorter leaves. 

4. D. COrnifdlillSj Dark Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few 
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lane olate, conspicuously pointed 
at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa- 
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July -Sept. 

16. BOLTONIA^ I/Her. Boltonia. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appresscd, with narrow 
membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache- 
nia very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, 
or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and 
usually 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale 
green, with the aspect of Aster: the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned 
edgewise. Plowers autumnal : disk yellow : rays white or purplish. (Dedicated 
to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.) 
* Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed. 

1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate ; achenia broadly oval ; pap- 
pus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams. Penn- 
sylvania (Bartram), and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — Plant 
usually 6° high. 



COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY - .) 239 

% B. glastifdlia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending ; achenia obovate, 
broadly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich 
soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept., Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high. 
* * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches. 

3. B. diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those 
on the branchlcts very small and awl-shaped ; pappus of several very short bris- 
tles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois ( Vasey), and southwest- 
ward. Aug. - Oct. 

17. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Ache- 
nia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but 
our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, 
B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from 
bellus, pretty.) 

1. B. integrifdlia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Annual or biennial, 
diffusely branched (4' -9' high), smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the 
lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. — 
Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March- June. 

18. BRACHYCHJETA, Torr. & Gr. False Golden-rod. 

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row 
of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, 
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small 
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com- 
posed of (3paxvs, short, and x a ^ Tr ]i bristle, from the pappus.) 

1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills, 
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less 
pubescent. 

19. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. 

Heads few - many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the 
oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1 ). Recep- 
tacle small, not chaffy. Achenia many-ribbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple, 
of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and 
nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clus- 
tered : flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from so- 
lido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flow- 
ering in autumn. 

§ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the much imbricated and rigid 

involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate 

racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound 

spike. 

1. S. squarrdsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2°-5°high), hairy above; leaves 

large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, 



240 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE family.) 

serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Eocky and wooded 
hills, Maine and W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, and the mountains of Virginia : 
rather rare. 

§ 2. VIRGA^IREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips: 

rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pediceiled. 

* Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. 

2. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs; stem mostly simple; 
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and 
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of 
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; rays small 
cream-color or nearly white. — Var. cokcolor has the rays yellow. — Dry copses 
and banks : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 

3. S. Iatif61ia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or 
paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and 
sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' - 6' long) ; heads in very 
short axillary clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. — 
Moist shaded banks : common northward, and along the mountains. 

4. S. C&BSia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much 
branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, 
sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the 
branches. — Moist rich woodlands : common. 

* * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and 

panicled, not one-sided : leaves father-veined. (Not maritime.) 

+- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost. 

5. S. virgata, Michx. Very smooth throughout ; stem strict and simple, wand- 
like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-ob- 
long thickish leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the 
lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; 
rays 5 -7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 

6. S. puberilla, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and pan- 
icle minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish ; the 
lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed ; heads very numerous and crowded 
in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; 
scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil 
Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 

7. S. Striata, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly 
sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much 
crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear- 
oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-hogs, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wii- 
£onsin, and northward. Root-leaves 6' -10' long. Plowers earlier than most 
species, beginning in July. 

■*- -t- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant. 

8. S. speeiosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, 
$mooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- 
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 

crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsi form pan- 
icle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre 
oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, large, — Var. angdstata is a dwarf form, with 
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. 
— Copses, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A very handsome species; 
the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. 

9. S. petioiaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple, (l -- 
3° high) ; leaves small (^'-2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-eilio- 
late ; the upper entire and abruptly very short-pctiolcd, the lower often serrate and 
tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender 
bracted pedicels ; rays about 10, elongated : scales of the pubescent involucre 
lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer ones loose and spreading, more or less 
filiaceous, — especially in var. squarrul6sa, Torr. & Gr. — S. W. Illinois 
{Dr. Engelmann), and southward. — The name is misleading, as the leaves are 
hardly petioled. 

1 0. S. Virga-aurea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6' - 18' 
high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolatr, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical- 
obovate and petioled, serrate with small oppressed tetth or nearly entire ; racemes 
thyrsoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute; 
rays 8- 12. —An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- 
ern regions ; perhaps including several. (Eu.) 

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large 
heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number) ; leaves thick- 
ish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays 
about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and 
New York; and shore of Lake Superior. 

Var. humilis. Low (6'- 12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numer- 
ous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c, are mostly 
somewhat glutinous; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short; leaves 
varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate. 
(S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. 8? Gr.) — Kocky banks, W. Vermont, and along the 
Great Lakes northward. Also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, 
Penn., Prof Porter! Great Falls of the Potomac, Virginia, Dr. Bobbins! — At 
the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of 
creams, occurs a form, with the minutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the 
leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound 
raceme ; the rays occasionally almost white. 

11. S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), ivand-lilce, pubes- 
cent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate 
with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4'long), all but the uppermost abruptly con- 
tracted into long and margined petioles ; heads large (5" - G" long), many-flowered, 
crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2' - 18' long) ; 
scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed ; rays 8 - 
10, elongated ; achenia smooth. ( S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. leiocarpa, DC) — 
Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to New York (south to the Catskiils), 
ehore of Lake Superior, and northward. — Very near an European form of S- 

Virga-aurea. 

G M-U 



242 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose: 

leaves mostly loith a strong midrib. 

12. S. ripjlda, L. Rough and somewhat hoar// with a minute pubescence; 
stem stout (.3° -5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi- 
ously feather- veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, 
slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, about 34-flowered ; the rays 
7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to N. Wisconsin and southward. 

13. S. Ohioensis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, 
slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely 
feather-veined, closely sessile ; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly 
serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous, 
on smooth pedicels, small, 16 -20-flowered ; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows 
or prairies, YV. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Root-leaves 1° long; die 
upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest. 

14. S. Blddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the 
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; leaves linear-la nce- 
olate, elongated (4'- 6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or .-heathing, condupli- 
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long 
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved; heads very numerous, clustered, 20-24-flow- 
ered ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. — 
Heads larger than in the last, 2"- 3 " long. Stem-leaves upright and partly 
sheathing at the base, then gradually rccurved-spreading. 

15. S. Houglltbnii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender 
(l°-2° high) ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire, tapering into 
a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles ; heads 
few or several, 2u - 30-fiowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michi- 
gan; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Swamps at West Bergen, Gen- 
esee Co., New York, J. A. Paine, &c. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined, 
2' - 5' long, 2" -A' 1 wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above ; veins 
obscure. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. 

* * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves veiny, 

not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved. 
■*- Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large. 

16. S. semp^rvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1° - 6° high) ; leaves fie hy, 
lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely 
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in le s 
brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering' to 
each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or 
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy : the golden rays 8-10. 

"r- -t- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather -veined, or rarely slightly triple- 
nerved: heads middle-sized. 

17. S. elliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (1° - 3° high) , very leafy ; leaves 
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, 
strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads in dense spreading ra- 
cemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenia stri- 
gose-pubescent. — Swamps (fre^h or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to New Jer- 
sey and southward. — Heads showy, 3'' long ; the ray= 8-12. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243 

18. S. negleeta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high) ; haves 
iht'i kish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute ami 
nearly entire; the lower orate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a 
petiole; racemes short, and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or 
pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. — Swamps, 
Maine to Fenn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes at 
first erect and scarcely one-sided. 

19. S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves 
(4' -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the 
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on 
the spreading branches. — Swamps : common. 

20. S. argUta, Ait. Smooth throughout (l°-4° high); radical and lower 
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, 
tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly 
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, naked, at 
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and fat corymb-like panicle : rays 
8-12, small. — Var. 1. junoea has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all 
the upper entire. — Var. 2. scabrella is somewhat roughish-pubescent ( Wis- 
consin, &c). — Copses and banks : common, especially the first variety. — Well 
distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid 
scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as even 
the root-leaves are seldom much toothed. 

21. S. Muhleilbergii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large 
and thin) orate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser- 
rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent, 
spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large. — Copses and 
moist woods, New Hampshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser 
than in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender. 

22. S. linoides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' - 20' high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the 
lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes 
short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided panicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small 
and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi- 
dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. 

■*- - ■«- H- Leaves broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate, 
copiously feather-veined and conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short. 

23. S. altissima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2°-7°high) ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes panicled, 
spreading; scales of the involucre linear; rays 6- 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7.— 
Borders of fields and copses : very common, presenting a great variety of forms : 
but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest 
of the common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug. - Sept. 

24. S. illmifdlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, 
elliptical -ovate or oblong -I ano olat<\ pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be- 
set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of 
the involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses : common. — Too 
near the last ; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 



24 V COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

25. S. Druinmondii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower surface 
of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent, 
some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes paniclcd, short ; scales of the in- 
volucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and 
southwestward. 

-t— -t— -i— -t— Leaves entire or nearly so, thiclcish, reticulate-veiny, hit the veins obscure. 

26. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread- 
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy 
beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong 
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram- 
idal panicle ; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jer- 
sey to Virginia, and southward. 

27. S. odora, Ait. (Sweet Golden-rod.) Smooth or nearly so through- 
out ; stem slender (2°-3° high) often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin- 
ing, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle ; rays 8 -4, 
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine, to 
Kentucky and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor. 
But an occasional form, var. inodora, is nearly scentless. 

-i- -t- -j- 4- ■>.- Leaves more or less grayish or hoary, thiclcish, feather-veined and 
slightly triple-nerved, obscurely serrate or entire; heads middle-sized. 

28. S. nemorallS, Ait. Cothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft 
or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymhed at the summit {^°-2^° 
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate- 
toothcd and tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, dense, at length re- 
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is 
usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ; 
rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields: very common- — Flowers very bright yellow, 
beginning early in Aug. 

29. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid 
and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, 
rigid ; rays 3 - 6 : otherwise nearly as in S. nemoralis, of which it is most 
probably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, Western Illinois and b outh- 
westward. 

* * * * * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample 

panicle; leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed. 

t- Scales of the involucre thiclcish and rigid, closely imbricated, and with someivhat 

greenish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining. 

30. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-3° high), mi- 
nutely roughish-pubescent ; leaves oblong -Ian col ate, acute, the lower sharply 
serrate above the middle with sc/itterecl fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a 
crowded panicle ; achenia silky -pubescent. — Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. 
— A handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow. 

31. S. Missouri&Qsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with 
very rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded 
racemes nearly as in No. 20 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wis- 
consin and Illinois southward and westward. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245 

*? *-> Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous : racemes mostly elon- 
gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample panicle. (These all present in- 
termediate forms, and should rather be regarded as one polymorphous 
species.) 

32. S. rupestris, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); leaves 
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire or nearly so ; 
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken- 
tucky and Indiana. 

33. S. Canadensis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3° -6° high); 
leaves, lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less 
pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays vtry short. — Borders of 
thickets and fields : very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairi- 
ness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear- 
lanceolate ; — in var. pr6cera, whitish- woolly underneath ; and invar. scabra 
also very rough above, often entire, and rugose- veined. 

34. S. serotina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high), often 
glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except the veins 
underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low grounds : 
common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and rays, 
between the last and the next. 

35. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem stout (3 c -7° high), smooth, often glaucous; 
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex- 
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather 
long. — Copses and fence-rows : common : — presenting many varieties, but with 
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall. 

§3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. Corymbosely natch branch d: heads small, s<ssile, in 
little clusters which are crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appnssea 
scales of the involucre somewhat glutinous : recptacle fvmhrillate : rays 6 - 20, 
short, more numerous than the disk-Jlowers : Laves narrow, entire, sessile, crowd: d 
or fascicled in the axils. 

36. S. laneeolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-Hnear, 3 - 5-nerved; the nerves, 
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- 
cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c., in 
moist soil : common. — Stem 2° -4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long. 

"7. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; leaves r.ery narrowly linear, 
gio.4ly 1-nerved, dotted: heads obo void-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 
S, disposed in a loose corymb; rays G- 12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to 
Illinois, and southward : common near the coast. 

20. BIGELOVIA, DO. Rayless Golden-rod. 

Heads 3 - 4-fiowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular: rays none. Im<v- 
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely 
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation 
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of 
capillary bristles. — A smooth perennial; the slender stem (l°-2° high) sim- 
ple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing 



246 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblan- 
ceolatc or linear, 1 -3-nerved. (Dedicated by DeCandolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, 
author of the Florida Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.) 

1. B. nudata, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey (rare), and south- 
ward. Sept. 

21. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Golden Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Acheni* 
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus in all the flowers double, the 
outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristle's, the inner of long capillary 
bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often 
corymbose hc;ids terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. 
(Name composed of ^puo-os, gold, and m/ay, aspect, from the golden blossoms.) 

* J ewes narrowly lanceolate or linear: achenia linear. 

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with, long close-pressed hairs; 
stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads ; 
leaves lanceo'ate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy 
soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct. 

2. C. faleata, Ell. Stems (4' -10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded, 
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or 
smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the 
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug. 

* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not 
nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened. 

3. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over ; leaves oblong, obtuse (1'- 
2' long) ; heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and south- 
ward. Aug. - Oct. 

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smooth- 
ish ; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles. — Dry barrens, 
from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct. 

5. C. villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely 
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves 
narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate 
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west- 
Ward. July - Sept. 

22. INULA, L. Elecampane. 

Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided. 
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Other- 
wise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name) 

1. I. Helenium, L. (Common Elecampane.) Stout perennial (3° -5° 
high) ; leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, 
the others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides, escaped 
from gardens. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247 

23. PLIJCHEA, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane. 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, 
few, with a 5-c!eft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, 
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achcnia 
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular, 
emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads in close compound corymbs. 
Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluclie.) 

1. P. camphorata, DC. (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Annual, minutely 
tisrid, pals (l°-2° high); haves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 
thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (Co- 
nj : za camphorata, Bigtl. C. Marylandica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massa- 
chusetts to Virginia and southward. 

2. P. fcetida, DC. Perennial, almost smooth (2° - 4° high) ; leaves distinctly 
fetioled, veiny, oval-hinccolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled ; 
involucre smooth. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. 

3. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial; leaves closely sessile or half-clasping by a 
somewhat heart-shaped base, lance-oblong, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2'- 
3' long) ; heads clustered in a corymb ; involucre smooth. — Salisbury, Mary- 
land ( W. M. Canby), and southward. 

24. BACCHAKIS, L Groundsel-Tree. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and 
staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri- 
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the 
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of 
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile 
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu- 
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (The name of some shrub 
anciently dedicated to Bacchus.) 

1. 33. halilllifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled ; 
leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads 
scattered or in leafy panicles ; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beach, 
Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Shrub 6° -12° high; the fertile 
plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus. 

2. B. glomerulifldra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads larger, 
sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, 
very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, E. Virginia and south- 
ward. 

25. POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate: the ra} r s several (rarely abortive), pistillate; 
the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Scales of the involucre hi two rows ; the 
outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membrana- 
ceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, 
with a membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching 



248 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, 
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobcd, and with dilated appendages like 
stipules at the base. Heads in panieled corymbs. Flowers light yellow ; in 
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious 
reason, as the plants are coarse and inelegant.) 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Clammy-hairy ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the 
uppermost triangular-ovate and 3-5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small 
rays few, obovate or ivtdge-form, shorter than the involucre, whiti-h-yellow. — Moist 
shaded ravines, "VV. New York (and Weehawken, New Jersey, Dr. Allen) to 
Penn., Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. — Var. discoidea has 
the corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to a mere ring around the base of the style. 
Mt. Carroll, Illinois, Henry Shimer. 

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Boughish-hairy , stout (4° -10° high) ; leaves broadly 
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly 
narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rays 10-15, 
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil, 
TV. New York and New Jersey to Illinois and southward. 

26. CHEYSOGONUM, L. Chrysogonum. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the 
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong 
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like con- 
cave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each di-k-flower. Achenia 
all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the 
short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap- 
pus a small chaffy crown, 2 - 3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low 
(2'- 6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, 
the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, cre- 
nate, long-petioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name 
composed of XP uo "os, golden, and yovv, Jcnee.) 

1. C. Virginianum, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg, 
Prof. Porter) and Illinois southward. May - Aug. — Rays %' long. 

27. SXLPHIUM, L. Rosin-Plant. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their 
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers apparently perfect, 
but with undivided style, and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involu- 
cre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except 
the innermost, which are small and resemble the linear chaff of the flat recep- 
tacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed, surrounded by a wing which is 
notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the 
winged margin: achenia of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tail 
rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice, and large corymbosc- 
panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2i'A<£iov, the ancient name of a plant which 
produced some gum-resin, perhaps assafoetida, was transferred by Linnaeus to 
this American genus.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249 

* Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick). 

1. S. laciniatum, L. (Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.) Rough-bristly 
throughout; stem stout (3° -6° high), leafy to the top; leaves pinnate/.// parted, 
petioled but dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, 
acute, cut-lobed or pinnatijid, rarely entire; heads few (1'- 2' broad), somewhat 
racemed; scales of the involucre, ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ; 
achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin, thence southward and westward. July. — Lower and root-leaves vertical, 
12' -30' long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present 
their edges north and south ; hence called Compass-Plant. 

2. S. terebinthinaoeum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender 
(4°-10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, leafless 
except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, 
serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1° - 2° long, on slender petioles) ; 
scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenia narrowly winged, slightly 
notched and 2-toothed. — Var. pinnatifidum has the leaves deeply cut or pin- 
natifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio 
and Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. July- Sept. 

* * Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large). 

3. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4°- 6° 
high), branched above; stem-Zeroes lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, 
rough, short-pet ioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely 
panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — - 
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 

4. S. AsteriSGUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high) ; leaves opposite, or the 
lower in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 
rarely entire, rough-hairy; heads nearly solitary (large); achenia obovate, 
winged, 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 

5. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high), 
rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovale, entire, 
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, 
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' - 5' long) ; .heads in a close forking 
corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged, deeply notched. — Var. 
l2gve has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to 
Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 

* * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6' -15' long). 

6. S. perfoliatum, L. (Cup-Plant.) Stem stout, often branched above 
(4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases 
and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles 
which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; achenia winged and vari- 
ously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south- 
ward : common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July. 

28. PARTHEtflUM, L. Parthenium. 

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very 
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- 



250 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- 
lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle 
conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen- 
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers 
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from irapdhos, virgin.) 

1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (l°-3° high); 
leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed be- 
low the middle ; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Maryland 
to Wisconsin and southward. June -Aug. 

2 9. I V A , L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub. 

Heads several-flowered, not radiate ; the pistillate fertile and the staminate 
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a 
gnaall tubular or no corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. 
A.nthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle 
small, with narroAv chaff among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. 
Pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the 
lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads of flowers ; in summer and au- 
tumn. (Name of unknown derivation.) 

§ 1. Fertile flowers with a small tubular corolla: involucre simple (heads nodding in 
the axils of leaf-like bracts, forming spikes or racemes). 

1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high); 
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper 
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy 
panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes, 
coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. 

2. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual (2° -8° high), rough and hairy ; leaves ovate, 
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles ; heads in dense 
spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales of the in- 
volucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois southward. 

§ 2. ETJPHR6SYNE, DC. Fertile flowprs 5, in the axils of as many thin mem- 
branaceous scales of the involucre, which loosely enwrap the achenia, their corolla 
a mere rudimentary ring or none. 

3. I. xantlliif61ia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish ; leaves nearly all oppc 
site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly 
or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded in spikes or clusters 
disposed in axillary and terminal panicles; bracts inconspicuous. — N.W.Wis- 
consin (T. J. Hale), &nd northwestward. 

30. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Ragweed. 

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the 
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the 
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, 
composed of 7 - 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stariv 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 

inate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost sepa- 
rate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong- or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling 
an aehenium, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row, 
enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only ; the elongated branches 
of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus none. — Homely and coarse 
weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous 
greenish or whitish flowers, produced throughout late summer and autumn : our 
species are all annuals. ( 'Apfipoala, the food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for 
these miserable weeds.) 

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre 
with its truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, re- 
curved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and Wangled. 

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1° -3° high), very leafy; leaves alter- 
nate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on 
each side near the base. — Prairies of Illinois and southward. 

$ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicle d racemes or spikes, the involucre regular. 
* Leaves opposite, only once lobed: stei-ile involucre 3-ribbed on one side. 

2. A. trifida, L. (Great Ragweed.) Stem stout (4° -12° high), rough- 
hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-laneeolate and 
serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 5 - 6-ribbed and tubercled. — Var. 
integrifolia is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, un- 
divided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks : common. 

* * Leaves many of them altm.ate, all once or twice pinnatifid. 

3. A. artemisise folia, L. (Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bit- 
ter-weed.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ; 
leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo- 
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. — Waste places 
everywhere. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves; rarely the 
spikes bear all fertile heads. 

4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough and 
somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatijid, thickish, the lobes 
acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or 
with very small ones, pubescent. (A. coronopifolia, Torr. Sf Gr.) — Prairies and 
plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward. Root perennial 

31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur. Clotbur. 

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the 
latter clustered below, the former in short spike%or racemes above. Sterile in- 
rolucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales sepai'ate. Fertile involucre 
closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form 
a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen- 
der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat, destitute of pappus. — Coarse 
and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate 
toothed or lobed petioled leaves ; flowering in summer and autumn. ("Name 
from £dvdos, yellow, in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.) 



252 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

1. X. stlMimarium, L. (Common Cocklebuk.) Rough; stems unarmed; 
leaves d dated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, toothed and 
cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (^'-§' long), pubescent on the 
lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually 
straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) — Varies into 
forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (§'- 1' long), which is 
either glabrous, glandular, or glandular-hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks 
often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — River-banks, &c, common west 
ward; apparently indigenous. And this passes into 

Var. echinatum. (X. echinatum, Murr., &c.) Fruit turgid (1' long), 
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- 
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps 
an immigrant from farther south. Now widely scattered over the warmer parts 
of the world. 

2. X. spinosum, L. (Spixt Clotbur.) Hoary-pubescent ; stems slender, 
with slender yellow 3-/>urted sjjines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate-lanctolate 
leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 2 - 
3-lobed or cut; fruit (£' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places 
on the sea-board and along rivers, southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Tetragonotheca. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the 
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins 
into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as 
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or 
conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia 
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, 
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong 
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yel- 
low flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of rerpdycoi/os, four- 
angled, and 6r]K7], a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 

1. T. helianthoid.es, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June- 

33. ECLIPTA, L. Eclipta. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers perfect. 
4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10- 12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate 
Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia 
short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy 
at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual 
or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong 
leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from 
eKkeina), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 

1. E. procumbens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems 
procumbent, creeping, or ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 
sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. 
brachypOda has the peduncles not more than twice the length o*' the heads. — 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 253 

Wet river-banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. June - Oct. — All 
belong to a wide-spread and variable species of the warmer regions, the oldest 
specific name of which is E. alba. 

34. BORRICHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-eye. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical 
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- 
sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3- 4-angled. Pappus a short 
4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with 
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow 
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'- 
12' high); leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; 
chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 

35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the 
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner 
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- 
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Hclianthus. 
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite, 
petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of rjXios, the 
sun, and o^is, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.) 

1. H. lsevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate 
or oblong-ovate. — Var. scABra has roughish foliage, and the involucre some- 
what hoary. — Banks and copses : common. Aug. 

36. ECHINACEA, Mcench. Purple Cone-flower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but 
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle 
conical ; the lanceolate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-floAvers. Ache- 
nia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, 
with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single 
large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather 
persistent : disk purplish. (Name formed from 'Ex'tvos, the Hedgehog, or Sea- 
urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 

1- E. purpurea, Mcench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the low r est orate, 
5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbricated 
in 3-5 rows ; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough-bristly, 
as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward 
and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), l'-2' long. 
Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under 
the name of Black Sampson. — Probably varies into 

2. E. angUStif61ia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, 
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nei'ved, entire ; involucre less imbri- 
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains from Illinois and Wis- 
consin southwestward. June -Aug, 



254 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

37. RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre 
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Keceptacle conical or columnar ; the short 
chaff" concave, not rigid. Acheuia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the 
top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the 
rays generally long, yellow. (Named in honor of the- Professors Rudbeck, father 
and son, predecessors of Linneeus at Upsal.) 

* Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves 
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper 
leaves irregularly 3-5-parted; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper- 
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff' truncate and downy at the tip ; 
rays linear ( I ' - 2' long), drooping. — Low thickets : common. July - Sept. 

* * Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented. 

2. R. SUbtomentbsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), 
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; 
heads short-ped uncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, 
Illinois, and southward. 

* * * Disk broadly ccnical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2° - 5° high), the 
branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 
the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pin- 
nately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple 
disk smooth, awned. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — 
Heads small, but numerous and showy. 

4. R. specidsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (l°-2° high), branched; 
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large 
heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petiohd, 3 - 5-nerved 
coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numer- 
ous elongated (l'~l£') rays ; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — 
Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 

5. R. fdlgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- 
ing single heads ; leaves spatu/ate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, 
the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; 
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Pennsyl- 
vania to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high : the rays orange- 
yellow. Nearly approaches the next. 

6. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple 
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single 
large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower 
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the 
involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W. 
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, as a weed 
in meadows, of recent introduetion, with clover-seed from the West. June- 
Aag. 



composite, (composite family.; 253 

38. L^IPACHYS, Raf. (Obeliscaria, DC.) 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre 
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong- or columnar : the chaff truncate, 
thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined 
achenia. Pappus none or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate 
leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, terminated by single showy 
heads. Rap yellow or party-colored, drooping ; the disk grayish. (Name from 
\eiris, a scale, and naxvs, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.) 

1 . L. pinnata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender 
(1° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much 
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2 f long). — 
Dry soil, W. New York (Dr. Sartwell), to Wisconsin and southward. July. — 
The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenia slightly 
margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 

39. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre 
imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 
4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- 
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles 
of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and 
stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays ; flowering to- 
wards autumn. (Named from rjAios, the sun, and <iv8os, a flower.) 

§ 1. Root annual : leaves alternate : receptacle flat : disk brownish. 

1. H. annuus, L. (Common Sunflower.) Tall, rough; leaves triple- 
ribbed, ovate or the lower heart-shaped ; heads in cult, plant very broad, and 
rays many. — Escaped from cult, into waste grounds. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 
§ 2. Root perennial, the creeping rootstocks sometimes tuberous-thickened or tubcriferous. 

* Bisk convex, dark purple: leaves mainly opposite: heads small, except No. A. 

2. H. angUStifolius, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves long and 
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1 -nerved ; heads loosely corymbed, 
long-peduncled ; scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading her- 
baceous tips. —Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. 

3. H. atrbrubens, L. Rough-hairi/; stem slender (2° - 5° high), smooth, 
and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, orate or oval, or the lowest heart- 
shaped (3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; 
heads small, corymbed ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, regularly imbri- 
cated, appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed 
scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 

4. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly 
branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-l/inceolate, 
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval; 
heads nearly solitary, pretty large ; scales of the involucre ovate or lance-oblong, 
obtuse, ciliate, appressed, destitute of herlncous tips; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 
large and often several small scales. — Dry px-airies, Michigan to Illinois, and 
westward. 



2*36 composite, (composite family.) 

* * Disk convex, yellow : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and 
with somewhat spreading and acute (but notfoliaccous) tips : leaves chief. j opposite. 

5. H. lsstludrus, Pers. Stout and rough (3° -4° high), branching above; 
leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper- 
pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed, 
on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliatc. — 
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as 
in H. rigidus. Rays showy. l'-2' long. 

6. H. OCCidentalis, Eiddell. Somewhat hairy ; stem slender, simple, naked 
above (l°-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small 
heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely 
serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles ; the 
upper small and remote, entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, 
filiate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 

7. H. Cinereus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close rough- 
ish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a nar- 
rowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles 
slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli- 
vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads, as large as those of the next. 

8. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy, to 
the top (2° -4° high) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, 
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-ivoo'/y and reticulated under- 
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and Prairies, Ohio 
to Illinois, and westward. 

* * * Heads very small (about 4" broad) : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the 

yellow disk, irregularly imbricated, oppressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous 
pointed tips : rays 5-8, slender : leaves all but the uppermost opposite. 

9. H. Hlierocephalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with 
numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 
somewhat serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pe- 
duncles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, 
ciliate. — Thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. 

10. H. lsevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or 
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as Avell as the slightly 
serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm 
Springs of Virginia, and southward. 

* * * * Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated, 

loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer. 
+- Leaves chief y alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed. 

11. H. giganteUS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched 
above ; leaves lanceohte, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, 
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long, 
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. ambiguus has most 
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. 
14. — Low thickets and swamps : common. Heads somewhat corymbed: the 
pale yellow rays 1 5 - 20. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 257 

12. H, grosse-seiT&tus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least 
below (5° - 10° high) ; /saves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper- 
pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, hoary- 
downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry- 
plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs into the last. 

13. H. tOHientOSUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'-* 
12' long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath ; scales of the 
involucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy ; the chaff and tips of the 
disk-flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16 about 1' long.) — Rich 
woods, Illinois 1 Virginia and southward along the mountains. 

-*- ■*- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, S-nerved or triple-ribbed. 

14. H. Strumosus, L. Stem (3° -4° high) smooth below; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate ivith small appressed t<eth, abruptly 
contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or mi- 
nutely downy underneath; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spread- 
ing tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. mollis has the leaves 
softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses . common, especially 
westward. 

15. H. divarieatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top 
(l°-4° high) smooth ; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nervcd 
from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3'- 
6' long), serrate, thicJcish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate 
from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12. — Thickets and 
barrens : common. — Disk 6" wide ; rays 1' long. 

16. H. hil'SUtUS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1° - 2° high), 
bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-la no ol ate, gradually pointed, slightly 
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ; 
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 
12. — Dry plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. — Runs into the iast. 

17. H. tracheliifdlius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy; 
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lancto'-ate. taper-pointed, sharply serrate, 
smoothish or roughish-pubt scent loth sides, contracted into short petioles; scales of 
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed- 
ing the disk; rays 12- 15. — Copses Pennsylvania and Ohio to Illinois, and 
southward. — Probably runs into the next. 

18. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth below; 
leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, 
abruptly contracted into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate- 
lineax*, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 
10. — Var. ruONDdsus has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to 
leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams : common, especially northward. 
(H. multiflorns, L., may be a cultivated state of this.) 

19. H. doronieoides, Lam. Stem stout (5°~ 9° high), branching, rough- 
hairy above ; leaves orate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sen-ate, strongly triple-veined, 
rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped and on 

L & M— 31 



258 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

margined petioles ; scales of the involucre lmear-ianceolate, pointed, scarcely 
exceeding the disk; rays 12- 15. — River-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and 
southward. — A coarse species, with ample leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the 
upper ones frequently alternate ; roots tock thickening into elongated tubers. 
This is probably the original of 

20. H. tuberosus, L., the Jerusalem Artichoke, (i. e. Girasole of the 
Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusa- 
lem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into 
fence-roAvs, &c. in some places. 

40. ACTINOMEEIS, Nutt. Actinomeris. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- 
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, 
chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) 
and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- 
ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and 
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymhed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name 
from aKTis, a ray, and pepts, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) 

1. A. squarrdsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8° 
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed 
at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 2 
rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broadly 
winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York (Sartwell) 
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 

2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged by 
the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- 
hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rags 8-15, 
regular ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns ; receptacle 
conical. —Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. 

41. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- 
what spreading ; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. 
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia 
.flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, 
not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at 
the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with op- 
posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from 
Kopts, a bug, and ov/ny, resemblance ; from the form of the fruit.) 

§2. Branches of the style truncate : rays rose-color : d/slc yellow : root perennial . 

1. C. r6sea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6'- 20' high) ; leaves 
opposite, linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ; 
outer involucre very short; rays 3-toothed; achenia oblong, wingless ; pappus 
an obscure crown-like border. — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa- 
chusetts, to New Jersey, and southward : rare. Aug. 



COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 259 

§ 3. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow or partly brown : branches of the style tipped 
with a pointed or acute appendage. 

* Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous tubercle 

on the inside, at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticulate 
teeth: outer involucre about the length of the inner: rays large, coarsely 3-5- 
toothed : leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate : heads on long naked pedun- 
cles : root in our wild species perennial. 

2. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems l°-4° high, 
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval- 
I'uiciolate, entire; the lower aval or roundish, some of them variously 3-5-lobcd or 
divided; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods 
and banks, Virginia to Illinois and southward. June - Sept. 

3. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1° -2° high); stems short, tufted, 
branched only at the base; leaves all entire (or the lower rarely with a pair of 
small lateral lobes), lanceolate, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering 
into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. — Rich or damp 
soil, Michigan and Illinois to Virginia, and southward. July. Also cultivated 
in gardens. — Heads showy : rays 1 ' long. 

C. tinctoria, Nutt, a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with 
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, a common garden 
biennial or annual, is becoming spontaneous in a few places. 

* * Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the summit: 

scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less 
united at the base: rays mostly entire and acute: leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3- 
divided, therefore appearing as ifwhorled: perennial (l°-3° high). 

4. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate 
entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-pubes- 
cent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July. 

Var. stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. ( C. stel- 
lata, Nutt.) — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 

5. C. delphmifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided into 
3 sessile leaflets which are 2 -b-parted, their divisions lance-linear (l"-3" broad). 
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 

6. C. Verticillata, L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets 
which are 1 -2-pinnate/y parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp 
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also cultivated in old gardens, 
but not showy. July- Sept. 

7. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; haves broadly wedge-shaped, 
deeply 3-clefl, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — 
Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July. 

* * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing 

minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than 
the inner, cdl united at the base : rays obtuse, entire : leaves opposite, petioled, 3 - 
5-divided: perennial. 

8. C. tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4° -9° 
high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysoste'mma, 



260 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



Less. ) — Penn. to Michigan, Illinois and southward. Aug. - Sept. — Heads ex- 
haling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish. 

* * * * Achenia wingless, flat, 2-awned, 2-toothed, or rarely truncate, l-nerved or 
ridged on each fact : scales of the outer involucre leafy, reflexed or spreading : 
leaves opposite, petioled, generally pinnately or ternately compound, the leaves or 
leaflets serrate : biennials or annuals, with the aspect of Bidens, intermediate be- 
tween that genus and Coreopsis; — and certain ambiguous (hybridized?) speci- 
mens, with the awns barbed some upwards and some downwards, connect the tico. 
•*- Hays conspicuous, golden-yellow. 

9. C. aristbsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 -2-pinnately 5- 
7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads panicled- 
corymbose; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia obocate, often ob- 
scurely wing-margined, bristly -ciliate, with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging 
awns as long as the achenium itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Michigan, Wisconsin, 
and southwestward. Aug. - Oct. — Var. mutica has tAvo short divergent teeth 
or points in place of the awns. — W. Illinois and southwestward, where a form 
(C. involucrata, Nutt.) occurs with the bracts of the outer involucre more leafy, 
numerous, and hirsute. Mr. Fritchey sends, from near St. Louis, specimens with 
short awns and their barbs either spreading or retrorse, and others with long 
awns retrorsely barbed, — perhaps hybrids with some Bidens. 

10. C. triehosperma, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.) Smooth, 
branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut- 
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled- 
corymbose; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, smooth or 
minutely appressed-hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped 
stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Also Buffalo, 
New York (G. W. Clinton), and Illinois (Vasey), where forms with shorter 
achenia approach the Southern G. aurea. Aug. - Oct. 

*- ■*- Rays none, or rarely small and inconspicuous : outer involucre of few (usually 
3-5) loose iafy bracts commonly surpassing the heads: achenia minutely ap- 
pressed-pubescent : plants glabrous, l°-3° high. 

11. C. diseoidea, Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched; leaves ternately di- 
vided, slender-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads 
2" -3" long; achenia linear-wedge-shaped (2" -3" long), bearing a pair of short 
and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. — Wet banks and 
swamps, Delaware ( IV. M. Canby) to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July. 

Anomalous specimens, from near Philadelphia (A. II. Smith, &c), growing 
with Bidens frondosa, differ from small forms of that only in the less rigid and 
upturned barbs of the awns. 

12. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched ; leaves undivided, lan- 
ceolate, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, and the base tapering into a slender pet- 
iole; heads 6"- 10" long; achenia nearly subulate tapering downwards, bearing a 
pair of very slender upwardly roughened aims surpassing the corolla (4" long), but 
shorter than the achenium, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. — 
Shores of Delaware Biver, near Philadelphia, and in Delaware, Nuttall, Durand, 
A. II. Smith, W. M. Canby. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2G1 

42. BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double, 
the outer commonly large and fbliaccous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu- 
ous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, 
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which 
are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various 
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.) 

* Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals?) 

1. B. frondosa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Smooth or rather hairy, 
tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3 — 5-divided; the leaflets mostly stalked, 
lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; outer leafy involucre much longer than 
the head, ciliate below ; rays none or few and very small ; achenia wedye-obouate, 
2-awned, the margins ciliate with upwardly-turned bristles, except near the summit. 
— Moist waste places : a coarse troublesome weed, the achenia, as in the other 
species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece 
of animals. July - Oct. 

2. B. connata, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Smooth (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into mar- 
gined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3-divided, their 
lateral, divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; scales of the outer 
involucre longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenia narrowly 
wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. (B. tripartita, 
Digsl.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petiolata, Nutt. — E. New Eng- 
land to Illinois, and southward. — Var. com6sa is stouter, the leaves commonly 
all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with more numerous 
and leafy bracts. — Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. Aug. -Oct. 

3. B. ceraua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' 
high) ; leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads 
nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays: outer involucre longer than the 
head ; achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — 
Wet places, Virginia to Wisconsin, and northward. July - Sept. — Rays, when 
present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer 
involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.) 

4. B. Chrysanthemoides, Michx. (Larger Bur-Marigold.) Smooth, 
erect, or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both 
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; outer involucre mostly shorter than 
the showy golden-yellow (V long) rays; achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prick! v 
downwardly barbed margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamps : common. Aug. - 
Oct. — Northward it runs into No. 3. 

* * Achenia linear or awl-shaped, 4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 

5. B. Beekii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, 
smooth ; stems long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dis- 
sected into fine capillary divisions; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly 
connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the 
showy (golden yellow) rays; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (^' long), bearing 4- 
6 stout divergent awns which are an inch long and barbed only towards the 



2G2 co3iposit^. (<jo:.:positi; family.) 

apex. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massachusetts to N. Jersey, Illinois, and 
northward. Aug. - Oct. 

G. B. bipinnata, L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth annual, branched ; 
haves 1- 3-pinnately parted, pctiolcd ; lea fids ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped 
at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involve e of linear scales 
equalling the short pale yellow rays ; achenia slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly 
smooth, 3-4-awncd. — Dry soil,. Connecticut to Illinois and southward. 

43. VERBESIIA, L. Crownbeard. 

Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. 
Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle 
rather convex; the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged 
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs ; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent 
on the stem. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.") 

1. V. SiegGSbeckia, Miehx. Stem tall, 4-wingcd ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
triple-nerved, senate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and 
thin); heads in compound corymbs; /lowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; 
achenia wingless. — Rieh soil, S. Pcnn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 

2. V. Virgilliea, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly Avinged, downy- 
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate 
leaves; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white; rays 3-4, oval; achenia 
narrowly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania? Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

44. DYSODIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold. 

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one 
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bracelets. Recep- 
tacle fiat, not chaffy, but beset with short cbaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4- 
angled. Pappus a row of cbaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. 
— Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which 
give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the French Marigold of the gardens, 
winch belongs to the same group) ; the heads terminating the branches : flow- 
ers yellow. (Name Suo-coSta, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.) 

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lug. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched 
(6'- 18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly- 
toothed or cut ; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and 
banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed ; now migrating east- 
ward, established at Buffalo, N. Y., G. W. Clinton. Aug- - Oct. 

45. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Hymenopappus. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in, 
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). 
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top- 
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales 
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vfirjv, membrane, 
and ivcunrvs, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis, 
sected leaves, and "corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. 



composite, (composite family.) 263 

i. H. SCafoioSEJetLS, L'Hcr. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young 
(l°-3° high) ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales 
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and 
southward. May, June. 

45 1 . ACTINELLA, Pcrs., Nutt. Actixelea. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-lobed at the 
apex or 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or 
lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 
ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. 
Achenia top-shaped, densely silky-villous. Pappus of 5 or more ovate or lance- 
olate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow leave*, dotted or sprin- 
kled with resinous atoms as in the next genus ; the solitary heads terminating 
roeapes or slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow. — Natives of the Western 
plains, &.c, and barely entering our borders. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, 
from aKTLS, ray.) 

1. A. seapdsa, Nutt., var. glabra. Tufted; leaves crowded on the 
summit of woolly rootstocks, linear or somewhat spatulate, thickish, sparingly 
silky-hairy, becoming glabrous ; scape (3' -9' high) and involucre more woolly, 
the scales ovate and obtuse ; chaffy scales of the pappus ovate, awnless. — 
Joliet, Illinois, on an Indian mound {Dr. Scammon, W. Boott), and westward. 

46. HELEIIUM, L. Sneeze-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 - 
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or 
awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. 
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into 
a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on 
the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed 
(yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resin- 
ous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 

1. H. autumnale, L. (Sneeze-wked.) Nearly smooth, perennial ; 
leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular-disk. — Alluvial river- 
banks : common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: 
the corymbed heads showy. 

47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Leptopoda. 

Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium. — In the true species (of 
which L. puberula and L. brevifulia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are 
simple, and naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head 
(whence the name, from Ae7rros, slender, and 7rovs,foot) ; but the following is 
leafy to the top, and branched ; and were better restored to Helenium. 

1. L. braeh^poda, Torr. & Gr. Stem corymbed at the summit (l°-4° 
high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular, brown- 
ish ; rays (^-'-f'long) yellow, or in one variety brownish-purple, sometimes 
with an imperfect style. — Damp soil, from Illinois southward. June -Aug. 



264 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

48. BALDWllflA, Nutt. Baldwinia. 

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped 
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep 
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong siiky-villous aehenia. 
Pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, 
with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, 
and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Rays yellow 
(1' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. 
William Baldwin. ) 

1. B. Ulliflora, . Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward. 
Aug. 

49. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. Mas3hallia. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the 
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. 
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flow- 
ers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Aehenia top-shaped, 5-angled. 
Pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low 
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re- 
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple 
stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry 
Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustrum Americanum, one of the earliest 
works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) 

1 . M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. lanceolata and M. an- 
gustifolia may occur in S. Virginia.) 

50. GrALIISOGA, Ruiz & Pav. Galinsoga. 

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. 
Involute of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff 
among the flowers. Aehenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-iringed 
ehaify scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved 
thin leaves, and small heads . disk-flowers yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for 
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 

1. G. parvifl6ra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, some- 
what toothed; scales of the pappus 8-16. — "Waste places, especially eastward; 
spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 

51. MAEUTA, Cass. May-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small 
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing 
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Aehenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. 
Pappus none — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately 
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches Pays white, soon 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2G5 

seflexed ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown. — The genus not distinct 
enough from the next.) 

1. M. Cotula, DC. (Common May-weed.) Scales of the involucre 
with whitish margins. (Anthemis Cotula, L.) — Roadsides: very common. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

52. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile. 

Heads and flowers as in Maruta, hut the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri- 
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or 
strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single 
heads. Rays in ours white ; the disk yellow. {'AvBefxis, the ancient name, given 
in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 

1. A. arvensis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent annual or biennial, 
resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, 
pointed ; pappus a minute border. — Waste places : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. A. nojhlis, L. (Garden Chamomile.) More downy and perennial, 
pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very 
finely dissected ; chaff of the receptacle blunt ; pappus none. — Established 
near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.) 

53. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. 
Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus 
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its 
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 
-1. A. Millefolium., L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems 
simple ; leaves twice-pinnateli/ parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ; 
corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong; rays 4 - 5, short, white (some- 
times rose-color). — Fields and hills : common northward. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. A. Ptarmica, L. (Sneezewort.) Leaves simple, lanes-linear, sharply 
serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rai/s 8-12, much longer than the 
involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

54. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the 
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with r-carious margins. Receptacle flat or 
convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and 
ray similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed,, pin- 
natifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white : disk 
yellow. (Name composed of \ev<6s, white, and avOefiov, a flower, from the 
white rays.) 

1. L. vulgare, Lam. (Ox-eye or White Daisy. Whitk-weed.) 
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root- 
leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; 
scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucan- 
themum, L. — Fields and meadows : too abundant. June, July. A pernicious 

GM—12 



iWu 



266 composite, (composite family.; 

weed, with large and showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with inconspicu- 
ous rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. Ij. Parthenium, Godron. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy ; leaves 
twice-pinnatcly divided ; the divisions ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, rather small. 
(Matricaria Parthenium, L. Pyrethrum Parthenium, Smith.) — Escaped from 
gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involu- 
cre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, na- 
ked. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus a membranaceous crown or border, 
or none. — Smooth and brandling herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with di- 
vided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none : disk yellow. 
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) 

1. M. inodora, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform 
lobes ; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays ; pappus a short 
crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. 
Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6' -9' high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted 
into short linear lobes; luads rayhss, short-peduncled ; scales of the involucre 
oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete. 
— Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. Probably an immigrant from 
Oregon, now extending eastward : also established in N. Europe. July- Sept. 

56. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. 

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly- 
pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Reeep* 
tacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pap- 
pus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), 
with 1 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in 
summer. (Name said to be a corruption of ddavacria, undying, from its durable 

flowers.). 

1. T. vulgare, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2°-4° high) smooth; 
leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate 
flowers terete; pappus 5-lobed. - Var. cri'spum has the leaves more cut and 
crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. T. Huronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1°-?° 
high); lobes of the leaves oblong ; heads large (£'-§' wide) and usually few; 
pistillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. — St. John's River, 
Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward. 

57. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. 
Heads discoid, few- many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the marginal 
■Mies pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre 
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na- 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 267 

ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby 
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes ; 
flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the 
Greek Diana.) 

§ 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal /lowers pistillate and fertile: disk-flowers perfect but 
sterile : root perennial, except in No. 4. 

1. A. dracunculoid.es, Pursh. Tall (3°- 5°) , somewhat woody at base, 
slightly hoary or glabrous ; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; heads 
small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, S. W. Illinois {Dr. 
Vasey, Dr. Mead) and westward. 

2. A. borealis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly 
smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cltft at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted, 
the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or 
racemed. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

3. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (l°-2° 
high) ; lower leaves twicc-pinnately divided, the upper 3 - 7-divided ; the divisions 
linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Shore of all the Great 
Lakes, &c., and northward.* (Eu.) 

4. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2° -5° high) ; upper leaves pinnately, 
the lower 2 -3-pinnately divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging ; heads small, 
the racemes in a, wand-like elongated panicle ; root bienr. ial. — Sandy soil, coast of 
New Hampshire to Virginia ; also Michigan and Illinois. 

§ 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. 

* Tall (l°-5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool: 

heads small, ovoid, crowded in leafy panicles. 

5. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (Western Mugwort.) Whitened woolly 
throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower cut-lobed, toothed 
or pinnatifid ; heads larger than in the next, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. 
— Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and southwestward ; especially the 
var. gnaphal6des, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly 
both sides. 

6. A. vulgaris, L. (Common Mugwort.) Leaves mostly glabrous and 
green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divi- 
sions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste 
places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Less branched (l°-3°) biennial or annual, glabrous: heads densely clustered. 

7. A. biennis, Willd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Lower leaves twice- 
pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves 
cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and 
glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northwestward ; 
rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, &c. 

§ 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate : heads nodding. 

8. A. Absinthium, L. (Common Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2°- 
4° high), silky-hoary ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate ; heads hemi- 
spherical, panicled. — Roadsides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from 
En.) 



268 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

9. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6'- 20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at the 
base, white-silky ; leaves piimately parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow- 
linear; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Palls of St. Anthony, 
Wisconsin (L. Lesqucreux, T. J. Hale), Lake Superior, and northwestward. 

58. G-IAPHALIUI, L. Cudweed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the outer pistillate and very 
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or 
colored, imbricated in several rows. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single 
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, 
and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish 
or yellowish. (Name from yvd(f)a\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose 
down of the leaves.) 

§ 1. Achenia terete: pistillate flowers in several rows : bristles of pappus distinct. 

1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect (2° high) peren- 
nial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, 
bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; lejxoes linear-lanceolate, partly 
clasping, decurrent ; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. — ■ 
Hillsides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine, Michigan, and northward. 

2. G. polyeephalum, Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect, woolly 
annual (1° -2° high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu- 
late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the 
fianic/ed-conjmbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales 
of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers 
few. — Old fields and woods : common. 

3. G. uligindsilHl, L. (Low Cudweed.) Diffusely branched, woolly 
annual (3' -6' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) 
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds by the 
roadside ; common eastward and northward : perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 

§ 2. GAMOCILETA, Weddell. Achenia and flowers as § 1 : bristles of the 
pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together. 
i. G. purpureum, L. (Purplish Cudweed.) Annual, simple or 
branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly; leaves oblong-spatu- 
latc, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un- 
derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the 
wand-like summit of the stem ; scales of the involucre tawny, the inner often 
marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and 
southward. 

§3. HOMALOTHECA, DC. Achenia flattened: pistillate flowers in a single 
marginal row : bristles of the pappus distinct and falling separately, as in § 1 . 
5. G. SUpinum, Villars. (Mountain Cudweed.) Dwarf and tufted 
perennial (2' high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on 
the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, 
acute. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : very rare 
(Eu.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 269 

59. ANTENNlSIA, Gasrtn. Everlasting. 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil- 
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or 
colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single 
row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, and in the sterile thickened and 
club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with 
entire leaves and coiymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name 
from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae of certain insects.) 

- 1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (Pearly Everlasting. Stem erect 
(l°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect stami- 
nate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded. 

— Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 

2. A. plantaginifdlia, Hook. (Plantain-leaved Everlasting.) 

Spreading by offsets and runners, low (4' -10' high) ; leaves silky -woolly when 
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- 
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval- 
spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales 
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower 
in the fertile plant. — Var. monocephala is an occasional state, with a single 
larger head. — Sterile knolls and banks : common. March - May. 

60. FILAGO, Tourn. Cotton-Rose. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but 
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of 
the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the 
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the 
proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of 
the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low, 
branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. 
(Name from Jilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) 

1. F. Germanica, L. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed with 
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly 
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar 
head, and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, 
as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.-- 
Dry fields, New York to Virginia. July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

61. ERECHTHITES, Raf. Fireweed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis. 
tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single 
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white 
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple 
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name 
ef some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.) 



270 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

1. E. hieracifblia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem grooved 
(l°-5° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the 
upper with an auricled clasping base. ( Senecio hieracifolius, L. ) — Moist 
woods : common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the 
ground has been burned over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. 

62. CACALIA, L. Indian Plantain. 

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the 
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked 
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- 
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled 
leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. 
(An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) 

* Involucre 25 -30-flowered, with several bracts at its base : receptacle flat. 

\. J. SUaveolenS, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular- 
lanceolate, hot/berd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles. 
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky : rare. Sept. 

* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing 

a more or less evident scale-lihs pointed appendage in the centre. 

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Stem (4° -9° 
high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest 
kidney-form (l°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, pal mately veined, peti- 
oled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, New Jersey to 
Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. 

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (Pale Indian P.) Stem terete (3° -6° high) , 
and with the palmately veined and angulate-lobed leaves glaucous; lower leaves 
triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the " upper rhomboid or 
wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and 
southward Aug. 

4. C. tuberbsa, Nutt. (Tuberous Indian P.) Stem angled and grooved 
(2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, 
strongly 5 - 1 -nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into 
long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the 
apex. — Wet prairies, &c, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

63. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with 
radiate marginal ones ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single 
row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of 
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, 
with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. 
(Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many 
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) 

* Boot annnal or in No. 3 biennial : heads several or many in a corymb : herbage 

glabrous or soon becoming so. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 271 

1. S. vulgIris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymbosely branched ; 
leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping ; rays none. — Waste grounds. July - 
Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. S. lobatus, Pers. (Bctter-weed.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat 
fleshy, mostly lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, vari- 
able ; heads small in a naked corymb; rays about 12, conspicuous. — Low banks 
of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April- July. 

3. S. pallistris, Hook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout, 
6' -3° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or lucmiate, the upper 
with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus 
copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W. Wisconsin (T.J. Hale) 
and northward. June. (Eu.) 

* * Root perennial : heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb. 

4. S. aureus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.) Smooth, or 
Jloccose- woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger 
ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves 
lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb 
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. I. 
obovatus, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — 
Var. 2. Balsamit^, with root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes 
cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. lanceolatus, 
Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed, 
either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely 
pinnatifid-cut towards the base. ( Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins. ) — Common 
everywhere : the primary form in swamps. May, June. 

5. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often 
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obocate or roundish, 
narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- 
rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward 
along the mountains. May. 

6. S. tomentbsus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed ivith scarcely 
deciduous hoary wool (i°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate toothed, on 
slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat-topped ; rays 12-15. — Moun- 
tains of Pennsylvania (Pursh), Maryland, and southward. May. — S. canus 
Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within 
the northern borders of Wisconsin. 

* * * Root perennial : heads large and mostly solitary. 
7 S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white woolly, sometimes becom- 
ing glabrous ; stem stout, 6'- 12' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong, repand, 
tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1-4, over an inch in diameter ; 
rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island off Maine (Prof. Verrill) and 
northward. 

64. ARNICA, L. Arnica. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped 
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. 



272 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 



Achenia slender or spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid 
strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains 
and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large 
heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption 
of Ptdrmica.) 

1. A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing. \ to 5 
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of 
the involucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, mountains of 
New Hampshire and N. New York, shores of Lake Superior, and northwest- 
ward. July. 

2. A. nudieaulis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (l°-3° high) ; leaves 
thickish, 3 - b-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, 
those of the naked stem small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed, 
showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May. 

65. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger 
and as it were radiate, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the 
scales margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of 
a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from 
the Centaur, Chiron.) 

1. C. Cyantts, L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe- 
margined ; false rays large; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at 
the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers 
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. C. nigra, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appen- 
daged, and with a stiff black fringe ; rays icairf'wg ; pappus very short ; leaves 
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough ; root perennial. — Waste places, E. 
New England. Aug. — Flowers purple. ( Adv. from Eu. ) 

3. C. calct'trapa, L. (Star Thistle.) Stem diffusely much branched ; 
leaves pinnafefy lobeel or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the 
ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple: root annual. — Norfolk, 
Virginia, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 

66. CNICUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the 
rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, 
appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- 
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, 
crowned with 10 short and homy teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated 
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. — An 
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinna tifid-cut leaves and large 
bracted heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from Kvlfa, to prick.) 

1. C. benedictus, L. — Roadsides, southward: rare, scarcely naturalized 
(Adv. fromEu.) 



and 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 273 

67. CIESIUM, Tourn. Common or Plumed Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely 
imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in 
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft 
bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous 
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs, 
with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, ter- 
minal. Flowers reddish-purple, occasionally yellowish, white, or cream-color; 
in summer. (Name from Kiptros, a swdled vein, for which the Thistle was a 
reputed remedy.) 

* Scales of the involucre all tipped with, spreading pr icicles : root biennial. 
1 C. lanceolAtum, Scop (Common Thistle.) Leaves decurrent on 
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, 
woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. — Pastures 
and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Scales of the involucre oppressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy. 

t- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre 
successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 

2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. &, Gr. Whde-woolly throughout, perennial, low ; stem 
stout, very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated 
divisions, with revolute margins ; flowers cream-color. — Sandy shores of Lakes 
Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 

3. C. Undulatum, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, biennial, low and 
stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clamping, undulute-pinnatifd, with 
prickly lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ; 
thence westward. 

4. C. discolor, Spreng. Biennial; stem grooved, hairy, branched, tall, 
leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with 
close ivool beneath; the diverging lobes 2-3-clefl, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointe 1 ; 
flowers pale purple, rarely white. — Meadows and copses. 

5. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching (3° -10° high), leafy 
quite to the heads : leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth 
prickly ; those from the base pinnatifid ; and their lobes short, oblong or triangular ; 
flowers chiefly purple. — Fields and copses, Penn. to Illinois and southward. 

6. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly 
branched (l°-3° high) ; the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, 
green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, en. 
tire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outei 
scales of the involucre scarcely prickly ; heads small ; flowers purple. — Wood* 
and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. 

Var. filipendulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched 
above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en^ 
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Prairies of S. Illinois and south- 
westward. 

18 



274 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 






•*- -»- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath : scales of 
the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed : heads large. 

7. C. mtltieUHl, Miclix. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3° -8° high), 
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and 
bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, 
whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnutijid. the divisions 
lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous invo- 
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate ; flowers purple ; root per- 
ennial. — Swamps and low woods : common. 

8. C. pumilum, Spreng. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout 
(l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (1^' broad), which are some- 
what leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, 
somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes ; outer scales 
of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely 
white (fragrant, 2' long) ; root biennial. — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the 
coast, Illinois and westward : common. 

9. C. horridulum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (l°-4° 
high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,' 
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish 
prickles; heads (l'-l^' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of 
leaf like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed 
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow or purple. — Sandy fields, Massachu- 
setts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. 

* * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: filaments nearly 
smooth : heads imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous. 

10. C. akvense, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, the roots exten- 
sively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, 
sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. — Cultivated fields, 
pastures, and roadsides : common at the North : a most troublesome weed, ex- 
tremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) 

68. CARDUXJS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle. 

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. 
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. C. nutans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, 
spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near HarrisbnrJ 
Pennsylvania, Prof Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

69. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton or Scotch Thistle. 

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, 
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Eeceptacle deeply honeycombed. 
Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, 
Blender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching 
annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed 
and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large-, flowers purple. (The an- 
cient Greek name of the plant.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 275 

I. O. acAnthium, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales 
linear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places: rather rare. July -Sept. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

70. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular ; 
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt 
and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache- 
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough 
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weed, with large 
unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads : flowers 
purple, rarely white. (Name from Aa/Seii/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a 
hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 

1. L. officinalis, Allioni. — Waste places and around dwellings, in ma- 
nured soil. — The var. major (Common Burdock) has the involucre smoothish ; 
leaves loosely whitish-cottony beneath or becoming smooth, the upper ovate, 
lower heart-shaped. — Var. toment6sa has the involucre cottony, and is rare. 
— Var. minor has smaller heads with smooth involucre, and smaller smoothish 
leaves, often tapering at the base ; occasionally cut-toothed or laciniate-lobed. 
(Uxbridge, Mass., Dr. Bobbins.) July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Suborder II. IilGUIilFLdRJX:. (Cichorace^.) 

71. LAMPSAKA, Tourn. Nipple-wort. 

Heads 8- 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one 
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch- 
ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads : 
flowers yellow. (The Aa/u\|mi/r/ of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.) 

1. L. communis, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- 
shaped. — Roadsides, near Boston, Buffalo, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

72. CICHOEIUM, Tourn. Succory or Ciciiory. 

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading 
scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous small 
chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; 
the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue or 
varying to purple, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 

1. C. Intybus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the 
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides .• 
common near the coast, especially in E. Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

73. KRIGIA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion. 

Heads 1 5 - 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. 
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 



276 composite, (composite family.) 

broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- 
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly 
radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or 
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanic 
cal collector in this country.) 

1. K. Virginiea, Willd. Stems or scapes several (l'-lO' high) ; earlier 
leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — Var. 
dichotoma is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois 
and southward. April -Aug. 

74. CYNTHIA, Don. Cynthia. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. 
Achcnia short, striate. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small 
chaffy bristles; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low per- 
ennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves; 
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy 
single heads Flowers yellow. (Perhaps named after Mount Cynthus.) 

1. C. Virginiea, Don. Roots Jibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lan- 
ced ate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged 
petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2 - 5. — Moist banks, New 
York to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1 ° high, or more. 

2. G. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (G'-15' high) ; 
leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. — 
Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. March -July. 

75. LB6NTODON, L., Juss. Hawkbit. Fall Dandelion. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- 
Jets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, 
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. 

— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes 
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from At'coz/, a lion, and odovs, a tooth, 
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus 
Oporinia, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 

1. L. atttumnalis, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or 
pinnatifid; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished 
with small scaly bracts. — Meadows and roadsides: common in E. New Eng 
land. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

76. TROXIMON, Nutt. Troximon. 

Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- 
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbcd, 
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal 
rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base. 

— Perennial herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and a simple naked 
scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name f'om rpo)|o/xai, to eat, 
first applied to some plant with an edible root, like Salsify.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 277 

1. T. CUSpidatUTXl, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a 
sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp- 
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N. Illinois, and westward. April, May. 

77. HIEEACIUM, Tourn. IIawkweed. 

Heads 12 -many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia 
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny 
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed 
leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers ; in summer an/? 
early autumn. (Name from Upa£, a hawk.) 

* Heads large and broad : involucre imbricated : achenia tapering towards the base. 

1. H. Canadense, Michx. (Canada Hawkweed.) Stems simple, 
Jeafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate- 
oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the upper- 
most slightly clasping. — Dry woods, northward. 

* * Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 

2. H. scabrum, Michx. (Rough II.) Stem rather stout (1°— 3° high), 
leafy, rough-hairy ; the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; 
the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40-50-fiowered involucre densely clothed 
with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not tapering at the summit;; leaves 
obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common. 

3. H. longipilUHl, Torr. (Long-Beakded H.) Stem wand-like, sim- 
ple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a 
small raccmed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo- 
late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles 
(often 1' long) ; peduncles and 20 -30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; ache- 
nia spindle-shaped, narrowed at 'the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin and 
southwestward. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. 

4. H. Grondvii, L. (Hairy H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy 
and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves 
oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 - 30' 
flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-shaped, with a 
very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. — Varies 
from l°-4° high. The small heads and almost beaked fruit distinguish the 
largest forms from No. 2, and small naked-stemmed states from the next. 

'5. H. venbsum, L. (Rattlesnake-weed.) Stem or scape (1°-2 C 
high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading 
loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin 
and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), 
marked above with purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; 
achenia linear, not tapering upwards. — Var. subcaulescens has the stem 
more or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods : common. 

6. H. paniculatum, L. (Panicled H.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely 
branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
slightly toothed, smooth ; heads in a loose panicle (very small), on slender and 



278 COMPOSITE. (C031POSITE FAMILY.) 

diverging peduncles, 12 - 20-fowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit 
— Open woods : rather common. 

78. NAB ALUS, Cass. Rattlesnake-root. 

Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in 
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia short, linear-ob- 
long, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw- 
color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright 
leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable 
leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white 
or yellowish, often tinged with purple ; in late summer and autumn. (Name 
probably from ya/3Aa, a harp, in allusion to the lyrate leaves which these plant? 
sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L. 

* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 20-Jlowered. 

1. "N. albus, Hook. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth 
and glaucous (2° -4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit: leaves angu- 
late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost 
oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; 
pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. Serpent Aria is a form with deeply divided 
leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil : 
common, especially northward. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, 
with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads 6'' long. 

2. N. altissimus, Hook. (Tall W.) Smooth; stem tall and slender 
(3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming 
a long and wand-like leafy panicle: leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, 
heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged 
petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft ; in- 
volucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, o - 6- flowered ; pappus dirty white, or pale 
straw-color. — Rich moist woods : common northward. 

3. N. Fraseri, DC. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly 
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- 
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3- 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper 
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- 
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8- \2 flowered : pappus dull 
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage : the var. integrif6lius has the thick- 
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New 
England to Virginia and southward. 

4. N. nanus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5' -10' high) ; the 
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular- 
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre 
(livid) 10- \3-fowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones, 
which are triangular-ovate and oppressed ; pappus straw-color. — Alpine summits, 
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondacks, N. New York. 

5. N. Boottii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5' -6' high), pubescent at the 
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped 
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper- 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 279 

fag into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) \0-\8flowered, of 10 -15 very ob- 
tuse proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of 
the former ; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of 
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. 

6. N. virgatUS, DC. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth, slightly 
glaucous; stem simple (2° -4° high), prolonged into a naked and slender spiked 
raceme (l|°-2° long) ; heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnati- 
fid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-fowered ; pappus straw-color. — 
Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

* * Involucre 12-40- flowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles. 

7. ~N. racernosus, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth, 
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering 
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid, ) the upper partly clasping; heads in 
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle; involucre about 
\2flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Illinois and northward. 
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. — Flowers flesh-color. 

8. N. asper, Ton*. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough- 
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; headi 
(mostly erect) in small clusters disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme: 
involucre 12 -1 4 flo wer ed ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio 
to Illinois, and southward. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 

9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high), 
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-paniclea 
branches; leaves large (6* -12^ long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, 
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - 40 flowered ; 
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — Involucre black- 
ish ; flowers cream-color. 

79. LYGODESMIA, Don. Ltgodesmia. 

Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre 
more elongated, and the achenia long and slender, tapering at the summit. 
Pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect 
heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or 
branches. (Name composed of Xvyos, a twig for wickenvork, and SVoyzo?, a bond, 
from the twiggy or rush-like stems.) 

; 1. L. juncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower 
leaves lance-linear, l'-2' long, rigid, th3 upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 
5-flowered. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and westward. July. 

80. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Chondrilla. 

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal 
scales, and a row of small bractlets at the base. Achenia terete, several-ribbed, 
smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among 
which springs an abrupt slender beak. Pappus of copious very fine and soft 
capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like 



280 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for 
some plant which exudes a gum.) 

1. C. juncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (l°-3° 
high) ; root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads scattered 
on nearly leafless branches, 6" - 8" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant 
near Alexandria, Virginia, M. S. Btbb, A.H. Curtiss; perhaps of recent intro- 
duction. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

81. PYKRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. 

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty- 
color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak of the achenium. — 
Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy below. Heads soli- 
tary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep 
yellow. (Name composed of nvppos, fiame-colo red, and 7ra7T7r6s, pappus.) 

1. P. CaroliniailUS, DC. Stem branching (1° -2° high); leaves oblong 
or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy 
fields, from Maryland southward. April- July. 

82. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the innei 
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia terete, oblong, ribbed, and 
roughened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, 
bearing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennials or 
biennials, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender 
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name 
from rapdo-ara), to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.) 

1. T. Dens-le6nis, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first 
pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere: prob- 
ably indigenous in the North. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner invo- 
lucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit 
is forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked 
fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 

83. LACTTJCA, Tourn. Lettuce. 

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or -more sets 
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- 
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and 
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed 
herbs, with panicled heads ; the flowers of variable color, produced in summer 
and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in 
allusion to the milky juice.) 

1. L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Biennial, mostly tall ; leaves 
partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; heads about 20- 
flowered ; achenia oval, rather longer than the beak, minutely rugose transversely 
and roughish, one-ribbed on each face. The typical form (L. elongata, Muhl , 






COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 281 

and Ed. 2) is tall, with a thick and hollow very leafy stem (4° - 9° high), smooth 
Oi nearly so ; leaves long, most of them runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads very numer- 
ous, in a long and narrow nuked panicle ; flowers mostly pale yellow. — Kich 
and damp soil, borders of fields or thickets : common, especially northward. — 
The following are perhaps to be restored as species : — 

Var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gr. (L. integrifolia, Bigel. ) Stem 3° - 6° high ; 
leaves all undivided, either entire or sharply denticulate ; panicle more open ; 
flowers pale yellow, cream-color, or purple. — Open and dry or sterile soil, E. 
New England near the coast to Illinois and southward. 

Var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gr. (L. sanguinea, Bigel.) Lower and less 
stout (2° -5° high); leaves all runcinate-pinnatifid, the midrib beneath and 
lower part of the stem often sparsely bristly-hairy ; heads fewer, in a loose open 
panicle ; flowers yellow-purple, reddish with or without a yellow centre, or rarely 
white. — Open dry ground, Eastern New England to New Jersey, Illinois, and 
southward. 

2. L. Scariola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Annual or biennial; stem 
below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the sagit- 
tate-clasping oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves ; panicle 
narrow ; heads small, few-flowered ; achenia striate. — Waste grounds and road- 
sides, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) 

84. MULGEDIUM, Cass. False or Blue Lettuce. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally com- 
pressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick (or in 
No. 1 slender) beak or neck of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a 
ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary 
bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca; 
ours glabrous or nearly so. Heads racemed or panicled; the flowers chiefly 
blue ; in summer. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.) 

* Pappus bright white : flowers blue. 

1. M. pulchellum, Nutt. Perennial, pale or glaucous; stem simple,- 1 G - 
2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runci- 
nate-pinnatifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect; scales of the conical-cylin- 
draceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks ; the peduncles scaiy- 
bracted; achenia tapering into a slender beak, almost as in Lactuca. — Upper 
Michigan {Prof. Porter, &c), probably in N. W. Wisconsin: common on the 
plains westward. 

2. M. acuminatum, DC. Tall biennial (3° -6° high), with many small 
heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ■; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed, barely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a 
winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate ; achenia with a very short beak. 
— Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only 
an entire-leaved state of the next. 

3. M. Floridanum, DC. Leaves all It/rate or ruricinate, the upper often 
with a heart-shaped clasping base ; panicle larger : otherwise as No. 2. — Rich 
soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 

L & M— 32 



282 lobeliace^:. (LOBELIA family.) 

* * Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 
4. M. leucophJBUm, DC. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3° -12° 
high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely 
toothed, the uppermost often undivided and sometimes clasping ; heads in a 
large and dense compound panicle. — Low grounds : rather common. 

85. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less 
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus 
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel- 
late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient 
Greek name.) . . 

* Annual ( 1° - 5° high) : flowers pah yellow. 

1. S. oleraceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate- 
pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping 
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache- 
nia striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste place.:' in manured soil and around 
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. Asper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more 
spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenia margined, 3- 
nerued on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks : flowers bright ye/low, in large heads. 

3. S. arvensis, L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, 
clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- 
versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Eoadsides, &c, New England and New York : 
becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Order 54. liOBEMACE^E. (Lobelia Family.) 

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular 
monopetalous h-lobed corolla; the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united 
into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx- 
tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma often fringed. 
Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.— 
Acrid poisonous plants (rather to be regarded as a part of the next 
order), represented only by the genus 

1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on 
the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect 
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species 
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers 
axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi- 
cated to Matthias De i'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.) 



LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 283 

* Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 

1. Ii. ; cardinalis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (2° -4° high), smooth- 
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided ; 
the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds: common. 
— Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely 
varying to rose-color ! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white ! 

* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. 
\- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) from a perennial root ; leaves oblong yt 
ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the cahjx with conspicuous deflexed auricles: flowers 
crowded in a long spike <>r dense raceme. 

2. L. syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, 
amie at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly l'long) pedi- 
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of 
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds: common. — Mowers 
light blue, rarely white. 

3. L. puberilla, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse [V - 
2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided; calyx-lobes {and ovate 
bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. — Moist grounds, New 
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — Corolla bright blue, jt' long. 

4. L. leptOStaehys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, ob- 
long-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike 
like, long and dense; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auri- 
cles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. — 
Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. — Corolla 3" - 4" long. 

■*- -t- Stems leafy, -mostly simple (1°- 2|° high) from a perennial root: leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate : calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles: 
flowers pretty large (§'- 1' long) and showy, in a loose nearly 1-sided raceme', 
anthers sometimes bearded on the back. 

5. L. glanduldsa, Walt. Sparingly pubescent : leaves, bracts, and usu- 
ally the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely hispid, 
rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. — Moist places, Virginia and southward. 

6. L. amoena, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and 
bracts usually glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. — Shady moist 
places, Virginia and southward. 

*- •*- +- Stems leafy : calyx with no auricles or appendages at the sinuses : flowers 
small i f —%' long, racemed : roots slender, annual or biennial, or perhaps some- 
times perennial. 

++ More or less pubescent, at least below : leaves oblong or ovate : stems angled or 
striate : racemes spike-like : corolla pale blue. 

7. L. inflata, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched 
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (9'- 18' high) ; leaves 
ovate or oblong, toothed, gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which ex- 
ceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers, calyx-tube ovoid, the pod inflated. — Dry 
open fields: common. — Corolla only l^" - 2" long. Plant poisonous and a 
noted quack medicine- 



284 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 

8. L. spic&ta, Lam. Stem slender, strict and simple (l°-3° high) from a 
biennial or perhaps perennial root, below and the barely denticulate leaves mi- 
nutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate. the upper reduced 
to linear or club-shaped bracts ; raceme long and naked, mostly dense and many- 
flowered ; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical. (L. 
Claytoniana, Michx. L. pallida, Muhl.) — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or 
sandy soil : rather common, at least southward and westward. — A slender and 
smaller flowered variety (beginning to blossom in June) grows in swamps at 
Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Corolla ordinarily 4" long. 

+-*- ++ Glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, linear or lanceolate, only those from the 
root obovate or spatulate, the uppermost reduced to setaceous bracts, all entire or 
barely denticulate : stems very slender, simple or becoming puniculately branched 
above : racemes loosely several -flowered. 

9. Ii. iTuttallii, Rcem. & Seh. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), terete; 
pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very 
minute bractlcts near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in 
fruit, the globular pod half free ; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy 
swamps, from Long Island, New Jersey, and the adjacent lower borders of 
Pennsylvania, southward. 

10. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4' -18' high) minutely angled; 
pediols filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, 
minutely 2-bracteolale or 2-glandulnr above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obo- 
void with an acute base, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer 
than they, smooth, covering the whole pod ; corolla bright light blue, 4"- 5" 
long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks, Northern New England to Wisconsin 
and northward along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and through New 
York southward to Lancaster, Penn. [Prof. Porter). 

11. L. Canbyi, n. sp. Stem strict (l°-2°high), minutely angled ; pedi- 
cels shorter than the bracts and mostly shorter than the flower, minutely roughened 
under a lens ; brackets none ; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at. the base, and only half 
the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-den- 
ticulate along the margins), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod ; 
corolla deep blue (fuAy 5" long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, 
pine barrens of New Jersey, especially at Quaker Bridge, Wm. M. Canby, C. 
E. Smith, &c. (Also South Carolina, M. A. Curtis.) Aug., Sept. — Leaves 1', 
rarely 1^' long, numerous, gradually diminishing in size up to the raceme, the 
largest 2" wide. Pod nearly 3" long. 

•*- +- +- h- Stem simple frorri a perennial root, and nearly leafless, except at or near 
the base : flowers in a simple loose raceme, light blue : leaves fltshy : calyx-tube 
acute at the base, top-shap d : auricles none. 

12. L. paluddsa, Nnt-t. Nearly smooth; stem slender (l°-2^° high) ; 
haves thick.ish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatu/ate or oblong-linear, 
glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla 
bearded in the middle ; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, be- 
coming hemispherical in fruit. — Wet bogs, Delaware (Nut; all) and southward. 
— Corolla 5" -6" long. 



CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 283 

13. L. DortHianna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth ; scape thick- 
ink (5'-12 ! high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, 
with a partition lengthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the corolla slightly hairy ; 
cal yx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer. — In the gravelly 
borders of ponds, N. Penn. toKew England, and northward. — Corolla 6" -8" 
long. (Eu.) 

Order 55. CAMPAWUlACJEiE. (Campanula Family.) 

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the jalyx 
adherent to the ovary ; the regular b-lobed corol'a bell-shaped, valca f e in the 
bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- 
set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 -several-celled, 
many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight ero'oryo in fleshy 
albumen. — Flowers generally bine and showy. — Sparingly represented 
in America, and in the Northern States by only two genera. 

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bellflower. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate ; 
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the 
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves oi 
holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive 
of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla. ) 

* Indigenous species, perennials, excepting only No. 4. 
-t- Flowers loosely panichd (or rarely solitary), long-ped uncled : pods nodding. 

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching (5' - IS' high), 
1-10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, 
long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leave, numerous, linear or narrowly 
lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-sliaped, varying from J- to -§ the length 
of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6" -9" long). — Rocky shaded banks : com- 
mon northward, and along the mountains. — A delicate and pretty, but variable 
species, with a most inappropriate name, sinse the round root-leaves are rarely 
obvious. (Eu.) 

Var. lillifQiia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves 
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla f'-l' long. (C. linifo- 
lia, Lam.) — Shores of the Great Lakes, and northwestward. (Eu.) 

2. O. aparinoides, Pursh. (Marsh Bellflower.) Stem simple and 
slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backwards 
on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate 
leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length 
of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla. (C. erino;des, MUM.) — Bogs and wet 
meadows, among high grass. — Plant with somewhat the habit of a Galium ; the 
corolla barely 4/' long. 

3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°- 3° 
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed j 



286 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl- 
shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (of 3" long) ; style 
protruded. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and 
southward. 

-i- -t- Flowers numerous and nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike: 
corolla a/most wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect. 

4. C. Americana, L. (Tall Bellflow t ee.) Stem mostly simple 
(3°-6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly 
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2g-'-6' long) ; the slender style 
protruded and curved. — Moist rich toil, New York to Wisconsin, and south- 
ward. — Spike 1° - 2° long. Corolla light blue, 1' broad. Root annual. 

* European species escaped from gardens into roadsides ; both perennials. 

5. C. glomerata, L. ( Clustered 13. ) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 
1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, 
clustered in the upper axils, forming a lealy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1' 
long. — Danvers, Mass., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. C. rapunculoides, L. Smoothish, slender, erect ; stem-leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding, 
single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes ; corolla oblong, 1' long. — E. Mas- 
sachusetts ; and Richfield Springs, New York, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. SPECULAEIA, Heister. Vexus's Looking-glass. 

Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa- 
rate : the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. 
Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. 
— Low annuals ; the earlier flowers in the American species (§ Triodallus, 
Raf.) minute and fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their im- 
perfect corolla. (Name from Speculum Vena-is, the early name of the common 
European species.) 

I. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3' - 20' high) ; leaves round- 
ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary 
or 2 - 3 together in the axils ; the ixpper or later ones only with a conspicuous 
and expanding (purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below the 
middle. — Sterile open ground : common. May - Aug. 

Order 56. ERICACEAE. (Heath Family.) 

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so : the stamens 
as many or twice as many as the 4 - 5-lobed or 4 - 5-petalled corolla, free 
from but inserted with it : anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged or open- 
ing by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3) : style 1 : 
ovary &-10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains, except in Sub- 
order 4. Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, 
in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac 
ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows: — 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 287 

Suborder I. VACCINIE^E. Whortleberry Family. 

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry, 
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. — Shrubs 
or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 8 - 10-celled. with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried 

drupe with 8 or 10 small seed -like nutlets. 

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4- 5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-eelied by false partitions), many- 

seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 

3. Cliiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged 

into a tube, but each 2-poiuted. 

Suborder II. URICINEm. Proper Heath Family. 

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or sometimes poly- 
petalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees. 

Tribe I. ARBUTEJ1. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 

4. Arctostapliylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 5 - 10-seeded. 

Tribe II. AKDROMEDEH. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Corolla deciduous. 

* Anthers upright in the bud. Corolla monopetalous. 
-i- Anther-cells opening through their whole length 5 not appendaged. 

5. Epigcea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. 

•1- -t~ Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped. 
++ Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 

6. Gaultberia. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small pod. Anthers 4-awned at the top. 

++ ++ Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 

7. Leiicothoe. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod 

depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 

8. Cassandra. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod 

splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 

9. Cassiope. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Pod 

globular-ovoid, 4- 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. 

10. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds 

mostly hanging on the central placenta. 

11. Oxydendrum. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal 

Seeds all ascending. 

# # Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 

12. Cletbra. Sepals 5 Stamens 10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal hole or chink. 

Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved. 
Tribe III. ERICEiE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious after flowering. 

13. Call una. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted Pod opening septicidally. 

Tribe IV. RHODOREiE. Fruit a septicidal pod. Corolla deciduous. 

* Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. 

— Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 

14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 

15. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as 

many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. 

*- *- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 

16. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous 

17. Azalea. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous. 



288 . ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

18. Rhododendron. Corolla bell-shaped or furinel-forin. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen, 

19. Rhodora* Corolla irregular, two petals nearly separate. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 

20. Ledum. Corolla regular, ail 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5 -10. Leaves evergreen. 

* * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent. 

21. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. 

22 Lieiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. 

Suborder III. PYBOLEiE. Pyrola Family. 

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse 
in the bud. Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger 
than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous and broad-leaved evergreens. 

23. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. 
Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges. 

2L Mimeses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- 
dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigma 5-rayed. Valves 
of the pod smooth on the edges. 

25. Chimapliila. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments 

dilated in the middle : anthers 2-horned. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a 
broad and orbicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 

Suborder IV. 3IONOTROPEJS. Indian-pipe Family. 

Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root- 
parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech- 
drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3. 

* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-celled. 

26. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed -. anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 

27. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed : anthers opening at the top. 

# * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like. 
23. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. 

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an- 
thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by 
a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — 
Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaecinium, commonly sprinkled with res- 
inous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted 
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) 
* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted. 

1. G. braeh^eera, Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (1° high) ; 
leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly -.sssile; pedicels 
very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry Woods, Perry Co., Pennsyl- 
vania, near Bloomfield {Prof- Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May. — Leaves 
in shape and aspect like those of the Box. 

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 

2. G. dlimdsa, Torr. & Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Somewhat hairy 
and glandular, low (l°-5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate- 



I 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY ^ 289 

f,6long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes 
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or 
glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. hirtella has the 
young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine 
to Penn. and Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 

3. G. fronddsa, Torr. &Gr. (Blue Tangle. Danglebfrry.) Smooth 
(3° -6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, 
pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, 
shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark 
blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New Eng-' 
land to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 

4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, 
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high); leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or 
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as welt as the flowers, ivith shining ?*es- 
inous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of 
the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovoid-coni- 
cal, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom 
(pleasant, very rarely white). — Woodlands and swamps: common (except 
southwestward towards the Mississippi). May, June, — The common Huckle' 
berry of the North. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Cranberry. Blueberry. Bilberry. 

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10: 
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up- 
wards into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, many-seeded, 
or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each 
cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers: the 
corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) 

§ 1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn. Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the long narrow 
divisions revolute: anthers 8, awi/less, tapering above into very long tubes: pedi- 
cels slender. 

* Stems very slender, creeping or trailing : leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- 
green : pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit : 
corolla deeply 4-parted: berries red, acid. 

1. V. OxyeoCGUS, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender c4 ; - 
9' long) ; leaves ovate, acute, with strong 1 // revolute margins (2" -3'' long) ; pedicels 
1-4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus 
vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, 
and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, often speckled with white when 
young; seldom gathered for the market. (Eu.) 

2. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems 
elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse, 
glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, becoming 
lateral; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus 
macrocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- 
ward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry ^' - 1' long. 

G M— 13 



290 ericace^:. (heath family.) 

* * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Bluberries : flowers axillarn 
and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft: berries turning purple, insipid. 

3. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (l°-4° 
high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded 
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. 

§ 2. VITIS-IDJdA, Tourn. Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed: 
anthers 8-10, aimless : filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding 
racemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple. 

4. V. Vitis-IcUfea, L. (Cowberry.) Low (6' -10' high) ; branches erect 
from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate. with revolute margins, dark green, 
smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath : co- 
rolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the 
coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June. 
— Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) 

§3. PICROC6CCUS, Nutt. Ovary more or less \0-celled by false partitions: ber- 
ries greenish, hardly edible, ripening few seeds: corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed : 
anthers 10, extended into very long much exstrted tubes, 2-awned on the back : flow- 
ers on slender pedicels, singly in the axils of the upper leaves or leaf-like bracts, 
forming leafy racemes, not articulated : leaves thin, deciduous. 

5. V. stamineum, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Dif- 
fusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, 
glaucous or whitish underneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; berries 
globular or pear-shaped, large, greenish, mawkish. — Dry woods, Maine to 
Michigan and southward, mainly eastward. May, June. 

§4. BATODENDRON, Nutt, Ovary more or /ess 10-celled by false partitions : 
benies black: corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-ioothcd : anthers 10, included, conspicu- 
ously 2-awned on the back, and extended into slender tubes : filaments hairy : flow- 
ers on slender pedicels singly in the axils of coriaceous shining leaves, or racemed 
at the end of the branches, articulated just below the ovary! 

6. V. arbdreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (8° -15° high), 
smOothish; leaves oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright 
green and shining above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white ; berries mealy, 
insipid, ripening late. — Dry ground, Makanda, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), proba- 
bly also in Virginia, and southward. June. 

§ 5. EUVACClNIUM. Ovary 4 - b-celhd, with no trace of false partitions : corolla 
urn-shaped or globular, 4 - 5 -toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back : filamt nts 
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together : berries blue or black, edible : 
northern or aljrine plants, with deciduous leaves. 

* Paris of the flower mostly in fours: stamens 8. 

7. V. Uligin6sum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4' -18' 
high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent 
underneath ; flowers single or 2 - 3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ; 
corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine tops of 
the high mountains of New England and New York, shore of Lake Superior, 
and northward. (Eu. ) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) ■ 291 

* * Parts of the flower in fives: stamens 10: leaves membranaceous : flowers solitary 
on short axillary peduncles, nodding. 

8. V. CSespitdsum, Michx. Dwarf (3' -5' high), tufted; leaves obovate, 
narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn- 
shaped ; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire ; and high northward. 

9. V. OValif61ilim, Smith. Straggling, 3° -10° high; leaves elliptical, 
obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid; berries 
blue. — Peat-bogs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins (and far west- 
ward). May. 

10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1°- 4° high; branchlets some- 
what angled ; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, 
bright green, nearly smooth ; border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depressed- 
globular, rather large ; berries large, black, rather acid. — Woods and bluffs, 
Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins. (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd; and 
northwestward.) May, June. — Pedicels 3" - 6" long, drooping in flower, 
erect in fruit. 

§ 6. CYANOC6CCUS. Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false partitions : 
corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5 -toothed : anthers 10, awnless: 
filaments hairy: berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in clusters or 
vtry short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves, 
on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern 
species or proper Blueberries. ) 

11. V. Pennsylvanieum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf (6'- 
15' high), smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed 
teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under- 
neath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var axgustif6lium is a high 
mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. an- 
gustifolium, Ait. ) — Dry hills and woods : common from Pennsylvania and N. 
Illinois far northward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, 
large and sweet, ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckle- 
berry in the market. 

12. V. Canadense, Kalm. (Canada Blueberry.) Low (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded 
branchlets; corolla shorter: otherwise as the last, into which it seems to pass. 
— Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 

13. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low Blueberry.) Low (l°-2i° high), 
glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, 
minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra- 
ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy 
soil, New -England to Virginia and N. Illinois. — Branches yellowish-green. 
Berries ripening later than those of No. 11. 

14. V. corymbdsum, L. (Common or Swamp-Blueberry.) Tall 
(5° - 10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying 
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps 
and low thickets: everywhere common, except south westward. — This yields 



292 • ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The 
typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when 
young, as also the branchlets. The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms : 
the last of those here mentioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which 
has any claims to be regarded as a species. 

Var. glabrum, is wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; the leaves entire. 

"Var. amdenum, has the leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both 
sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amoenum, Ait., &c.) 

Var. pallidum, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous; 
especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) 

Var. atrococcum, has the leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even 
when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. 
fuscatum, Ait.f & Ed. 1.) 

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. 

Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Co- 
rolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed 
annular disk: filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate-oblong, quite 
separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and 
opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, crowned 
with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A trailing and 
creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small 
Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, 
smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. 
Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 
large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from yicoi/, snow, and yivos, offspring, 
in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 

1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. — Peat-bogs, and mossy mountain woods, 
in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the 
Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Birch. 
Leaves 3" -4" long. Berries 3" broad, bright white. 

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry. 

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5 -toothed limb. Stamens 
10. included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening 
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, Avith 5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs, 
with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes 
or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ap/cros-, a bear, and aTacpvkr), 
a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 

1. A. Uva-Ursi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing ; leaves thick and ever- 
green, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.) — 
Rocks and bare hills, New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward. May. (Eu.) 

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and de- 
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ; 
fruit black. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount 
Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 293 

6. EPIG-33A, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. 

Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments : 
anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in 
Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little 
lobes of the stigma. Pod depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — 
A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with ever- 
green and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender peti- 
oles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. 
(Name composed of eVt, upon, and yrj, the earth, from the trailing growth.) 

1. E. repens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially 
in the shade of pines: common in many places, especially eastward. — Flowers 
appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England 
called Mayflower. 

6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen. 

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in- 
cluded: anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. 
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by 
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red 
berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves 
and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by 
Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec; Linn. Amain. Acad. 3, p. 15. The true 
orthography, as ascertained by Prof. Brunet from the old records in Quebec, 
is Gaultier ; so that the orthography of the genus, if changed at all, should be 
Gaultiera.) 

1. G. prOGUHlbeilS, L. (Creeping Wintergreen.) Stems slender 
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascend- 
ing, leafy at the summit (3' - 5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ; 
flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in 
the shade of evergreens especially northward, and southward along the Allegha- 
nies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have 
the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the interior of the 
country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. Eastward it is called 
Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter espe- 
cially so), also Boxberry. 

7. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Leucothoe. 

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor 
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed: Stamens 10: an- 
thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. 
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick- 
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentas borne on the summit of the short 
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and 
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A 
mythological name.) 



294 ERICACE^. (heath family.) 

§ 1. LEUCOTHOE proper. Anthers awnless; the cells sometimes obscurely 2- 
pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed : racemes sessile (dense), produced at 
the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per- 
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlets 
at the base of the short pedicds. (Seed-coat hose and cellular, wing-like.) 

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or 
acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles ; sepals broadly ovate. 
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low country, 
and southward. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 

2. L. Cateshcfei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate- 
spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3' -6' long) ; sepals ovate-oblong, 
often acute. (Andr. Catesbau, Walt. A. axillaris, Michx. A. spmulosa, Pursh. 
L. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the mountains, 
and southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading or recurved 
branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. 

-§ 2. EUBOTRYS, Nutt. Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the 
calyx, and, like the. sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: pla- 
centce not pendulous : flowers very short-pedicel led, in long one-sided racemes, 
which mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the 
flower-buds not expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-shaped, deciduous: 
leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and veins beneath pu- 
bescent. 

3. L. recurva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves 
lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate ; anther-cells 1-aumed ; pod b-lobed ,- 
seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. 
April. — Lower and more straggling than the next. 

4. L. racemosa. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod notlobed; 
seeds angled and wingless. ( Andromeda racemosa & A. paniculata, L. ) — Moist 
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. May, 
June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical. 

8. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf. 

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and 
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- 
mens 10: anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at 
the apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 
layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. 
Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever- 
green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers 
white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy ra- 
cemes ; the flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next 
spring. ( Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) 

1. C. calyeulata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda caly- 
culata, L. ) — Wet bogs : common northward : rare westward to North Wis- 
consin. (Eu.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 205 

9. CASSIOPE, Don. Cassiope. 

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in 
the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 : 
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal 
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4 - 5- 
cellcd, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placenta? many-seeded, pendulous from 
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or 
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitar} 7 , 
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the 
mother of Andromeda. ) 

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1' - 4' high) ; 
leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and conical. (An- 
dromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Mountains, New 
York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains of New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin, 
Maine (Mr. Young), and high northward. (Eu.) 

10. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part). Andromeda. 

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the 
bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers 
fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod globular, 5- 
celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placenta? borne on the summit or middle 
of the columella. — Shrubs, with um belled, clustered, or panicled and racemed 
(mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Limueus for A. polifolia, in al- 
lusion to the fable of Andromeda.) 

§ 1. ANDK.6MEDA proper. Corolla globular-urn-shaped: filaments bearded, 
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted bij a slender ascending 
awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat : 
flowers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly 
bracts ; leaves evergreen. 

1. A. polifdlia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6' -18' high; leaves thick, 
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. — 
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu. ) 

§ 2. PORTUNA, Nutt. Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and 5-angled : filaments not 
appendaged : anthers oblong, the ceils each bearing a long reflexed awn near the 
insertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : flowers in axil- 
lary and terminal naked racemes, formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding 
the following spring : pedicels \-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets, re- 
curved : leaves thick and evergreen. 

2. A. floribimda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young ; leaves lance- 
oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes 
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia 
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° - 10° high, bearing abundance 
of handsome flowers. 

§ 3. PIERIS, Don. Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and 
awl-shaped, usually appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side 



296 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 



at or below the apex : anthers oblong, awnless : sutures of the 5-angular pod with 
a more or less thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the 
pod opens: seeds turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose 
reticulated coat : flowers in umbel-like clusters variously arrcmyerf. 

3. A. Mariana, L. (Stagger-bush.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid- 
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding, 
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of 
the preceding year ; sepals leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low 
places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June. 
— Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves. 

§ 4. LYONIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-clefi : corolla globular, pubescent : filaments and 
anthers destitute of awns or appendages, or the former sometimes 2-setose near the 
apex: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the ribs at length separating or 
separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and thin cellular coat : flow- 
ers small, mostly in clusters which are racemosed-panicled : bracts minute and 
deciduous : leaves pubescent or scurfy bmeath. 

4. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smootm>h when 
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on 
branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, New England 
to Penn., Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 

11. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood. 

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. 
Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, 
linear, awnless ; the cells tapering upwards, and opening by along chink. Pod 
oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae at the base of 
the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat ex- 
tended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, ob- 
long-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender*petioles, and 
white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminat- 
ing the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foli- 
age sour to the taste (whence the name, from o£us, sour, and 8ev8pov, tree). 

1. O. arb6reum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, from 
Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree 
15° -40° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 

12. CLETHRA, L. White Alder. Sw-eet Pepperbush. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob< 
long petals. Stamens 1 0, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, in- 
verted and reflexcd in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style 
slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in 
the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and 
white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KA^pa, the 
ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in 
foliage.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 297 

1. C. alnifdlia, L. Leaves icedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards 
the base, prominently straight- veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, 
panicled ; bracts shorts titan the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine 
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in 
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties 
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely ser- 
rate (5' -7' long), pale beneath ; racemes solitary, drooping ; bracts longer than the 
flowers : filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia and 
southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree. 

13. CALLUNA, Salisb. Heather. 

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and 
less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta- 
mens 8, distinct: anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the 
cells opening each by a long chink. Pod 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. — 
Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly 
extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. 
Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, 
forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or 
sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which 
are more or less scarious. (Named from koWvvgo, to brush or sweep, brooms 
being made of its twigs.) 

1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. (C. Atlantica, Seemann, Jour. Bot. 4, p. 305, t. 
53. Erica vulgaris, L.) — Low grounds, Tewksbury, Massachusetts (Jackson 
Dawson, &c, a small patch) ; border of forest on Cape Elizabeth, Maine (Mr, 
Pickard, from Dr. Wood) ; also Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland ; 
mostly local. (See various articles in Amer. Jour. Sci.) July, Aug. (Eu.) 

14. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. Phyllodoce. 

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers 
pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 
5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine 
Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse 
rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled pe- 
duncles at the summit of the branches. ("A mythological name.") 

1. P. taxifblia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth; 
style included. (Menziesia cagrulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the moun- 
tains of New Hampshire and Maine, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

15. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; 
filaments long and thread-form. Pod globose, 5 celled, many-seeded. — Ever- 
green mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, 



298 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a- pupil. of -Linnaeus 
who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards 
Professor at Abo.) 

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs: pedicels from the axils 
of small and firm fuliaceous persistent bracts : calyx smaller than the pod, per- 
sistent : leaves glabrous. 
1. K. latiiblia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon- 
wood.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti' 
cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy, 
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Eocky hills and damp soil, rather 
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° - 8° high ; but in 
the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree- 
like (10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, large and very showy, 
varying from deep rose-color to nearly white, clammy. 

2. K. angUStifblia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.) Leaves com- 
monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly 
oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the 
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; 
pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides: common. May, June. — Shrub 2° -3° 
high : the flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last. 

3. K. glauca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edged : leaves opposite, 
nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with recolute margins ; corymbs termi- 
nal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. rosmari- 
nif6lia has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and moun- 
tains, from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. 
Flowers %' broad, lilac-purple. 

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season: calyx leafy, 
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- 
nate and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy. 

4. K. hirsilta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4'' 
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- 
ward. May -Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 

16. MENZIESIA, Smith. Menziesia. 

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- 
urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : an- 
ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub ; 
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like 
those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers 
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- 
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's 
voyage brought the species, from the Northwest Coast.) 

1. M. ferruginea, Smith, var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter 
and broader than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyl- 
vania to Virginia, &c. (Also beyond Lake Superior. ) June. 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 299 

17. AZALEA, L. False Honeysuckle. Azalea. 

Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu- 
lar ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually 
declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores, 
pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright 
shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire, 
ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often 
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri-' 
cated terminal buds. (Name from dfrXeos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- 
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) 

* Flowers appearing after the leaves. 
1. A. arborescens, Pursh. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth ; 
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the 
margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy ; 
stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and 
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- 
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 

2. A. visebsa, L. (Clammy A. White Swamp-Honeysuckle.) 
Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate 
otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer 
than the lobes; stamens and especially the style exserted. — Var. glauca has 
the leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough- 
hairy. — Var. nitida is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — 
Swamps, Maine to Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° 
-10° high, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color. 

* * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 

3. A. nudiflora, L. (Purple A. Pinxter-flower.) Branchlets 
rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath; calyx very short; 
tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens and 
style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Illinois, 
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° -6° high ; the showy flowers varying 
from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of 
them with 10 stamens. 

4. A. calendulacea, Michx. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Branchlets 
and obovate or oblong leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ; tube of 
the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Wood>, 
mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 
3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large 
orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 

18. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-bay. 

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- 
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- 
monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with 
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and ample showy flowers, in compact terminal 



300 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

corymbs or clusters, from large scaly-bracted buds. ('PoSoSei/Spoi/, rose-tree ; the 
ancient name.) 

1. E. maximum, L. (Great Laurel.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or ^ lance- 
oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute 
margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly 
from Maine to Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses through the 
mountainous parts of Pennsylvania and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6°- 
20° high. Leaves 4' -10' long, very thick. Corolla an inch broad, pale rose- 
color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with 
yellow or reddish. 

2. R. Catawbiense, Miehx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded ut both ends, 
smooth, pale beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; 
pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. June. — 
Shrub 3° - 6° high. 

3. R. Lapp6nieum, Wahl. (Lapland Rose-bay.) Dwarf, prostrate ; 
leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few- 
flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine summits of 
the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6 f 
high, in broad tufts : leaves £' long. Corolla violet-purple. (Eu.) 

19. RHODORA, Duhamel. Rhodora. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
usually 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower two-parted or of 2 distinct spreading 
petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in 
Azalea. (Name from poSov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 

1. R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England 
to Fenn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, 
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy 
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in umbel-like clusters, on short peduncles, 
appearing rather earlier than the leaves. 



20. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. 



Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct 
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placentas borne on the summit 
of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with 
rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute : herbage slightly fra- 
grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters 
from large scaly buds : bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Ar/dov, the ancient 
Greek name of the Cistus.) .. 1 

1. L. latifblium, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes 
6 or 7 ; pod oblong-. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to 
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. (L. 
palitstre, L., grows in British America. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, 
uniformly 10 stamens, and oval pods.) (Eu.) 



ict 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 301 

21. LOISELEURIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. 

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long- as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft reg- 
ular corolla. • Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening lengthwise. 
Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-celled, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves 2- 
cleft from the apex: placentas borae on the middle of the columella. — A small 
depressed evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, with 
coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. 
Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; 
the scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur Delongchamps, a 
French botanist.) 

1. L. procumbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.) — Alpine summits 
of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) 

22. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- 
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2 -3-celled, splitting from 
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the 
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes al- 
ternate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. 
(Name formed of Xelos, smooth, and <fivXXov,fuliage, from the leaves.) 

1. L. buxifdlium, EU. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and moun- 
tain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high: leaves 
oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3' - 6" long. 

23. PYROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, 
deciduous. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers extrorse in the 
bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more 
or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned 
base which by the inversion becomes the apparent apex ! Style generally long : 
stigma 5-lobed or 5-raycd. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved 
from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds 
minute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated 
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, 
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple 
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. 
(Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance 
in the foliage, which is not obvious.) 

§ 1. Stamens ascending : style turned down and towards the apex usually more or less 
curved upicards, longer than the campanulate-connivent or somewhat expanding 
petals: stigma much narrower than the truncate and somewhat excavated apex of 
the style which forms a sort of ring or collar, the 5 lobes at first very short and in~ 
eluded, at length usually protruded. (Leaves denticulate or entire.) 
1. P. rotUlldifdlia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter 
than the petiole ; raceme elongated, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong* 



502 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length 
of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly 
blunt. — Damp or sandy woods : common, especially northward. June, July. — 
Scape 6' - 12' high, many-bracted : flowers |' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, 
such as: Var. incarxAta, with flesh-colored flowers; calyx-lobes triangular- 
lanceolate. — Var. asakifolia, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and trian- 
gular-ovate calyx-lobes of about half the length of the white or flesh-colored 
petals. (P. asarifolia, Michx.} Common northward. — Var. uligin6sa, with 
roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-l^' wide), and 
ovate acute calyx-lobes, about one quarter of the length of the reddish or pur- 
ple petals; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. §* Gr.) 
Cold bogs, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or 
obuvatc-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx- 
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish- 
white) petals; anther-cells blunt. — Rich woods, New England to Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin, and northward : common. June. — Scape and flowers nearly as 
large as in the preceding. 

3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (1' long), roundish, thick, dull, 
shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowej'ed, naked (5' - 8' high) ; calyx-lobes roundish- 
ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging ( greenish- white ) ; anther-cells 
contracted below the orifice into a distinct utck or horn ; style little exserted. — Open 
woods, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June, July. 

4. P. OXypetala, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Leaves orate, small (8" -12" long), 
shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7' -8' high) several-flowered; flowers 
on ascending pedicels, not nodding ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short ; 
petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish ; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the 
apex, obtusely 2-horned (as in No. 3) at the base, not inverted ; style straightish, 
scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., New York, June 
1, 1860, C. F. Austin. — Stigma as in No. 3; the calyx-lobes, &c, different, so 
tkafr it can hardly be a monstrosity of that species. 

§ 2i Stamens regular : style straight, much narrower than the expanded deprcssec] 
5-rayed stigma: petals erect and connivent. 

5. P. seeiinda, L. Subcaulescent ; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the peti- 
ole, scattered, finely serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small 
(greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
very much shorter than the oblong oval petals ; style long, exserted. — Rich woods : 
common eastward and northward. July. — Scape 3' -6' high. (Eu.) 

Var. piimila (Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida Co.) is a remarkable form, growing 
in high peat-bogs from Otsego Co., New York, Lake Superior, and northward 
(indicated by Chamisso in Russian America) ; leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 
very thin (5"- 12" long) ; scape 2' -4' high, 3 - 8-flowered. July, Aug. 

6. P. minor, L. Zeoyes ro?<W/s/;, slightly crenulate,thickish, mostly longer 
than the margined petiole; raceme spiked ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very 
much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style short and included. — Woods 
at the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Lake Superior (L. FooU), 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 303 

and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 5' - 10' high. Flowers small, crowded, 
white or rose-color. (Eu.) 

24. MONESES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola. 

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers 
as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigma 
large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the 
pod naked, as in the next genus. (Parts of the flower occasionally in fours.) 
Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as in Pyrola : intermediate between it and Chima- 
phila. (Name formed of p.6vos, single, and fjais, delight, from the pretty and 
solitary flower.) 

1 . M. uniflora. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, from Penn. and 
New England northward. June. — A small perennial, with the rounded and 
veiny serrate thin leaves (6" -9" long), clustered at the ascending apex of creep- 
ing subterranean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape (2' -4' high) bearing a white 
or rose-colored terminal flower 6" wide. (Ea.) 

25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa. 

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en- 
larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspic- 
uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the 
depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, disk- 
shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the 
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous 
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining 
leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the 
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe- 
duncle. (Name from x^I/aci, winter, and <jt>iXe'o>, to love, in allusion to one of the 
popular names, viz. Winlergreen.) 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Leaves wedge- 
lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted ; peduncles 4 - 7-flowered. 
— Dry woods : common. June. — Plant 4'- 10' high, leafy : petals flesh-color: 
anthers violet. (Eu.) 

2 C. maculata, Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white >■ 
peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — - Dry woods : most common in the Middle States 
June, July. —Plant 3' - 6' high. 

26. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 
10 :_ anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short . 
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the 
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to 
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger 
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes- 



304 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

cent ro^-parasitic herb (l°-2° high) ; the wand-like stem furnished towards 
the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many 
nodding (white) flowers, resembling those of Andromeda, in a long bracted ra- 
ceme. (Name from rrrepov, a wing, and anopd, seed, alluding to the singular 
wing borne by the seeds.) 

1. P. AndrOHiedea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the 
roots of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Pennsylvania 
northward and westward : rare. 

27. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap. 

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla 
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. 
Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, 
awnless ; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid. 5-celled, with 
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — 
A low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, 
scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, 
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schtveinitz.) 

1 • S. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland 
and southward : rare. April. 

28. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap. 

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep- 
arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or 
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments awl- 
shaped : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, opening across the top. 
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-grooved, 4-5- 
celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentas covered with innumerable minute 
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or 
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a 
Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, 
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 - several-flowered ; the flow- 
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of povos, one, 
and Tponos, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side. ) 

§ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt, Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petalled and 10-an- 
drous flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: anthers 
transverse, opening by 2 chinks : style short and thick : stigma naked. 
1. M. unifl6ra, L. (Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant.) Smooth, waxy- 
white (turning blackish in drying, 3' -8' high); stigma naked. — Dark and 
rich woods : common. June - Aug. 

§ 2. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Plant commonly fragrant : flowers several in a scaly 
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androus, while the rest are 4- 
petalled and 8-androus ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals : anthers 
opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and 
appearing like a continuation of tlie fllament : style longer than the ovary, Ivollow. 



aquifoliacje. (holly family.) oUo 

2. M. Hypopitys, L. (Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.) Somewhat 
pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4' -12' high) ; pod globular 
or oval; stigma eiliate. — Occurs in various forms: the more pubescent is M. 
lanuginosa, Michx. — Oak and pine woods : common. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

Order 57. GAL.ACilTC.a2. (Galax Family.) 

Character that of the following genus ; which is kept as a distinct order 
until the true relationship is ascertained. 

1. GALAX, L. Galax. 

Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, ob- 
ovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united 
in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth 
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round- 
ish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short: 
stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved : columella none. 
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight 
in fleshy albumen, more than half its length. — Evergreen herb, with a thick 
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up 
round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on 
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like 
spike or raceme of small and minutely-braeted white flowers. (Name from 
yd\a, mi/k, — of no conceivable application to this plant.) 

1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June. 

Order 58. AQUIFOLBACE^E. (Holly Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 - 8-merous flowers, a minute calyx 
free from the 4 - 8-celled ovary and the 4- 8-seeded berry-like drupe; the 
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - 8-petalled corolla 
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated 
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into 
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, 
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. 
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only 
two genera (Prinos being placed under Ilex) ; related to the Celastracea?, 
&c, among the Polypetalous orders as much as to the following order. 

1. ILEX, L. (Ilex & Prinos, L.) Holly. 

Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Petals 
4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. 
Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves 
alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly sterile 
flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak 
rather than of the Holly.) 
L&M— 33 



306 AQUIFOLIACE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 

§ 1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometime* 
in Jives or sixes: drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-grooved on the back: 
leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. 

* Leaves armed with spiny teeth : trees. 

1. I. opaea, Ait. (American Holly.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy 
margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of 
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, 
Maine to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and more common from Virginia 
southward. June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, 
the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European 
Holly (I. Aquifolium, L.). 

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs. 

2. I. CassillG, L- (Cassena. Yaupox.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, 
crenate (V '- 1|' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — • 
Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea by the 
people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the 
North Carolina Indians. 

3. I. Hiyrtifolia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly 
and sharply serrate or entire (l'long); peduncles slender and 3- 9-flowered, or 
the more fertile shorter and 1-flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of 
Virginia and southward. May. — Probably a var. or the next. 

4. I. Dah.6oil, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves ob/anceolate or oblong, 
entire, or sharply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long), 
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia 
and southward. May, June. 

§ 2. PRINOIDES. Parts of the [polygamous or dioecious) flowers in fours or flves 
(rarely in sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets str lute-many -ribbed on the back • 
leaves deciduous : shrubs. 

5. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, 
downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of the 
sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, 
acute. — Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. May. 

6. I. montioola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3'- 5' long), 
taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very 
short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, Torr. I. montana, Ed. 1, not 
Prinos montanus, Sw. ) — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and 
Cattaraugus Co., New York (G. W. Clinton), through Pennsylvania (east to 
Northampton Co. Mr. Wolle, Prof T. Green), and southward along the Alle- 
rhanies. May. 

7. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves soft downy beneath, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper- 
uointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply ser- 
rulate ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter 
than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very 
short. (Prinos pubescens, Michx. herb. P. ambiguus, Pursh, not Michx.) — 
Burgoon's Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania (J. R. Loicrie, Porter), and along 
the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last. 



EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.) 307 

§ 3. PRINOS, L. Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, Jives, or sixes, those of the 
fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in Jives, sevens, or eights) : nutlets smooth 
and even : shrubs. 

* Leaves deciduous: flowers in sessile cluster's, or the fertile solitary : fruit, bright red. 

8. I. verticillata, Gray. (Black Alder. Winterberry.) Leaves 
obovate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on 
the veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low 
grounds : common. May, June. 

9. I. lsevigata, Gray. (Smooth Winterberry.) Leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be- 
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos lsevigatus, Pursh.) 
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger 
than in the last, ripening earlier in the autumn. 

* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fruit black. 

10. I. glabra. Gray. (Inkberry.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, 
sparingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (^' long) of the sterile 
flowers 3 - 6-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri. 
nos glaber, L.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and 
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 

2. NEMO PAN TEES, Raf. Mountain Holly. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de 
ciduous teeth; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread- 
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, 
light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong 
deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers 
on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered. (Name 
said by the author to mean " flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore prob- 
ably composed of vrjua, a thread, nods, afoot, and civ6os, a flower.) 

1. "N. Canadensis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, lft'cA.r.) —Damp cold woods, 
from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, and northward : common 
at the north. May. 

Order 59. EBEMCE^E. (Ebony Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow- 
srs which have a calyx free from the 3- 12-celled ovary; the stamens 2-4 
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their 
anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several -celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, 
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single 
in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the 
embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyl- 
edons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. 
No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical, represented here only 
by the Persimmon. 






308 SAPOTACE^E. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 

1. DIOSPYEOS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon. 

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- 
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. 
Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-celled, 
4-8-seed^d. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, 
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Aids, of Jove, and irvpos< grain,) 

1. D. Virginiana, L. (Common Persimmon.) Leaves ovate-oblong, 
smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla between 
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — 
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward. 
June. — Tree 20° -60° high, with very hard blackish wood, thickish leaves, a 
pale yellow corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly 
astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure 
to frost. 

Order 60. SAPOTACE^. (Sappodilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate 
leaves {often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually 
in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens com- 
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite 
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and 
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 2-celled, with 
a single anatropoui ovule in each cell : seeds large. — Albumen mostly none; 
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — 
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, 
and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by tb.e genus 

1. BTJMELIA, Swartz. Bumelia. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each 
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, 
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem- 
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish 
scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves. 
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. 
( The ancient name of a kind of Ash'. ) 

1. B. lycioides, Gsertn. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10° - 25° 
high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often 
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2'- 4' long); clusters densely many -flowered ; 
fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 

2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10° -40° high); leaves oblong-obovate or 
wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1^'- 3' long) ; clusters 6- 12-fowered ; 
fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo- 
site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty 
beneath (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July. 



STYRACACEJ?. (STORAX FAMILY.) 809 

Order 61. STYRACACEJE. (Storax Family.) 

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- 
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2-5-celled 
ovary ; the corolla of 4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ; 
the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or 
polyadelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 -b-celled, the cells 
commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the 
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. 
Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its 
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm 
countries, comprising two very distinct tribes, which are sometimes sepa- 
rated as suborders or orders. 

Tribe I. STYRACE^. Calyx 4-8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as manj 
as the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascending 
— Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 

1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5, 

parted. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded. 

2. Hales ia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 -4-celled ovary, which is 2 - 4, 

winged and 2 - 4-celled iu fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. 

Tribe II. SYMPL.OCINEJE. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens usually very numerous : an 
thers short, innate. Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 

3. Symplocus. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. 

1. STtRAX, Tourn. Storax. 

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with 
the base of the 3-celled muiy-ovuled ovary. Corolla. 5-parted (rarely 4-8- 
parted), large ; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the 
lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube : anthers 
linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 
1-celled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard 
coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or 
leafy-racemed white and showy flowers, on drooping peduncles ; produced in 
spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, {f] ^rvpa^, the ancient Greek name of 
the tree which produces storax. ) 

1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, acute or pointed, wftite-tomentose 
beneath (3 '-6' long) ; flowers mostly 'n elongated racemes ; corolla f$' long) convo 
lute-imbricated in the bud. — Woods, Virginia and southward. 

2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovate (about V long), 
above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tommtose beneath ; flowers (£' long) 1-3 to- 
gether in (he axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens, 
Virginia (Pwsh) and southward.— Shrub l°-4° high. 

3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1-3' long), 
smooth, or bandy pulverulent beneath ; flowers axillary or in 3 -4- flowered racemes 
(i' Ion g) J corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lseve, Ell.) — Mar- 
gin of swamps, Virginia and southward. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 



310 PLANTAGINAGE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Sxowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree. 

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4- 
celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open 
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16: fila- 
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base 
of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and 
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. — 
Shrubs or small trees, Avith large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy 
white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from 
axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for 
Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 

1 . H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of 
streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio Eiver at Evansville (Short), 
and southward. Fruit 1^' long. 

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. (HOPE A, L. ) Sweet-Leap. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. 
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly unked at the base. Stamens very nu- 
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen- 
der: anthers veiy short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded. 

— Shrubs or small trees , the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, 
and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. 
(Name <tv[X7t\okos, connecttd, from the union of the stamens.) 

1. S. tinctbria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, 
acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and 
pale beneath (3' -5' long) ; flowers 6 - 14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. 

— Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily 
eaten by cattle. 

Order 62. PI^ArVTAGITCACE^. (Plantain Family.) 

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular A-merous spiked flowers, the stamens 
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous 
corolla, alternate with, its lobes; — chiefly represented by the genus 

1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. Ribgrass. 

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous mar- 
gins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 
4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and 
fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in No. 5 falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1 - 
several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Pod 
2-celled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that the 
top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls 
away. Embryo straight, in flesbv albumen. — Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, 
small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.) 



PLANTAGINACEJS. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 311 

§ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike, and with the 4 stamens and filiform stigma much 
exserted, but dichogamous, i. e. with the stigma exserted from the tip of the corolla a 
day or so before it expands and the anthers are hung out (an arrangement for crosr- 
fertilization) : lobes of the corolla spreading or reflexed after flowering. 

* Leaves 5 - 7 -ribbed, mostly broad : spike long and slender, smooth : seeds not concave 

on the inner face: root perennial, or perhaps annual in No. 2 and 3. 

1. P. major, L. (Common Plantain.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely 
roughish ; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, 
abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense; pod 7 -16-seeded. — • 
Moist grounds, everywhere near dwellings. June - Sept. — A small and rougher 
form in salt marshes. (Xat. from Eu., but probably indigenous high north.) 

2. P. Kamtschattoa, Cham. Much resembles small forms of the preced- 
ing; but sepals and bract narrower, and pod ^-seeded. (P. Kugelii, Decaisne.) 
— Buffalo, N. Y., Mr. Dug, and sparingly in the south. (Apparently adv.) 

3. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Slender (3' -18' high), smoothish or hairy; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, 3 - 5-nerved, tapering to both ends, denticulate or entire ; 
spike sparsely-flowered, very slender ; lobes of the corolla acute ; pod 2-seeded. — 
Mound City, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. July -Sept. 

4. P. COrdata, Lam. Tall, glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate 
(3' -8' long), long-petioled, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loosely 
flowered ; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2 - A-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York 
to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April -June. 

* * Leaves linear, thick and fleshy, without ribs, or when dry obscurely 3-nerved: spike 

slender: tube of the corolla hairy below: seeds not hollowed. 

5. P. maritima, L., var. juncoides. Smooth, or the scape slightly pu- 
bescent ; leaves flat or flatfish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape 
(5'- 12'), mostly entire; pod 2-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled, 2-4-seeded; 
root on our coast annual or biennial. ( P. juncoides, Lam.) — Salt marshes, from 
New Jersey northward. Near Boston a depauperate form, 2' -5' high, little 
fleshy, grows in sand beyond the influence of salt water (D. Murray). The per- 
ennial P. maritima occurs in New Brunswick, &c, perhaps in Maine. 

* * * Leaves 3-5-ribbed, narrow: spike thick and dense, at first or throughout very 

short: two of the scarious sepals generally united into one: seeds only 2, hollowed 
on the inner face. 

6. P. lanceolata, L. (Ribgrass. Ripplegrass. English Plantain.) 
Mostly hairy ; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate 
or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9'-2° high); root perennial. —Dry fields : 
common eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Flowers of two sorts on distinct plants, apparently polygamo-dicecious ; the mostly 
sterile ivith the usual large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the 
corolla reflexed or spreading ; the truly fertile ivith minute anthers on short included 
filaments, and the corolla usually closing permanently over the apex of the fruit: 
seeds not hollowed on the face: small annuals or biennials. 
* Stamens 4 : spike dense. 

7. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2'- 9' high); leaves ob- 
loag, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3 - 5-nerved, slightly or 



312 PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 

coarsely and sparingly toothed; seeds usually 2. — Sandy grounds, Rhode 
Island to Illinois and southward. May - Sept. 

* * Stamens only 2 : leaves narrowly linear or thread-shaped, barely l-ribbed: spike 
mostly slender, of few or many crowded or scattered small flowers. 

8. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1'- 4' high) ; leaves entire ; pod 
short-ovoid, -i-seedtd, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Dry hills, New York 
to Illinois, and southward. April- Aug. 

9. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some 
of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed; pod oblong-conoidal, \0-28-seeded, nearly 
twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla, Dtcaisne, in DC.) — Low or 
sandy grounds, from Philadelphia southward. April -June. — Plant 2' -8' 
high. 

§ 3. Flowers all commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants ; the more common 
with very small anthers on short f laments {perhaps early and close- fertilized) ; oth- 
ers with large anthers on long-exserted filaments : corolla ivith broad round lobes 
permanently widely spreading : seeds 2 [one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hol- 
lowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow and woolly or hairy leaves. 

10. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves 1- 
3-nerved ; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense ; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with 
a thick centre. (Pound through almost the whole length of America.) 

Var. gnaphalioid.es, Gray. White with silky wool ; leaves varying from 
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (5' 4' long), woolly; bracts not 
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry 
plains, W. Wisconsin and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and 
var. nuda into 

Var. aristata, Gray. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; 
bracts awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., &c.) — 
Illinois and southwestward. 

Order 63. PMTMBAGSNACE.aE. (Leadwort Family.) 

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-meroics flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 sta- 
mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary 
one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from 
the base of the cell. — The Statice^e or Marsh-Rosemary Tribe only 
is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armeria vul- 
garis), on the coast by a single species of 

1. STATICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary. 

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted. 
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or 
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their 
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, 
in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Seaside 
perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves ; the naked flowering stems or 



PKIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 313 

scapes branched into panicles. (Srari/cj?, an ancient name given to this or some 
other herb, on account of its astringency.) 

1. S. Lim6nium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1- 
ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, 
corymbose-panicled ( 1° - 2° high) ; spikelets I - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy on 
the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — 
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.) 

Var. Carolimana (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the., plant of the Northern 
States, has a hollow scape, more erect branches, at length scattered flowers, and 
sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward ( where 
it passes into S. Bahusien&is, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 

Order 64. PBIMULACE.E. (Primrose Family.) 

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect fowers, the stamens as many 
as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted 
opposite them, a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the 
base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free irom the ovary, or in 
Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, 
rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy 
albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4. 

Tribe I. PRIMULEjE. Pod free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth. 
# Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 

1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. 

2. Androsaee. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. 

3. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, o-parted. Stamens exserted : filaments united. 

* # Stems leafy •. corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 

4. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit. 

5. Lysimachia. Corolla 5 - 6-parted or 5-6-petalled. Stems leafy throughout. 

6. Glaux. Corolla none: the calyx petal-like. 

Tribe II. ANAGALLIDEiE. Pod circumcissile. Otherwise as in Tribe I. 

7. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite. 

8. Centunculns. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4- 5-cleft. Leaves alternate. 

Tribe III. S AMOLE.ai2. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves. 

9. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. 

Tribe IV. HOTTONIEJ1. ' Pod as in Tribe I. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 
'.0. Hottonia. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected. 

1. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip. 

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the 
Insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. 
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and 
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, 
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 

1. P. farindsa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose.) Leaves elliptical or obo- 
vate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3-20-flowered involucre, frc. covered wth 
G M— 14 



314 PRIMULACEiE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

a white mealiness: corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St 
Clair and Huron; also Mount Kineo, Maine {A. H. Smith), and northward. 
June, July. — Scape 3' - 10' high. (Eu.) 

2. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and 
veiny, not mealy; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla 
broadly and deeply obcorclate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked Lake 
(Sartwell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York [Knieskern and Vasey), 
Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, Sj-c), and northward. May. — A 
pretty species, 2' - 6' high. (Eu.) 

2. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Androsace. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube 
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, 
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient and obscure name, 
thought by Linnaeus to be formed of dvbpos, of man, and adicos, a shield.) 

1. A. OCCidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2' -4' 
high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, 
sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. 
— Bare hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 

3. DODECATHEON, L American Cowslip. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very 
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb ; the divisions long 
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and 
linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous 
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- 
crate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, 
nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name 
fancifully assumed from 8o>Se/ca, twelve, and 6eoi, gods.) 

1. D. Meadia, L. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Wiscon- 
sin, and south westward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the 
West called Shooting-Star. 

4. TRIENTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen. 

Calyx mostly 7 -parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla 
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in 
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. — 
Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate 
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at 
the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and 
star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding 
to the height of the plant.) 

1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Star-flom<er.) Leaves elongated-lanceo- 
late, tapering to both ends ; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods : common 
northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 



FRIMULACE.fi. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 315 

5. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife. 

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-7-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- (or 6 -7-) parted, 
or even of as many separate petals. Stamens as many. Pod globose, 5-10- 
valved, few- many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with mostly yellow 
flowers, either axillary or in a terminal raceme. (Named in honor of King 
Lysimachus, or from Xvais, a release flom, fta^n, strife.) 

§ 1. NAUMBURGIA. Moeneh. Leaves opposite, sessile, minutely glamluhir-dotted : 
parts of the flower not rarely 6, sometimes 7; the narrow petals almost or quite 
distinct, and with an interposed small tooth, sprinkled with purplish dots : Jilaments 
slender, distinct, equal: anthers short: pod few-seeded. 

1. L. thyrsifldra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem simple 
(l°-2° high) ; lower leaves reduced to scale*, the rest lanceolate, the axils of 
one or two pairs of the middle ones bearing a short-peduncled head-like or spike- 
like cluster of light yellow small flowers ; divisions of the corolla lance-linear. 
(Nnumburgia thyrsiflora, Reichenb., and Ed. 2.) — Cold wet swamps, from Penn. 
northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

§ 2. TFtID YNIA, Raf. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted : calyx and 
golden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly 
monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones: anthers short: pod 5- 
valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds. 

2. L. stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves opposite 
or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowtrs on slender pedicels in 
a long raceme (5'- 12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. prodtjcta, leafy 
for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds : com- 
mon. June- Aug. — Stems l°-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform 
bulblets in the axils. 

S. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2° high); 
leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flow- 
ers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla 
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil: common. June. — A variety has the 
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to 
bracts shorter than the peduncles. Near New York, Washington, &c. 

§ 3. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at 
the base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : 
corolla light yellow, not streaked nor dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with 
undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals : filaments nearly equal, 
scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the base in 
the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod 5-10- 
valved, or bursting irregularly, \0-20-seeded. 

4. L. ciliata, L. Stem erect (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6' 
w ong), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long 
«tnd fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets : 
common. July. 

5. L. radicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches 
jften rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slen- 



816 PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

der petioles: corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, West 
Virginia [Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller 
than in the last. 

6. L. lanceol&ta, Walt. Stem erect (10'- 20' high); leaves lanceolate, va- 
rying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, 
or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. hybrida is merely the 
broader-leaved form. Var. angustif6lia (L. angustifolia, Lam.) is a slender 
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute 
2ki both ends. — Low grounds : not uncommon, especially westward and south- 
ward. June - Aug. 

7. L. longifblia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-ang\ed, slender (1°- 3° high), often 
branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long, 2" -3" 
wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revo- 
lute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate ; corolla (8" -9" broad) 
longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, Nuti.) — 
Moist soil, Western New York and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Illinois. 
July - Sept. 

§ 4. Introduced European species of true Lysimachia. 

8. L. nummularia, L. (Moneywort.) Smooth ; stems trailing and 
creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered; 
divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx- 
lobes and the stamens; filaments slightly monadelphous at the base. — Escaped 
from gardens into damp ground in some places. July -Sept. 

6. GLAITX, L. Sea-Milkwort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- 
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- 
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- 
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. 
(An ancient Greek name, from y\avKos, sea-green.) 

1. G. maritima, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod north- 
ward. Also beyond the Mississippi northwestward. June. (Eu.) 

7. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. Pimpernel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer 
than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod 
membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, 
spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire 
leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, 
probably from ara, again, and ayaWco, to delight in.) 

1. A. arvensis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter 
than the peduncles ; petals obovate. obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked 
glands. — Waste sandy fields. June - Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, 
sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad 
weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." 
(Nat. from Eu.) 



LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDER WORT FAMILY.) 317 

8. CENTUNCULUS, L. Chaffwbsd. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, 
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on, the summit of the pod 
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 : filaments beardless. — 
Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers 
in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' -5' long) ; leaves ovate, obovate, 
or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lan- 
ceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.) 

9 . SAMO LU S , L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat 
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True 
stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, 
many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white 
flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.") 

1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy ; leaves obovate; 
bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx- 
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) 

Var. Americamis, Gray. More slender, becoming diffusely branched ; 
racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, 
and pods smaller. (S. floribundus, H. B. K.) — Wet places : common. June- 
Sept. 

10. HOTTONIA, L. Featherfoil. Water Violet. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short 
tube; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5-valved; 
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base, 
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the 
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at 
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a 
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 

1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered 
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- 
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's 
finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and 
southward. June - Aug. 

Order 65. LENTIBtTLACEJE. (Bladderwort Family.) 

Small herbs (growing in icater or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, 
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro* 
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front • the palate Tisually bearded. Ovary 



318 LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 

free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger 
and with a prominent palate. Pod often bursting irregularly. Scapes 
1 -few-flowered. — Consists mostly of the two following genera: — 

1. UTEICTJLARIA, L. Bladderwort. 

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate 
on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat. Anthers convergent. — 
Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladder.--, 
which are rilled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting 
in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few- 
flowered; usually flowering all summer. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.) 

* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large 

bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower kaves dissected and capillary, 
bearing little bladders : rootlets few or none. 

1. U. inflata, Walt. (Inflated Bladderwort.) Swimming free; 
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, 
bearing fine thread-like divisions ; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow) ; the appressed 
spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, 
and southward, near the coast. 

* * Scapes naked [except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, 

which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaves famished with 
small air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. ( Mostly 
perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) 
•*- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: pedicels nodding in fruit. 

2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed stems (1°- 
3° long) crowded with 2 -3-pl /mutely many-parted capillary leaves, bearing man;/ 
bladders; scapes 5- 12-flowered (6' -12' long) ; corolla closed (6"- 9" broad, the 
sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt 
in the European and the high northern plant; in the common Var. Americana 
(U. macro rhiza, LeConte), less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and 
slow streams. (Eu.) 

3. U. minor, L. (Smaller B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like im- 
mersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 2 - 8-flowered (3' - V high ) ; 
upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short 
and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, Rhode Island to Illinois and north- 
ward. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu. ) 

-•- ■*- Flowers of '2 sorts ; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- 
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more, fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy 
stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and 
never expanding. 

4. TJ. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed 
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- 
der (3'-5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader 
and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — 
Ponds, E. New England, W. New York, and New Jersey. 



LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 319 

■*-•«- 4- Flowers all alike, few (1 - 5) : pedicels erect in fruit. 
++ Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels filiform : spur ascending or horizontal. 

5. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 
'^-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid ; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely 
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- 
arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate; spur 
conical-oblong, acute, appressed to the very broad (&'' -8") lower tip and nearly as long 
us it. — Shallow pools, New England and New Jersey to Ohio, Wisconsin, and 
northward. — Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - 7' high. ( Eu.) 

6. U. Striata, LeConte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- 
mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing; flowers 2-5 ($" 
broad), on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded; 
the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear, 
obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine bar- 
rens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. — Scape 8'- 12' high. 

7. U. biflora, Lam. Scape (2' -5' high) 1 -3-filowered, at the base bear- 
ing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and 
numerous bladders ; spur oblong, equalling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped ; other- 
wise resembles the next. — Shallow water, Illinois and southward. 

8. U. gibba, L. Scape (V -3' high), 1 - 2-flowered, at the base furnished 
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like 
ieaves and scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly 
equal; the lower with the sides reflexed (4" -5" long), exceeding the very thick 
and blunt conical gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Virginia to Massachusetts, N. 
New York and N. Illinois. 

++ ++ Corolla violet-purple. 

9. U. purpurea, Walt. ? Leaves whorled along the long immersed free 
floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary; bearing many bladders; flowers 
2-4 (6" wide) ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla 
and about half its length. (U. saccata, LeConte.) — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, 
and southward. — Scape 3' -6' high, not scaly below. 

* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting 
in the mud or soil : leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the 
water, commonly few or fugacious: air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or 
commonly none. 

*- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 

10. U. resupinata, Greene. Scape (2'- 8' high) 2-bracted above; leaves 
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; 
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote 
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape- 
— Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to Rhode Island. 

•*- +- Flowers 2-10, [chiefly) yellow: leaves entire, rarely seen. 

11. U. cornuta, Michx. Stem strict (3'-l° high), 2- 10-flowered ; ped- 
icels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its 
centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper 
lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, 



320 BIGNONIACE^E. (bignonia family.) 

about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps : common both 
northward and southward. — Flowers close together, large. 

12. U. SUbulata, L. Stem capillary (3' -5' high); pedicels capillary; 
lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much 
larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, oppressed to the 
lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of 
New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Corolla 2" -4" broad. 

U. — Walter characterizes his U. purpurea as with "floribus parvis." 
.Elliott mentions that he once saw, near Savannah, a small terrestrial species, 
Lke U. subulata, but purple-flowered, which he took for Walter's plant, Mr. J. 
A. Paine, Jr. found in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in Sept., 1866, a few- 
minute specimens of this sort, with " faint pink-purple corolla, not larger than 
a pin's head." It is left for further investigation. 

2. PINGUICUIiA, L. Butterwort. 

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy 
or spotted palate. — Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, 
with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, 
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 

1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little 
pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur 
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 
July. (Eu.) 

Order 66. BIONONIACE^E. (Bignonia Family.) 

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- 
drous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal 
placentae, or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a 
flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla 
tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous; 
the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or pos- 
terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : 
anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 
2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. 
Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family : to which are ap- 
pended several outlying groups, such as the Pedaline^;, represented 
by Martynia, &c. 

* Woody plants, with dry pods. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-like 

cotyledons notched at both ends. 

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing. 

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without teudril3. 

3. Catalpa. Pod as in No. 2. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees : leaves simple. 

* * Herbs. Fruit fleshy outside, woody within. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the 

cotyledons thick and entire. 

4. Martynia. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Corolla bell-shaped 5-lobed. Fruit beaked. 



BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 321 

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Bignonia. 

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed 
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod 
2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely 
winged. — Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a ten- 
dril. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.) 

1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a 
branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling 
stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia to S. 
Illinois and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees; a transverse sec- 
tion of the wood showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds 
with the wing 1^' long. 

2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flowee. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. 
Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds 
transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with compound leaves. (Abridged from 
the Mexican name.) 

1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Climbing by rootlets; 
leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; sta- 
mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi- 
cans, L.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated 
farther north. July - Sept. — Corolla 2' - 3' long, orange and scarlet, showy. 

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Catalpa. Indian Bean. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed 
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; 
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly 
cylindrical, 2-celied ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds winged on 
each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.) 

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy be- 
neath ; flowers in open compound panicles. — S. Illinois ? and southward. Cul- 
tivated in the Northern States : a Avell-knovvn ornamental tree, with large leaves, 
and showy flowers, which are white, slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with 
purple and yellow in the throat, appearing in July. Pods hanging till the next 
spring, often 1° long. 

4. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn-plant. 

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed aud 
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, the flesh at length 
falling away in 2 valves ; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at 
length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, 
imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two 
partitions or placentae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and co- 
hering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wing- 
21 



322 orobanchace^;. (broom-rape family.) 

less, with a thickened and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy- 
pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. 
Flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge.) 

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or un- 
dulate, the upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel- 
low and purple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks 
of the Mississippi in S. Illinois (probably indigenous) and southwestward. Also 
common in gardens. July -Oct. 

Order 67. OBOBA1VCHACEJ1. (Broom-rape Family.) 

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites) monopetalous, didyna- 
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; pod very many- 
seeded: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx 
persistent, 4 -5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, 
ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- 
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : 
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style 
which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved ; the 
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- 
merous, minute, anatropous, the minute embryo at the base of transparent 
albumen. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, 
lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. 

* Flowers of two sorts : stems branching. 

1. Epfpliegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the 

corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. 

* * Flowers all alike and perfect : stems mostly simple. 

2. Conopholis. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and split on the lower side. Sta- 

mens protruded. Corolla 2-lipped. 

3. Phelippea. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and regularly 5-cleft. 

Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 

4. Aphyllon. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla with 

the border almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root. 

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with 
a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very 
short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth 
of the pod : the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capi- 
tate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae 
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, 
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of cVi, upon, 
and (prjyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 

1. E. Virgini&na, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt. ) — • Common under 
Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. - Oct. — Corolla of the upper (ster- 
ile) flowers whitish and purple, 6" - 8" long, curved, 4-toothed. 



OROBANCHACE.E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 323 

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Cancer-root. 

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg- 
ularly 4 - 5-toothed calyx ; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- 
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the 
summit; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma 
depressed. Pod with 4 placentas, a pair on the middle of each valve. — Upper 
scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each other in regular 
order, not unlike those qf a fir-cone (whence the name, from kcovos, a cone, and 
t^oXi's, a scale.) 

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana, L.) — Oak woods: 
not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular 
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3' - 
6' long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. 

3. PHELIPJEA, Tourn. Broom-rape. 

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair 
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the 
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary 
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placentas, two on the 
middle of each valve. — Sterns rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. #• J. Pheli- 
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort.) 

1. P. Ludoviciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3'- 12' high) ; 
the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length 
-of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the lips equal in length. — Illinois (E. 
Hall) and westward. Oct. 

4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape. 

* 

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets. 
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor- 
der, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3 
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with 
4 equidistant placentas, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and 
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers (purplish) and scapes 
minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (pvWov, foliage, 
alluding to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipasa. 

1. A. uniflbrum, Torr. & Gr. (One-flow t ered Cancer-root.) Stem 
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending 
up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3' -5' high); divisions of the calyx lance- 
awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods : 
not rare. April, May. — Corolla 1' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the 
throat, the lobes obovate. 

2. A. fascicillatum, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3'- 4' out 
of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx 
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. 
(Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Michigan (Engelmann), N. 
Illinois ( Vasey), and northwestward. May. 



324 scrophulariace^:. (figwort FAMILY.) 

Order 68. SCROPHIJI.ARIACE7E. (Figwort Family.) 

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous or diandrous {or very rarely 
5 perfect) stamens inserted on the lube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregu- 
lar corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-celled and 
usually many-seeded pod, with the placenta? in the axis : seeds anatropous, 
with a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 
2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal 
in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, 
some of them narcotic-poisonous plants : the two principal groups generally 
distinguishable by the aestivation of the corolla. 

I. ANTIRRHINIDE^. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in 

the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c). Pod usually 
septicidal. 
Tribe I. VERBASCEJE. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or 
raceme. Leaves all alternate. 

1. Veibascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded filament*. 

Tribe II. ANTIRRHIIVEiE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, 
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple 
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. 

2. liinaria. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat. 

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at the base ; the palate closing the throat. 
Tribe III. CHELONEJ1. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. 

Pod 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound ; the flowers in small 
clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts, the clusters spiked or racemed ; or 
when reduced to a single flower the peduncle 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, with mostly a rudi- 
ment of the fifth. 

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one 

spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip. 

5. Colliusia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of 

the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. 

Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged. 

7. Peutsteuioii. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless. 

Tribe IV. GRATIOLE^l. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-vaived. 
Inflorescence simple 5 the flowers being single in the axil of the bracts or leaves, the pe- 
duncles bractless. Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No rudiment of a fifth stamen. 
# Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. 
r \8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated. 
9. Conobca, Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. 

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short. 

* * Anther-bearing stamens 2: usually also a pair of sterile filaments. 

II. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included 5 the sterile pair short or none. 

12. Ilysa11th.es. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded. 

11. RHINANTHTDE^. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla 

covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal. 

Tribe V. SIBTHORPIEJE, VERONICE^}, &c. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver- 
shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching each other in pairs nor strongly 
didynamous : anthers 2-oelled. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 325 

13. Micranthemnm. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Sta- 
mens 2, anterior : filaments with an appendage. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary. 

14 Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Sta- 
mens 4. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Flowers axillary. 

15. Syjitbyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2-4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 

or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers raceuied. 

16. Veronica. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, 

almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed. 

Tribe VI. BICHNERE^B. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs .• 
anthers 1-celled. Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike. 

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft. 

Tribe VII. GERARDIE^). Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly 
unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves oppo 
site, or the uppermost alternate. 

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. 

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included. 

Tribe VIII. EUPHRASIEJE. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, 
erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens. 

* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded. 

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. 

* # Anther-cells equal. Pod many -several-seeded. 

21. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest. 

22. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong. 

23. Rhinaiathus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged. 

24. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless. 

* * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1-4-seeded. 

25. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-clel't. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique. 

1. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobe* 
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 ; all the filaments, or the 3 
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. — 
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem 
sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral ; in sum- 
mer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.) 

1. V. ThApstjs, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely ivooll y throughout ; stem 
tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ; 
flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; 
lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, &c. : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. V. BlattAria, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoothish, slender ; lower 
leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly 
clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Koadsides : 
not rare eastward. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

3. V. Lychnitis, L. (White M.) Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness ; 
stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish 
above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with 
whitish wool. — Waste places, Penn. to New York : rare : hybridizes spontane- 
ously with the common Mullein. (Adv. from Eu.) 



326 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

2. LINARIA, Tourn Toad-Flax. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly 
closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod 
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many. 

— Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate : fl. in summer. (Name 
from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) 

* Leaves sessile, narrow : plant glabrous, erect, leaf;/. 

1. L, Canadensis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) Slender annual or 
biennial, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots 
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue (very small), in 
a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting). 

— Sandy soil : common. 

2. L. vulgaris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Butter-and-eggs. Ransted.) 
Perennial, pale (l°-3° high); leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lanceolate, 
acutish ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, yellow (l'long); spur awl-shaped; 
seeds flattened and margined. — Old fields and roadsides : common eastward, ex- 
tending westward : a showy but pernicious weed. — The Peloria state, with a 
regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been observed 
in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. L. genistif6lia, Mill. Glaucous perennial, paniculate-branched ; leaves 
lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller than in 
No. 2) ; seeds angled and wrinkled. — Roadsides, New York, near the city (Prof. 
H. J. Clark, Lesqiiereux). (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Leaves petioled, broad, veiny, hairy : stems procumbent. 

4. L. ElAtine, Mill. Branching annual ; leaves alternate, ovate and hal- 
berd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers small, 
yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. — Fields and banks, east- 
ward: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. Snapdragon. 

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. 
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly showy, 
resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from dvTi, in 
comparison with, and piv, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn. 

1 . A. Orontium, L. A small flowered annual or biennial, low, erect ; 
leaves lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy ; sepals longer than the purplish or white 
corolla. — About gardens, and old fields in Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. A. mAjus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with 
oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme ; sepals short ; corolla 1^-' - 
2' long, purple or white. — Eastward escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper 
\obes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. 
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into o:k- ; 



JL 



? 



1 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 327 

the vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the 
tube of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite 
leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a ter- 
minal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.) 

1. S. noddsa, L. Smooth perennial (3° -4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves 
ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at 
the base. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Damp copses and banks. June- Aug. (Eu.) 

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Collinsia. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at 
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes 
partly turned backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, 
enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. 
Pod 4 - many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite 
leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing 
whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, 
of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist. ) 

1. C verna, Nutt. Slender (6' -20' high); lower leaves ovate; the up- 
»er ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorls about 
^-flowered; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the 
calyx. — Moist soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. 

2. C. parviflbra, Dougl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded ; 
the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2 - %-flowered ; flowers short- 
pedunc/ed; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx — Shore of Lake 
Superior and westward. 

6. GHELONE, Toum. Turtle-head. Snake-head. 

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the 
mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, 
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, 
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly 
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the"bthers. Seeds 
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op- 
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile 
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts 
and bractlets. (Name from xeAcoi/q, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape 
the head of a reptile.) 

1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong, 
pointed, variable in width, &c. : the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. (Also 
C. obliqua, L., &c. ) — Wet places : common. July - Sept. — Called also Shell- 
flowek, Balmony, &c. 

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beakd-tongue. Pentstemon. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, 
either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. 
Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile filament 



328 scrophulariacejE. (figwokt family.) 

usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wing- 
less. — Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, 
the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or ra* 
cemose-panicled. (Name from irevre^five, and ot^/zcoj/, stamen ; the fifth stamen 
being present and conspicuous, although sterile.) 

* Sterile filament bearded down one side : flowers numerous in a loose and somewhat 

clammy panicle, white or purplish. 

1. P. pub^SCens, Solander. More or less pubescent (1° - 3° high) ; stem- 
leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire; corolla 2 
lipped, gradually widened upwards, somewhat flattened and one-ridged on the upper 
6ide, and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; the throat 
almost closed ; lower lip rather longer than the upper; sterile filament densely 
yellow-bearded. —Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, when 
it is P. larvigatus, Solander, &c. — Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin, and 
southward. June- Sept. 

2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob- 
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla abruptly inflated and 
almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless, with the throat widely open, the 
spreading lobes nearly equal ; sterile filament sparingly bearded. (Flowers more 
showy than in the preceding, mostly white, over l'long). — Rich soil, Alexan- 
dria, Virginia {A. H. Curtiss), to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. 

* * Sterile filament nearly beardless, dilated and hooked at the end {rarely wanting). 

3. P. grandiflbrus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous ; stems simple 
(l°-3° high); leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping ; flowers 
(showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than 
panicle; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular, bluish or lilac-purple. — 
Prairies, W. Wisconsin (Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham), and westward. June. 

8. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu- 
lar ; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3- 
lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, 
with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and 
bractless peduncles. (Name from /uuo>, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla. ) 
* Erect from a perennial root, glabrous : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 

1. M. rlngens, L. Stem square (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate ; peduncles longer than the 
flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal. — Wet places : common. July - 
Sept. — Flower 1' - 1^' long, rarely white. 

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles ; leaves oblong- 
ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very 
short abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Connecti- 
cut to Illinois, and southward. 

* * Diffusely spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow. 

3. M. Jam^sii, Torr. Smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at the base ; 
stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 329 

calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, 
N. Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small, little larger 
than in the cultivated M. moschatus or Musk-Plant. 

9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (CaprariA, Midhx.) 

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. 
Stamens 4, fertile: anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes 
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, 
and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unex- 
plained.) 

I. C. multifida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely 
pubescent, annual; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge- 
shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — River-banks, 
Ohio to Illinois, and southward ; also adventive below Philadelphia. July- Sept. 

10. HEEPESTIS, Gasrtn. Hekpestis. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. 
Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 
4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low 
herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer: ours 
rather succulent perennials. (Name from epTrrjari-js, a creeping thing, the species 
being chiefly procumbent.) 

* Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched: leaves many-nerved. 

1. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-ohocate , 
half clasping (£' — 1 ' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the upper 
sepal ovate. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. 

2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base; leaves 
ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped. — Wet 
places, New Jersey and southward. — Aromatic when bruised. 

* * Corolla (bluish) almost equally b-cleft, the upper lip being 2-parted: calyx 2- 
bracted: stamens almost equal: leaves nearly nerveless* 

3. H. Monni&ra, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obovate 
or wedge-shaped. — Maryland and southward along the coast. 

11. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the co- 
rolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; 
the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the 
apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennials, some appar- 
ently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, 
usually with 2 bracelets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all 
inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account 
of supposed excellent medicinal properties.) 

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly dij 
branched, or creeping at base, sofi viscid-pubescent or smooth. 
L<& M— 34 



''30 SCEOPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 



* Sterile filaments minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 

1. G. Virgini&na, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4' -6' high); 
leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost equal- 
ling the leaves (^'-1' long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very common. 

2. G. sphseroearpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5' -10' high); leaves 
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the 
large (3") globular pod. — N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. 

* * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (%' — 1' long), 

3. G. visc6sa, Schweinitz. Clammy -pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate* 
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla 
ivhitish, yellow loithin. — Kentucky and southward. 

4. G. aurea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, 
equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (4' long). — Sandy swamps, N. 
Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia, and southward. 

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid 
and more simple stems, from an apparently annual root: sterile filaments tipptd 
with a head. 

5. G. pildsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile 
(i' long) ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — 
Low ground, Camden Co., New Jersey (C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), Maryland, 
and southward. 

12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Muhl.) 

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; 
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; 
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without 
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- 
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small 
and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, 
or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from l\vs, mud, or mire, 
and avBos, fiower.) 

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (False Pimpernel ) Much branched, dif- 
fusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly 
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping. ( Capraria gratioloides, L. Lin 
dernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl.) — Wet places : common. 

13. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Including Hemianthus, Nutt.) 

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the up- 
per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1 -lipped, the upper lip obsolete ; 
lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila- 
ment with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage : anthers 2-celled, didymous. 
No sterile filaments. Style short, its apex or the stigma 2-lobed. Pod glob- 
ular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several -many-seeded. 
— Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow 
water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute 






SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 331 

white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usu- 
ally one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of fUKpos, 
small, and avdep-ov^ flower.) — The section HemiAnthus (from rjfii, half, and 
avdos, flower) includes the species like ours, of which there are several dis- 
covered by C. Wright in Cuba, having the upper lip of the corolla very short 
or obsolete, and mostly slender or subulate stigmas. 

1. M. Nuttallii. (Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt.) Branches as- 
cending, l'-2' high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length 
recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and 
usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of 
the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones ; appen- 
dage of the stamens nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate. — 
Tidal muddy bands of the Delaware River, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 

14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly 
regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. 
Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals, 
growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, with- 
out ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 
1 -flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diminutive 
of limus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 

1. L. aquatica, L. : var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade 
distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt. L. 
subulata, Ives.) — In brackish tidal mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug., 
Sept. —Plant l'-2' high. (Eu.) 

15. SYNTHYEIS, Benth. Synth yris. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2-4-lobed or cleft. 
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the 
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- 
cells not confluent into one. Style slender : stigma simple. Pod flattened, 
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), 
many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Per- 
ennial herbs, Avith the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract- 
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers 
in a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of crvv, together, 
and dvpis. a little door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 

1. S. HoilghtOlliana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- 
shaped; raceme spiked, dense (5'- 12'); corolla not longer than the calyx, 
usually 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham. 
Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the 
most part deeply 2-partcd, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower 
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; but occasionally 3-parted, with the upper 
lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than 
the others- 



332 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

16. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. 

Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the 
border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly 
narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the 
corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma 
single. Pod flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few -many- 
seeded. — Chiefly herbs : leaves mostly opposite or whorled : flowers blue, flesh* 
color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of 57. Veronica.) 

§ 1. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked : 
bracts very small: tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than 
the calyx ; both sometimes 5-c/r/L (Leptandra, Nutt.) 

1. V. Virginiea, L. (Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.) Smooth 
or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours 
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ; 
stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward : 
often cultivated. July, Aug. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, 
not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. 

§ 3. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary mostly oppo- 
site racemes: corolla wheel-shaped [pale blue) : pod notched, many-seeded. 

2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and 
rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart- 
shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' -3' long) ; pedicels spread- 
ing; pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward: rare 
eastward. June -Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 

3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, 
decumbent at the base, then erect (8' -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled. ovate or 
oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base; 
the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. (V. Beccabunga, Amer. authors.) 
— Brooks and ditches : common. June -Aug. 

§ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches flom a decumbent base : leaves 
opposite : racemes axillary, from alternate or sometimes opposite axils : corolla 
wheel -shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded. 

4. V. SCUtellata, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) Smooth, slender and weak 
(6'- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes 1 or 2, very 
slender and zigzag ; flowers fw and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed 
pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didy- 
mous. — Bogs : common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

5. V. officinalis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem pros- 
trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-dliptical or wedge-oblong, ob- 
tuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; pod 
obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods. July. (Eu.) 
§ 4. Leaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the 

stem-leav<s: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded. 
* Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 

6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2 r -6' 
hijh ) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed ; nearly sessile ; 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 333 

raceme hairy, fw-flowered, crowded ; pod obovate, notched. — Alpine summits of 
the White Mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.) 

7. V. serpyllifdlia, L. (Thyme-leaved Speedwell.) Much branched 
at the creeping base, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple (2' - 4' high) ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper 
passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose ; pod rounded, broader than long, 
obtusely notched. — Roadsides and fields : common : introduced and indigenous. 
May -July. — Corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.) 

-* * Annuals or biennials : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowets 
appear to be axillary and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx. 

8. V. peregrina, L. (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.) Nearly 
smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, 
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer 
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers ; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- 
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds: common: appearing like an intro- 
duced weed. April -June. 

9. V. arvensis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched 
(3' -8' high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, 
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, 
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds : rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 5. Annuals or biennials (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves oj>posite (all peti- 
oled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : 
corolla wheel-shaped: pod flat : seeds cup-shaped. Rare or local immigrants, 
and only 'near the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia. 

10. V. agrestis, L. (Field Speedwell.) Leaves round or ovate, cre- 
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun- 
cles; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- 
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields. (Adv. from Eu. ) 

11. V. Buxbaumii, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut- 
toothed (|'-1' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly £' wide, 
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod obcordate-tnangular , 
broadly notched, 16 - 24-seeded. — Waste grounds. (Adv. fromEu.) 

12. V. heder^ef6lia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded 
or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 '-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lo^es some- 
what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded 
places. April -June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

17. BUCHNERA, L. Blue-Hearts. 

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a 
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb : the lobes oblong or 
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs: anthers one- 
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), 
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; 
the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. /Kamed 
in. honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist. ) 



334 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high); 
lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and 
coarsely toothed, veiny; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire; spike inter- 
rupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purplb 
corolla. — Plains, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. June- Aug. 

18. SEYMEEIA, Pursh. Seymkria. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not 
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 
4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells 
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the gen- 
eral aspect and character of Gerardia : leaves mostly opposite and dissected or 
pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt- 
edly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) 

1. S. macrophylla, Nutt. (Mullein-Foxglove.) Rather pubescent 
(4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan- 
ceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla 
incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; style short, 
dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-banks, Ohio 
to Illinois, and southwestward. July. 

19. GERARDIA, L. Gerardia. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla canipanulate-funnel-form, or 
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, 
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- 
dynamous, included, hairy: anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled; the cells 
parallel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flat- 
tened at the apex. Pod globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branch- 
ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) : stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter- 
nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, 
which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow ; in late 
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.) 
§ 1. GERARDIA proper. Calyx-teeth short : corolla purple or rose-color : anthers 
all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. ( Our species are all branching 
annuals. They still need revision , in connection with those of the Southern States.) 
* Peduncles shorter or moderately longer than the calyx: stem erect. 

1. G. purpurea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (8' -20' high) with 
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; 
flowers large (1' long), bright purple, often downy; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, 
shorter than the tube. — Low grounds, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, 
mostly towai-ds the coast. 

2. G. maritima, Raf. (Sea-side G.) Low (4'- 12' high), with shorter 
branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx-teeth ; corolla £' long. 
— Salt marshes along the coast. 

3. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2° high); leaves long 
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has 



scrophulariace^e. (figwort family.; 335 

lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube; corolla larger than in No. 1. — 
Damp grounds, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. 

* * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely 
branched, slender (8' - 20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" - 7" long. 

4. G. tenuif61ia, Vahl. (Slender G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, 
the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; pod globular, 
not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods : common. 

5. G. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the 
lower linear; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth. 
(G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. 

§ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf. Calyx 5-clefi, the lobes ojlen toothed: corolla yellow; 
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all 
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base: leaves rather large, all 
of them or only the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennials.) 

6. G. flava, L. partly. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent with a 
fine close down ; stem (3° -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, or the tower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very 
short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods, 
especially in the Middle States. — Corolla 1^' long. 

7. G. quereifdlia, Pursh. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Smooth and 
glaucous (3° - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid ; 
the upper oblong -lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, 
the lance-linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. 

— Rich woods, especially southward. — Corolla 2' long. 

8. G. integrifdlia, Gray. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1° - 2° high) mostly 
simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; peduncles 
shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) — Woods 
and barrens, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. — 
Corolla 1 ' long. 

-9. G. grandifldra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (3°- 
4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid; pedun- 
cles rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the 
broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes. (Dasystoma Drummondii, 
Benth.) — Oak openings, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois (Vasey) and southward. 

— Intermediate between G. flava and the next. 

10. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 
3° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid. and the lobes cut and toothed ; 
-peduncles longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes. — Dry copses : common. 

§ 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Calyx deeply b-cleft, the lobes unequal: corolla pur- 
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens r 
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller. (Annuals?) 

11. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple ( 9'- 
20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the 
others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; flowers nearly 
sessile in the axils (1' long). — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and 
southward. 



336 SCROPHUJLARIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. 

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on 
the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in- 
cluded in the calyx ; its upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened 
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther- 
cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous, 
Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed 
leaves ; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yel- 
low or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.) 

1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Hairy biennial or 
annual ; stem simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem incised ; the floral 
3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit (rarely yellow) ; calyx almost equally 2- 
cleft, the lobes nearly entire, about the length of the pale yellow corolla. (Euchi'oma 
coccinea, Nutt.) — Sandy low grounds : not uncommon. May- Aug. 

2. C. pallida, Kunth. Smooth or sparingly hairy perennial ; at the sum- 
mit woolly ; leaves often incised ; the floral oblong or obovate, whitish, rarely 
tinged with purple ; calyx cleft more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleft, the ovate- 
oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla. (C. septentrionalis, 
Lindl.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green 
Mountains, Vermont, Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. (Eu.) 

3. C. sessilifldra, Pursh. Hairy and low perennial (6' -9' high); leaves 
mostly 3-cleft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader, not colored: spike 
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions deeply 2-c/ef, 
shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which 
has the lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, about half the length of the upper. 
— Prairies, Wisconsin (Laphain), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long. 

21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed. 

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much 
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the 
corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an- 
ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- 
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat- — A perennial minutely pu- 
bescent upright herb (l°-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a 
loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, 
sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into nar- 
row bracts. Pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated 
to C. G. Schivalbe, an obscure German botanist.) 

1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, Cape Cod at Sandwich (B. D. 
Greene), near Albany, New York, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward 
near the coast. May- July. 

22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Eyebright. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely 
arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the 



SCROFIIULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 337 

lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anther-cells equal 
pointed at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with 
branching- stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. 
(Name ev(ppaaia, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 

I. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaA'es ovate or lanceolate, the lowest 
crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellow- 
ish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire (Oakes), Lake Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, l f -5 
high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.) 

23. EHINAITHUS, L. Yellow-Rattle. 

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper 
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur- 
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells 
equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — 
Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the 
upper lanceolate, 'toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ; 
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one- 
sided spike. (Name composed of pip, a s'nuut, and (iudos, a Jloicer, from the 
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.) 

1. R. Crista-galli, L. (Common Yellow-Rattle.) Leaves oblong 
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, 
whence the popular name). — Plymouth, Mass. (probably introduced), White 
Mountains, N. Hampshire (Tuckerman), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

24. PEDICULAR! S, Tourn. Lousewort. 

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, flattened, 
often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; 
the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 
4, under the upper lip : anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod 
ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with 
chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. 
(Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 

1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.) 
Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5' -12' high); Laves scattered; the lowest ]>iru 
naiehj parted; the others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense; calyx split in 
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow 
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; pod fiat, 
somewhat sword-shaped. — Copses and banks : common. May -July. 

2. P. laneeolata, Michx. Stem upright (l°-3° high), nearly simple, 
mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike 
crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla 
incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as 
nearly to close the throat ; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida,. 
Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept 

G M 15 



338 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 

25. MELAMPYEUM, Tourn. Cow-Wheat. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-tleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the co- 
rolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in 
front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, 
under the upper lip: anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ;. the 
equal cells minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. 
Pod flattened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite 
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth 
at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in 
our species. (Name composed of /neXas, black, and nvpoa, wheat; from tbe color 
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petiolcd, the lower 
entire; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few bristly 
teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of 
the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth.) — 
Open woods: common. June- Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high. Corolla 5" long, 
more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. 

Order 69. ACANTHACEiE. (Acanthus Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous sta- 
mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of 
which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4- 
12-) seeded pod ; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and sup- 
ported by hooked projections of the placentas. — Flowers commonly much 
bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form: stigma simple or 2-cleft. 
Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. 
Seed with albumen in Elytraria of the Southern States, according to Dr. 
Feay. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not 
noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world : represented 
in gardens by Thunbergia, which differs from the rest by the globular 
pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks (retinacula) ; in the Northern States 
by only two indigenous genera. 

1. DIANTHEEA, Gronov. Water- Willow. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the 
lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, 
the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted 
at the base into a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or 
wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes 
or heads. (Name formed of fit's, double, and dvOrjpd, anther ; the separated cells 
giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 

1. D. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes ob- 
long, dense, long-peduncled. ( Justicia pedunculosa, Michx. Rhytiglossa, Nees.) 
— Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and 
southward. July - Sept. 



VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 339 

2 . EUELLIA, L. (Dipteracanthus, Nees, & Ed. 2. ) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample border almost 
equally and regularly 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included, di- 
dynamous : cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly 
equal. Pod narrow, in our species (of the section Dipteracanthus) somewhat 
flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8-12-seeded. Seeds with 
a mucilaginous coat, when wet under the microscope exhibiting innumerable 
tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, 
with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, 
sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx 
often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbaiist, John Ruelle.) 

1. It. eilidsa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°- 3° high); leaves 
nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile 
in the axils ; tube of the corolla (I'- l^' long) fully twice the length of the setaceous 
calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees.) — Dry soil, Mich- 
igan to Illinois, and southward. June - Sept. 

2. R. strepens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4° high); leaves 
narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^-' - 5' long) ; 
tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly 
exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. (Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees.) — 
Flowers 1 -5 in each axil, rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile; 
sometimes many and closely crowded, then mostly fruiting in the bud, (when it 
is D. micranthus, Eugelm. Sr Or.). —Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and 
southward. July - Sept. 

Order 70. VERBENACEJE. (Vervain Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular 
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma I -celled) fruit 
dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded inde- 
liiscent nutlets ; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 
4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or 
furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no 
albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly rep- 
resented in cool regions. 

Tribe I. VERBENE^l. Ovary 2-4-celled, and with an erect anatropous ovulein each 
cell : radicle inferior. 

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. 

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets. 
8. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets. 
Tribe II. PHRYMEA Ovary 1 -celled : ovule erect, orthotropous : radicle superior. 
4, Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achenium. 

1. VEEBENA, L. Vervain. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co- 
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. 



340 VfiRBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 

Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender : 
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in 
single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin 
name for any sacred herb : derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous 
spontaneous hybrids. 

§ 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes. 
* Leaves undivided: root perennial. 

1. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Low (6' -18' high), often simple; leaves 
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; 
spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry 
soil, Amherst, Mass., to Wisconsin and southward : rare northward. 

2. V. hastata, L. (Blue Vervain.) Tall (4° -6° high); leaves lance- 
olate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petiofed, the lower often lobed and 
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, density flowered, corymbed 
or panicled. (V. paniculata, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and 
waste grounds: common. At the north probably immigrant from the south. 

3. V. urtieifolia, L. (Nettle-leaved or White V.) Rather tall; 
haves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at 
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. 
— Old fields and roadsides : apparently immigrant. 

4. V. Striata, Vent. (HOARY V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs; stem 
nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick 
and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wiscon- 
sin, and southward. — Flowers blue, pretty large. 

* * Leaves cleft or pinnatifid, narrowed at the base : root perennial ? 

5. V. officinalis, L. (European V.) Erect, loosely branched (1° -3° 
high) ; leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes 
cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much shorter than 
the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Roadsides; chiefly south- 
ward: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. V. hractedsa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; haves 
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely 
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small pur- 
ple flowers. — Waste places, Wisconsin to Kentuckj^ and southward. 

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 

7. V. Aubl6tia, L. Annual, rather hairy, spreading or ascending ; leaves 
obovate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid ; spikes 
pedancled, flat-topped in flower; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers showy, 
light purple. — Prairies and rocks, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. 

2. LIPPIA, L. (ZapAnia, Juss.) 

Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped: up- 
per lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style 
slender: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to 
Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 341 

f 1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (Fog-fruit.) Procumbent or creeping, rough- 

ish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; peduncles 
y axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers; 

calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Illi- 
nois and southward. July- Sept. 

3. CALLICARPA, L. Calli'Urpa. 

Calyx 4 - 5 -toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly 
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, ex serted : anthers opening at the apex. Style 
slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets. — 
Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name 
formed of Ka'AAos, beauty, and KapTros, fruit.) 

1. C. Americana, L. (French Mulberry.) Leaves ovate-oblong with 
a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; fruits vio- 
let-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. 

4. PHRYMA, L. Lopseed. 

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the 
lower shorter, 2-toothcd. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much 
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, 
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded! Seed orthotropous. 
Radicle pointing upwards: cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A peren- 
nial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the 
lower long-pctioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal 
spikes, reflexed in fruit, and bent close against the axis. Corolla purplish or 
pale rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 

1. P. Leptostaohya, L. — Woods and copses : common. July. — Plant 
(2°-3° high) : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. 

Order 71. LABIATE. (Mint Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with square 'stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- 
lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and. a deeply 4-lobed ovary, 
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia, surrounding the base 
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin- 
g'e erect seed. — Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their 
bise, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight 
(except in Scutellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of 

U the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 

inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers 
axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal 
spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a 
volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of 

V,!^ this large and well-known family. (More abundant in the Old World 

than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are 

W merely introduced plants.) 



. 



S42 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.^ 



Tribe I. A JTJGOIDTEiE. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually 
projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed corolla. 
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base. 

* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 

1. Teucrium. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. 

2. Triciiostema. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. 

* * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included. 

3. Isan t bus. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. 

Tribe IT. SATUREIEli. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distai t, 
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled. Lobes of t^ 
corolla flat and spreading. 

* Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant. 

4. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 

5. Lye opus. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. 

* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked (not bearded) within. 

-i- Stamens only 2, distant : also rudiments of the upper pair. 

6. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. 

■«- -i- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 

7. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Sta« 

inensexserted, diverging. 

8. Pyciianthemuin. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10-13-nerved, naked in the throat 

equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 

9. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Sta- 

mens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 

10. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped. 

Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small. 

11. Satnreia. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat. 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta- 

mens somewhat ascending. 
12 Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of 
the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip. 

13. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flattish on the upper side. Tube of the 

corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. 
n- ■*- h- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments. . 

14. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. 

* * # Corolla 2-lipped and with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat 

15. CoJlinsouia. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the co- 

rolla much larger than the other four. Stamens 2 or 4, long, diverging. 

Tribe III. MONARDE^E. Stamens 2 (sometimes also with mere rudiments of the 
upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers either apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 
2-lipped. 

IQ Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing 
a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower. 

17. Moiiarclii. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con- 

fluent into one ; the connective inconspicuous. 

18. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped Anthers as in the preceding. 

Tribe IV. IVEPETE.33. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior! 
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower 
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. 

19. LophaiKhns. Stamens divergent; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as- 

cending : anther-cells nearly parallel. 

20. Nepeta. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length 

widely diverging. Calyx more or less curved. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 343 

21. Dracocephalum. Stamens nearly as in the preceding. Calyx straight, the uppei 

lip or upper tooth commonly larger. 

22. Ceclronella. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. 

Tribe V. STACHYDEH. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; the inferior (outer) 
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate in pairs. 
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5- 10-nerved. 

* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated -bell-shaped in fruit. 

23. Syuandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely divergent. 

24. Pilysostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel. 

# * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 
25- Brunella. Calyx ner\ed and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 

26. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire 

* * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 -10-toothed. 
•t- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla. 

27. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5 -10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth 

•i- -i- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. 
++ Anthers opening transversely by two unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 

28. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny -pointed. 

++ -H- Anthers opening lengthwise. 

29. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens aftei 

shedding the pollen often turned downward. 

30. L«oiiuriis. Calyx top shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nut- 

lets trunate and acutely 3-angled at the top. 

31. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-anglod, truncate at the top. 

32. Bullosa. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5- 10 teeth united at the base into a spread- 

ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 

33. Fhlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 

1. TEXJCRIUM, L. Germander. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned 
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip-, the lower one much larger. 
Sramens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : 
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 

1. T. Canadense, L. (American Germander. Wood Sage.) Her- 
baceous perennial, downy ; stem erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath; the floral scarcely 
longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, 
crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike. — Low grounds : not rare, 
July - Sept. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white. 

2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue Curls. 

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and 
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobcd ; the lobes narrowly ob- 
long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- 
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, 
curved: anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- 
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly 
solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the 
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, 



344 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 



namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur 
pie, rarely white, small ; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of 0pi'£, 
hair, and art]na, stamen, from the capillary filaments.) 

1. T. dickotomum, L. (Bastard Pennyroyal.) Leaves fance-oljlong 
or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, New 
England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. — Stamens \' long 
Corolla blue : a pink variety near Hartford, Conn., C. H. Olmstead. 

2. T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens 
(tfNew Jersey, and southward. — More slender and less forked than the last. 

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyal. 

Calyx hell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than 
the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading 
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding 
the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly en- 
tire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3- 
flowered peduncles. (Name from 'tcros, equal, and avOos, flower, referring to the 
almost regular corolla. ) 

1. I. CSertlleus, Michx. — Gravelly banks and fields, Maine to Illinois, and 
southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long. 



4. MENTHA, L. 



Mint. 



Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a 
short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upper 
lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous 
perennial herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axil- 
lary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes ; produced 
in summer ; of two sorts as to the length of the stamens in most species. 
Corolla pale purple or whitish. (Mivdr) of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that 
name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.) 
* Inflorescence terminal, forming narrow splices : leaves sessile or nearly so. 

1. M. ROTTTNDIFOLIA, L. (KOUND-LEAYED MlNT.) Scfl-hairy 01' downy J 

leaves rownl-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed. — Wet 
places, Maine, J. Blake, New Jersey and Penn., Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

'2. M. viridis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth ; leaves olilcng- or ovate 
frvceo/ute, unequally serrate. — Wet places : common. (Nat. from Eu. ) 

* * Inflorrsccnce mostly terminal, forming interrupted spikes or heads : leaves petiole.d. 

•3. M. piperita, L. (Peppermint.) Smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, acute; 
snibs loose. — Var. subiiirsuta, Benth., has the petioles, veins of the leaves, 
&c. rather hairy. — Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the 
last; and like it multiplying rapidly by running under-ground shoots. (Mat. 
from Eu.) 

4. M. aquatica, L. (Water Mint.) Pubescent or smoothish ; leaves 
ovate or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong 
head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the uppei leaves; calyx and 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 345 

usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downwards. 

— Muddy shores, Nanticoke River, Delaware, W. M. Canby. — Var. glabrAta, 
Benth., a nearly smooth form, differing- from Peppermint in the rounder leaves 
and spike of 2 or 3 rounded heads (M. citrata, Ehrh.). — Litchfield, Connecti- 
cut, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * * Inflorescence axillary, the globular whorls or clusters all in the axils of the leaves, 
the uppermost axils not flower-bear iny : leaves more or less petioled, toothed. ( The 
species apparently run together.) 

5. M. sativa, L. (Whorled Mint.) Stem hairy downwards ; leaves ovate ; 
calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth. Intermediate between the last 
and the next, apparently runs into both. — River-banks, N. Jersey &Penn., Prof. 
Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the 
last; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields: rare. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

7. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Leaves varying from ovate-oblong 
to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teem rather 
short; hairs on the stem when present not conspicuously refiexed. fhe com- 
moner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. — 
Var. glabrata, Benth. (M. borealis, Michx.) is smoothish, "the scent pleas- 
anter, more like that of Monarda." {Prof. Porter.) — Shady wet places, New 
England to Kentucky and northward. 

5. LYCOPUS, L. Water Horehound. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, 
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the 
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins 

— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid 
leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of 
small mostly white flowers ; in summer. (Name compounded of \vkos, a wolf 
and novsyfovt, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) 

1. L. Virginicus, L. (Bugle-weed.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6' -18' 
high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or ovate- 
lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, 
bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places: common, especially northward. — ■ 
Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very small flowers. — The 
depauperate, few-flowered form, often tuberiferous at base (L. uniflorus, Michx., 
and L. pumilus, Vahl), Lake Superior and northward. Plant very bitter. 

2. L. Europseus, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (1° -3° high); leaves ovate- 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, usually more or less 
petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx-teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a 
rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roughened at the top) equal- 
ling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu. ) — Includes several nominal species (the 
sterile filaments variable) ; among them in our district is 

Var. sessilifblillS. Nearly smooth, producing slender leafy runners from 
the decumbent base ; leaves oblong-ovate, closely sessile or almost clasping, re 



346 LAB1ATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

motely toothed ; sterile filaments minute and slender. — Atsion Creek, New Jer- 
sey, \V. M. Canby. — Nearest the var. parvifolius, Miguel, from Japan : proba- 
bly L. rubellus, McehcIi, is a closely related form. 

Var. integrifdlius. Stems often producing slender runners ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nutt.), much acu- 
minate at both ends (2' -4' long), slender-petioled, sharply serrate. — Common 
westward. 

Var. sinuatUS. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.) 
Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly 
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed 
to pinnatifid; sterile filaments mostly with a globular or spatulate tip. — Com- 
mon in wet grounds. 

6. CTJNILA, L. Dittany. 

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- 
lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. 
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: also sterile filaments. — Perennials, with 
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient 
Latin name, of unknown origin.) 

1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely 
much branched (1° high) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped 
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1' long) ; cymes peduncled; calyx striate. — 
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. 

7. HYSSOPTJS, L. Hyssop. 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 
6hort, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with 
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren- 
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and 
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) 

1. H. officinalis, L. — Roadsides, &c, sparingly escaped from gardens. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

8. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil, 

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the 
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more 
or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; 
the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower 
pair rather longer : anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a pun- 
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often 
whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually 
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips 
mostly dotted with purple EI. summer and early autumn. — Varies, like the 
Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com- 
posed of ttvkvqs, dense, and avOepov, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.) 




LAB1ATVE. (MINT FAMILY.) 347 

* Calyx scarcely at a(l 2-iipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed i 

rigid, naked, as lung as the corol-a : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads : 
leaves rigid, slightly peboled. 

1. P. aristatlim, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate 
(i'-2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. 

Var. hyssopifolium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, 
nearly entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward. 

* * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which), 

with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in 
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit.' 
leaves membranaceous, petioled. (Species 2-5 incline to run together.) 

2. P. 1'ullia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the floral 
ones whiteneci, otherwise resembling those of the next ; cymes dense ; bracts 
much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed calyx- 
teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — Dry ground, mountains of Virginia and 
soutbward. 

3. P. incanum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, 
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened 
both sides; cymes open ,• bracts linear-awl-shapcd and, with the calyx-teeth, more 
or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and 
southward. — Plant 2° -4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Penny- 
royal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. 

4. P. clinopodioid.es, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely 
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower 
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted ; bracts and calyx-teeth short-subu- 
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — *Dry copses, S. New York 
to Pennsylvania. Connects No. 3 with No. 5. 

* * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense 

clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils; the bracts shorter 
than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 

5. P. Torreyi, Benth Somewhat pubescent ; stem strict and nearly 
simple (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts 
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York to Pennsylvania. — Intermediate in aspect 
between No. 4 and No. 8. 

6. P. pilbsum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs, 
much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower ovate-Ian- 
ceo'ate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
and with the bracts hoary-hairy. — Dry hills and plains, W. Pennsylvania to 
Illinois, and southward. 

7. P. muticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost 
smooth, corymbosely much branched ( 1° - 2£° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate- 
lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped 
at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green 
when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a 



348 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.J 



fine close down. (Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx.) — Dry hills, Maine to 
Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — FloAvers in very dense clusters; the outer 
bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless. 

* * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed : jiowers collected in dense and globular, often fas- 

cicled, small and minierous heads, ivhich are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts 
rigid, closely appressed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla verysho:'t: 
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 

8. P. laneeolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); 
(earns lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base; heads downy; calyx-teeth short 
and triangular. — Dry thickets -• not rare. 

9. P. lillifdlium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less 
downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pun- 
gently pointed. — S. New England to Illinois, and southward. 

* * * * * Calyx equally b-ton^hed : flowers collected in few and sol itary large and 

globular heads {terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled 
leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 

10. P. niontanum, Michx. Stem (l°-3° high) and ovate- or oblong- 
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- 
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and 
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. — Flavor warm and pleas- 
ant. Foliage and heads resembling Monarda. 

9. ORIGANUM, L. Wild Marjoram. 

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the 
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and 
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish 
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. 
(An ancient Greek name, said to be composed of 6'pos, a mountain, and ydvos, 
delight. ) 

1. O. vulgare, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit ; leaves peti 
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks : scarce. June 
Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

10. THYMUS, L. Thyme. 

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat: the upper lip 3-toothed 5 
Spreading ; the lower 2-cleft, with the' awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla 
short, slightly 2-Mpped ; the upper lip straight and flatfcish, notched at the apex ; 
the lovver 3-cleft, Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low per- 
ennials, with small and entire strongly- veined leaves, and purplish or whitish 
flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 6va>, to bum 
perfume, because it was vised for incense.) 

1. T. Serpy llum, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, 
ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old 
fields, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) The 
Garden Thyme is T. vulgaris, L. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 349 

11. SATUREIA, L. Savory. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, fiat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cieft. Stamens 4, 
somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus- 
tered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. S. hoktensis, L. (Summer Savory.) Pubescent annual ; clusters few- 
flowered ; bracts small or none. — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the 
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

12. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 
3-cleft, the lower 2-eleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, 
distinctly 2-Iippcd; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower 
spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascend- 
ing; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly pur- 
plish or whitish flowers ; produced all summer : inflorescence various. (Name 
composed of koKos, beautiful, and p.lvda, Mint.) 

§ 1, CALAMfNTHA, Mcench. Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base: dusters 
of flowers loose and peduucled in the axils of the leaves, and fbrminy a raceme at 
the summit : bracts minute. 

1. C. Nepeta, Link. (Basil-Thyme.) Soft hairy ; stem ascending (1°- 
3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3" long) about 
twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§2. CALOMELiSSA, Benth. Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls fiu*- several -flow- 
ered, sessile ; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or 
oblong, leaf-like. 

2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth ; stems diffuse or spreading (1° -2° long) ; 
leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (8" -2' 
long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6 - 1 0-flowered ; corolla (pur- 
plish, 5" -6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter 
awl-pointed. ( Cunila glabella, Michx. Micromeria, Benth. ) — Limestone banks, 
near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward. 

Var. ETllttallii, Gray. Smaller; the fiowering stems more upright (5' -9' 
high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters; while 
sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" -5" long. (C. 
Nuttallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr. ) — Wet limestone 
rocks, Niagara Falls -to Wisconsin, Central Ohio [Suit i rant), and southwestward 
— Appearing very distinct, but united by southwestern specimens. 
§3. CLINOPODIUM, L. Calyx more or less gibbous below* clusters sessile and 
many-flowered, dense, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.. 

3. C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Basil.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves 
ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy 
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thickets 
and fields. Naturalized extensively : but apparently also indigenous about the 
upper Great Lakes and elsewhere. (Eu.) 



350 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

13. MELISSA, L. Balm. 



Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the 
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha, — Clusters few-flowered, loose, 
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from 
^Xiaaai a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 

1. M. officinalis, L. (Common Balm.) Upright, branching; leaves 
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. — Sparingly 
escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) 

14. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock Pennyroyal. 

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base. 13-ncrved 
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothcd, the lower 2-cleft. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- 
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or 
wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters 
of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 
'Hdvucrnov, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branch- 
ing, hairy ; leaves petiokd, oblong-ovate, obscurely se/rate, the floral similar ; whorls 
few-flowered; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile 
filaments tipped with a little head. — Open barren woods and fields. — The taste 
and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. 

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect, hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, linear, 
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than 
the ciliate hispid calyx. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and westward. 

15. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Balm. 

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and 
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, 
somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and 
longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringod. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the up- 
per pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. — Strong- 
scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedi- 
cels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collin- 
son, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnasus, who intro- 
duced it into England.) 

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth 
(l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -6' long); panicle loose; 
stamens 2. — Rich moist woods : common. July - Sept — Corolla 8" - 9" long, 
lemon-scented. 

16. SALVIA, L. Sage. 

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the 
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- 
shaped, entire or barely notched ; the lower spi*eading or pendent, 3-lobed. the 



LABIATvE. (MINT FAMILY.) 35 1 

middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated 
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a 
linear 1-cclled (half-) anther, the other usually descending hears an imperfect or 
deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, 
or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allu- 
sion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 

1. S. lyrata, L. (Lyue-leaved Sage.) Low perennial (10'- 20' high), 
somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves ohovate, lyre-shaped or sin- 
uate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, 
smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls 
loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple 
pubescent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, New 
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 

2. S. urticifblia, L. (Nettle-leaved Sage.) Doicnyicith clammy hairs, 
leafy; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at 
the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar ; whorls remote, 
many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the 
lower; style benrded. — Woodlands, from Maryland southward. — Corolla 4" 
long ; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. 

17. MONARDA, L. Hokse-Mint. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy 
in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 
2-lippcd limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, entire 
or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes 
ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2, 
elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers linear (the 
divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or 
toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded 
with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author of many tracts upon 
medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the 
latter half of the 16th century.) 

* Stamens and style exserted beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the corolla. : root per- 
ennial: leaves lance-ovate or oblong, with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base. 

1. M. didyma, L. (Oswego Tea.) Somewhat hairy (2° high) ; leaves 
petioled, pointed ; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; 

r culyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2' long), bright 
red. showy. — Moist woods by streams, New England to Wisconsin northward, 
and southward in the Alleghanies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or 
Bee-Balm). July, Aug. 

2. M. fistulbsa, L. (Wild Bergamot.) Smoothish or downy; leaves 
petioled; the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; 
calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color, or almost 
white, smooth or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and 
southward, especially westward. July - Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 
2° - 5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in tke last. 



352 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

3. M. Bradburicina, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, clothed with long soft hairs % 
especially underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, pur- 
plish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awf-shu/jed 
awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice 
the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak- 
openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May- July. 

* * Stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the short corolla : annuals or biennials. 

4. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mixt.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high); 
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at 
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, 
awnless; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple, 
notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and 
dry banks, New York to Illinois and southward. July - Sept. — Very odorous 
and pungent. 

18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Blephilia. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the 
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, entire; the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than 
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- 
ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple 
flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls; in summer. 
(Name from fi\e<fiapls, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and 
calyx-teeth. ) 

1. B. Ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (l°-2°high); leaves almost, sessile, 
oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts orate, 
acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx ; corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, 
L.) — Dry open places, Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 

2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Hairy throughout; leaves long-petiohd, ovate, pointed, 
rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost 
and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ; corolla 
smoothish, pale, with darker pm-ple spots. (B. nepetoides, Raf. Monarda hir. 
suta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, E. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — 
Plant 2° -3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the 
lower remote. 

19. LOPHAITHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nervcd, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rathe* 
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; 
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft. Avith the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, 
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that 
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with peti- 
oled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes : in 
summer. (Name from \6<pos, a crest, and avOos, a flower.) 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 353 

1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or neaidy so; leaves ovate, somewhat 
pointed, coarsely erenate-toothed (2' -4' long) ; calyx-teeth quale, rather obtuse, little 
shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to 
Wisconsin, and southward. — Stem stout, 4° - 6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes 
2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts. 

2. L. SCrophulari33f61ius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower 
surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes- 
cent; ccdyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4' - 15 'long) : 
otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. 

3. L. anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hrssor.) Smooth, but the ovate acute 
leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. 
— Plains, Wisconsin and northwestward. — Foliage with the scent of anise. 

20. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint. 

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the 
throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta- 
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers ap- 
proximate in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, 
thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) 

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and man y -flowered , forming interrupted spikes or 
racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract -like. 
1. "N. CatAkia, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart- 
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, 
dotted with purple. — Near dwellings: a very common weed. July -Sept. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

§ 2. GLECHOMA, L. Leaves all alike : the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered. 
--2r N. Glech6ma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill.) Creeping and trail- 
ing ; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla 
thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Damp 
waste grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anther-cells diverging at a right 
angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.) 

21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Duagon-Head. 

Calyx tubular, 13- 15-nervecl, straight, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth usually 
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the 
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An- 
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly 
spiked or capitate; and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from 
dpaKQiv, a dragon, and KefpaXr], head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the 
original species.) 

1. D. parvifl6rum, N'utt; Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8'- 
20 ; high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded 
in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling 
L & M— 35 



354 LABIATE. TMINT FAMILY.) 

the bluish small slender corolla. — Kocky places, from St. Lawrence Co., New 
York, to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, northward. May -Aug. 

2 2. CEDEONELLA, Mcench. Cedroxella. 

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded 
at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3- 
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair 
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish 
flowers. (Name a diminutive of Kedpiov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves 
of the original species, C. triphylla, the Btdm-qf-Gilead of English gardens.) 

1. C. COrdata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly 
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- 
flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy inside (1^-' long) ; 
stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Low 
shady banks, W. Benn. to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. June. 

23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. Synandra. 

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 
4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ; 
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate 
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending : 
filaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two 
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with 
each other (whence the name ; from avv, together, and durjp, for anther). 

1. S. graildifldra, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- 
ward. June. — A biennial hairy herb, l c high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 
broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced 
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla 1^' long, yellowish-white. 

24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Ealse Dragon-head. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short- tubular or bell- 
shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel- 
form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, nearly entire ; 
the lower 3-parted, spreading, small: its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, 
notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate ; 
the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and ses- 
sile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose 
or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled 
terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (fivaa, a bladder, and errey^, a covering.) 

1. P. Virgilliana, Benth. Corolla 1' or more, long, gaping, the upper 
lip slightly arching ; calyx-tube oblong- or obconical-bell-shaped. (Dracoceph- 
alum Virginianum, L.) — Wet banks, &c, W. New York to Wisconsin and 
southward. July - Sept. — Varies from l°-4° high, stout or slender; the 
leaves from oblong-obovate (the lower) to narrowh r lanceolate, and from very 
sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded or scattered. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) OOO 

25. BRUN^ILLA, Tourn. ( Prunella, L. ) Self-heal. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flat- 
tened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the up- 
per lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-clef't. Corolla 
ascending, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just 
beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexcd- 
spreading, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, 
erenulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at 
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, 
their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow~ 
ercd clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membrana- 
ceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken 
from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a 
reputed remedy. 

2. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Self-heal or Heal-all.) Leaves ovate- 
oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla (violet or flesh- 
color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and 
fields: common. June- Sept. (Eu.) 

26. SCUTELLAEIA, L. Skullcap. 

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper 
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the 
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall- 
ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the 
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral 
lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe 
or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under 
the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the 
lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bit- 
ter perennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flow- 
ers ; in summer: the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, 
often 1 -sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the ap- 
pendage to the fruiting calyx.) 

* Flowers (blue) in terminal (single or pan id ed) racemes; the floral leaves, except the 

lower ones ^eing small, and reduced to bracts. 
■*- Lips short, nearly equal in length, the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as 
long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper Up : leaves on slender petioles. 
1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, £~c. 
partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate or round- 
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenatc-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced 
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- 
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c, Penn. to Wisconsin and soutlrward. 
— Corolla 9" long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- 
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower 
sis to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. 1 pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller 



356 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY. ) 



form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. ( The latter from Harper's Perry, Dr. Aikir\ 
according to Wood.) 

2. S. saxatills, Riddell. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stem weak, ascend- 
ing (6' - 1 8' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblon^ 
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (I' -2' long), thin, obtuse; upper 
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, 
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. — Corolla 8" long, 
the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. 

•i- +- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or in- 
curved upper lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves moderately petioled, 
except in No. 6. 

3. S. eanescens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high) above, with the 
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance- 
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) cremate leaves whitish with fine 
soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper 
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and 
southward. — Corolla 8" long. 

4. S. SGrrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple 
(l°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at 
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla 
equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube moi'e tapering below than in the last, 
which this resembles). — Woods, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. 

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple 
(1° -3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to round- 
ish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled, the 
upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short, 
often branched ; corolla (6"- 8" long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. 
(S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry ground, S. New York to Michigan 
and southward. 

6. S. integrildlia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com- 
monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, 
very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (V long) much enlarged above, 
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, from Bridgewater, Mass. 
[Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. 

* * Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly 

sessile haves, which are similar to the lower ones. 

*- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly 

equal in length, the upper lip concave. 

7. S. nervdsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20' 
high) ; lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones orate, tooth d, somewhat heart-shaped 
(V long) ; the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath. 
(S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and southward. 

8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3'-C high), branched 
and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all 
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (6" -8" long). (S. ambigua, Ntitt.) — • 
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin aud southward. May, June. 



LABIATJL. (MINT FAxMILY.) 357 

i- +■ Corolla (8" -9" long), with a slender tube: lower lip large and rather longer 
than the somewhat arched upper lip : stem simple. 

9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the 
hase (l'-2'loag). — Wet shady places : common northward. (Eu.) 

* * * Flowers small [blue, 3" long), in axillarij and often also in terminal one-sided 
racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small und bract-like. 

10. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong-, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded 
at the base, petioled (2'- 3' long). — Wet shaded places : common. — A quack 
having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species 
bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 

27. MARHUBIUM, L. Horehound. 

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or 
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 
notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, 
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- 
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, 
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from 
the Hebrew nmrrob, a bitter juice.) 

1. M. vulgare, L. (Common Horehouxd.) Stems ascending; leaves 
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved 
teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens 
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 

28. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- 
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire; 
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely 
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under 
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly- 
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, 
and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly 
like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaXer), a weasel, and tyis, resemblance, 
from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 

1. G. Tetrahit, L. (Common Hemp-Nettle.) Stem swollen below the 
joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated, 
about twice the length of the calyx ; or, in var. grandifl6ra, 3-4 times the 
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — 
Waste places : rather common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. G. Ladanum, L. (Red H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted 
with yellow), much exceeding the calyx. — Eastern New England : rare. Aug. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 



358 LAKTATiE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

29. STACEYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth 
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip 
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually 
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed.on the throat after 
flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — 
Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence 
the name, from ardxvs, a spike). Flowering in summer. 
* Root annual : stems decumbent, low. 

1. S. arvexsis, L. ( Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse, 
crenate, heart-shaped at the base ; axillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; corolla 
(purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste 
places, E. Massachusetts : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Root perennial : stem erect. 

2. S. pallistris, L. Stem 4-angled (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with 
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower 
short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- 
shaped at the base, downy or hairy -pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper 
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the up- 
per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid ; the lance-subulate teeth 
somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet 
banks of streams, &c, mostly northward. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we 
must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : — 

Var. aspera, (S. nspcra, Michx.) Stem moi-e commonly smooth on the 
sides, the angle" beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, 
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often 
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more 
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into 

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Ridddl, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slender, 
smooth and (j/abrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate- 
lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at 
the base, all petioled. — W. New York to Michigan and south westward. 

Var. COrdata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I. c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem 
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, 
vart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth sometimes 
shorter. — Common westward and southward. 

3. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stem9 
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, or 
narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-fiowered, 
rather distant ; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangular- 
awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places. Massachusetts to Vir- 
ginia; also Michigan, Illinois and southward. 

Betoxica officinalis, the Wood Betont of Europe, — of a genus hardly 
di^Hnct from Stachys, — was found by C J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton, 
W Sachusetts. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 359 

30. LEONTJRTJS, L. Motherwort- 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, 
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla ob- 
long and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its middle lobe 
larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, 
ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. 
Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, 
and close whorls of Mowers in their axils ; in summer. (Name from \e<ov, a lion* 
and ovfjd, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.) 

1. L. Cardiaca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial; leaves 
long-petioled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at 
the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 

— Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. L. Marrubiastrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem- 
leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx- 
teeth ; the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. — Iloadsides, Pennsyl- 
vania : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

31. LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed 
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar- 
rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched 
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the 
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- 
proximate in pairs, 2-celled. the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. 

— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the 
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled 
clusters of flowers ; produced from spring to autumn. (Name from Xaifios, the 
throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) 

* Annuals or biennials, low: flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads. 

1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, 
the upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; 
lateral lobes truncate. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. L. pcrpureum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- 
toothed, all petioled. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Perennial, taller : flowers larger, in several axillary whorls. 

3. L. Album, L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth 
very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upwards, obliquely con- 
tracted near the base, wh,ere there is a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower 
lip bearing a long slender tooth. — Waste ground near Boston, D. Murray. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

3(2. BALL OTA, L. Fetid Horehound. 

Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreaa- 
regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of 



360 BORHAGINACEiE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The 
Greek name, of uncertain origin. ) 

1. B. nigra, L. (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, 
erect ; the root perennial ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; 
calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, Mas- 
sachusetts and Connecticut: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

33. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. 

Calyx tubular, 5 -10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the 
■Sorolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- 
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- 
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther- 
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- 
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of 
obscure derivation.) 

1. P. TUBERdsA, L. Tall perennial (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled ; the flora! oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl- 
Bhaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs 
on the inside. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester. June, July. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

Order 72. BOHRAGIMCEJ1. (Borage Family.) 

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, ana 
symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla (except 
in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4,-lobed 
ovary (as in Labiatse), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a 
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing 
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- 
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side 
of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is 
rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate 
or seorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, muci- 
laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a 
red dye.) 

Tribe I. BORRAGE1]. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded 
nutlets in fruit 5 the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.) 

# Corolla naked aud open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets erect 

1. Ec Jiiuui. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. 

* * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, erect ; the scar broad. 

2. Lycopsis. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy. 

3. Sy cm pliy turn. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl-shaped. 

*# * Corolla open, with folds rather than scales in the throat. Nutlets smooth, erect ; scar small 
h- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud. 

4. Onosmotlium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. 

6. Litliosuernium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounds*- 



BORRAGINACEiE. (borage family.) 361 

6. Mertensia. Nutlets fleshy, fixed by the inner angle. Lobes of the corolla rounded. 

*- -h- Lebes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud. 

7. Myosotis. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all or most of them bractless. 

* # # * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central 
column or the base of the style, often recumbent. 

8. Echinospermnm. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets euect, prickly on the margin. 

9. Cyuoglossum. Corolla tunnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. 

Tribe II. HELIOTROPES. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the fruit 

separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets. 

10. Heliotropium. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled. 

11. Heliophytttm. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celted, i. e. 4 in 2 

pairs and sometimes a pair of empty false cells. 

1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss. 

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal 
spreading 5-lobed border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- 
mens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or 
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^ty, a viper.) 

1. E. vulgare, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect 
(2° higb), mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, 
in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish- 
purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows : rather 
rare northward ; but a troublesome weed in cultivated fields in Virginia. June. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

2. LYCOPSIS, L. Bugloss. 

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the 
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Sta- 
mens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed- 
out base. — Annuals. (Name from \vkos, a wolf, and oyjns,face.) 

1. L. arvensis, L. (Small Bugloss.) Very rough-bristly (l°high); 
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube 
of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia •• 
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. 

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ; 
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included : 
anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by 
the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse peren- 
nial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raceme-like 
clusters either single or in pairs. (Name from a-v^cpelvy to grow together, proba- 
bly in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 

1. S. officinale, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, branched, winged 
above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into 
a petiole, the upper narrower ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist 
places ; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

GM 16 



862 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. False Gromwell. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular- 
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5 
acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- 
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, 
much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar 
minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with ob- 
long and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, 
in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer. — 
Our species all belong to true Onosmodium, having the anthers all included, 
emooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the length 
of the calyx. (Named from the resemblance to the genus Onosma, which means 
ass-smell. ) 

1. O. Virginiamim, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid oppressed 
short bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong, or ob- 
long-lanceolate (l'-2^' long), the lower narrowed at the base; lobes of the nar- 
row corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outride with long bristles. (0. 
hispidum, Michx. Lithospe'rmum Virginianum, L. I) — Banks and hillsides, S. 
New England to Virginia and southward. 

2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Shaggy all over with long 
and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate or oblong -lanceolate, acute ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular 
or iriungukir-laneeolate, thickly hirsute outside. (0. mdlle, Beck, &c. Lithosper- 
mum Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and 
southward. — Perhaps passes into the next. 

3. O. molle, Michx. Hoary with finer and soft mostly oppressed hairs ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, obtusish, strongly ribbed, lobes of the rather narrow corolla triangu- 
lar and sharp-pointed, thickly hirsute outside. — Dry grounds, Ohio to Illinois 
and southward. 

5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Pucc<x)n. 

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat viaked, or 
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each 
lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost 
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, 
fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly 
red roots and sessile leaves ,• the flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and 
leafy-bracted : sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of 
style. (Name formed of \l6os, stone, and o~ir€pita, seed, from the hard nutlets.) 
§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the 
(nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. 

1. L. arvense, L. (Corn Gkomwell.) Minutely rough-hoary annual 
or biennial; stems erect (6' -12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; 
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and roadsides. May- 
Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 



BORUAGlNACfc^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 363 

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores: 
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct 
pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.) 

2. L. angVJStifolium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, 
much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, l-nerved; 
corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; 
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin- 
ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 

3. L. officinale, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, 
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct 
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx : nutlets very 
smooth and even. — Roadsides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. L. latifdlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high), 
rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even thej floral ones 
2' -4' long), ribbed- veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the 
root-leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter tlian the calyx; nutlets very smooth or 
sparingly impress ed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, W. 
New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and south westward. June. 

§ 3. BATSCHIA, Gmelin. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped 
or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent outside, the tube 2-4 times 
longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long 
and deep, yielding a red dye. ) 

*• Tube of the corolla from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than 
its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (especially 
when the stamens are at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 

5. L. hirtum, Lehm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Hispid with bristly hairs 
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches 
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside; flowers dis 
tinctly peduncled; fruiting calyx (^-'long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. 
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Mich.) 
— Dry woods, New York to "Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and westward. 
April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla §' - 1' broad. 

6. L. eanescens, Lehm. (Hoaet Puccoon or Alkanet.) Softly hairy 
and more or less hoary (6' -15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper 
ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs 
above; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) 
barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia eanescens, Michx.) — Open woods 
and plains, New York to Kentucky and northwestward. May. — Limb of the 
showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. 

* * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed or 
crenulate lobes, the appendages more projecting. (Pentalophus, A. DC.) 

7. L. longifldrum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (6'- 
18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx (8"- 
l£' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus lon- 
giflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Ulinois and Wisconsin west- 
ward May. 



364 BORKAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

6. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lungwort. 

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft 
or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the 
open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long *nd thread-form. 
Nutlets ovoid, heshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next 
the base by a prominent internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy 
perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely 
white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, 
only the lower one leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis 
Charles Mertens, a German botanist.) 

§ 1. Corolla perfectly miked in the throat; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb almost 
entire : filaments slender, protruding, much longer than the anthers. 

1. M. Virginiea, DC. (Virginian Cowslip or Lungwort.) Very 
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those of the root (4'- 
6' long) petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding the 
calyx, rich pui-ple-blue, rarely white ; lobes of the disk one on each side of the 
ovary. (Pulmonaria Virginiea, L.) — Alluvial banks, W. New York to Wis- 
consin, Virginia, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. 

§ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat; the limb 5-bbed. 

2. M. maritima, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, 
smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- 
pillose ; corolla bell-fun nel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; fila- 
ments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets flattened. — Sea-eoast, on 
rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward : scarce. June- Aug. (Eu.) 

3. M. panieulata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2° 
high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, 
thin; corolla (6'Mong) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the 
lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx ; filaments broader and shorter than the 
anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and northward and westward. July. 

7. MYOSOTIS, L. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not. 

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx ; 
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded 
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- 
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low 
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and 
with small flowers in naked (so called) racemes, which are entirely bractless, or 
occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight- 
ened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of pvs, mouse. 
and ovsj qotos, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some 
species : one popular name is Mouse-ear.) 

* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs oppressed, none of them hooked nor glandular. 
1. M. palustris, Withering. (True Forget-me-not.) Perennial; stems 
ascending from an oblique creeping base (9'- 20' high), loosely branched, 



BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 365 

smootliish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx 
moderately 5-cieft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in 
the genuine plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. — Nat. from Eu. near Boston, 
escaping from gardens. — Varies into smaller-flowered forms, among which high 
authorities rank M. csespitosa, and (with yet more reason) the intermediate 

Vai\ laxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers a 
third or half smaller ; pedicels longer. — Wet places, northward. (Eu.) 
* * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of 

them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex: corolla small: root annual or 

biennial. 

2. M. arvensis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend- 
ing (6'- 15' high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base 
and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than 
the 5-clefi equal calyx. (M. intermedia, Link. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L.) 
— Fields, &c. : not very common, perhaps not indigenous. (Eu.) 

3. M. verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4' - 
12' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes 
leafy at tlie base ; corolla very small, white, with a short limb ; pedicels in fruit 
erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex, 
rather shorter than tlie deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx. 
(M. inflexa, Engelm.) — Dry hills : rather common. May -July. 

4. M. versicolor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at the base 
racemes loose, mostly naked at the base ; flowers almost sessile ; corolla pale yel- 
hw changing to blue or violet ; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft. — Fields, Delaware, 
W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) 

8. ECHINOSPERMITM, Swartz. Stickseed. 

Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud, 
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed 
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, 
the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the 
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow- 
ers in bracted (so called) racemes ; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all 
summer. (Name compounded of ex'ivos, a hedgehog, and aneppa, seed.) 

1. E. Lapp ex a, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°- 2° high) ; the 
short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double- 
row of prickles at the margins, and rough-tubercled on the back. — Waste places ; 
common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Nutlets with a single marginal row of stout 
prickles, and granulate-roughened on the back : otherwise much like the last. 
(E. patulum, Hook. ) — St. Paul's, Minnesota, and on the plains westward. 

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hound 's-Tongue. 

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the 
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nut- 



366 borraginace^e. (borage family.) 

lets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, 
roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with 
a strong scent and pctioled lower leaves; the mostly panicied (so-called) ra- 
cemes naked above, usually bracted at the base. Fl. all summer. (Name from 
kvcov, a dog, and yXacraa, tongue ; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) 

1. C. officinale, L. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Biennial; clothed 
with short soft hairs, leafy, panicied above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile 
by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla 
reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewh; t 
margined. — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed ; 
the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. C. Virginicum, L. (Wild Comfret.) Perennial; roughish with 
spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high) ; stem-leaves lance- 
olate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, 
raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly con- 
vex. — Rich woods : rather common, especially westward. — Flowers interme- 
diate in size between the other two. 

3. C. Morisoni, DC. (Beggar's Lice.) Biennial; stem hairy, very 
broadly branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also 
tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above; 
racemes panicied, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy -bracted at the base ; flowers very 
small; corolla white or pale blue (minute); pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets 
convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virginica, L Echino- 
spermum, Lehm.) — Copses : a common and vile weed. 

10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heliotrope. 

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the 
bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical, or 
capitate. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4- 
celled ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby 
plants, the small flowers in one-sided spikes ; in summer. (The ancient name, 
from tfXtos, the sun, and rponrj, a turn.) 

1. H. Europium, L. Erect annual (6' - 18' high), hoary-pubescent ; leaves 
oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading 
in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
. 2. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems ascend- 
ing; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinl ess ; spikes in 
pairs. — Sandy shores, Norfolk, Virginia, S. W. Illinois, and southward. 

11. HELIOPHYTUM, Cham., DC. Indian Heliotrope. 

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, 
i. e. 4, in pairs, and sometimes a pair of empty false cells besides : otherwise 
nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name, rj\ios, sun, and (pvrov, plant.) 

1. H. Indicum, DC. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or 
©val and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, 
with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliotropium Indi- 
cum, L.) — Waste places, S. Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from India.) 



hydrophyllace^e. (waterleaf family.) 367 

Order 73. HIDBOPHYLLACEiE. (Waterleaf Family.) 

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 
b-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but 
the ovary entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placenta?, or 
rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentce in the axis ; style 2-cleft or 2 
separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4 - many-seeded pod. — Seeds mostly retic- 
ulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue 
or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly bractless and 
coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. (A small order 
of plants of no marked properties, some cultivated for ornament.) 

TrilJe I. HYDROPHYLLEJE. Ovary and pod l-celled. Seeds am phitropous, pitted 
or reticulated, and with cartilaginous albumen. Leaves usually cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. 
Style 2-cleft. 

* Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules aud seeds (in our 
plants these are only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp. 

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 

2. Nemophila. Stamens included : anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses. 

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. 

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, iu fruit projecting inwards more or less. 

4. Phacelia. Coralla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages. 

Tribe II. HYDROLE^l. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the placentae often projecting from 

the axis far into the cells. Seeds anatropous : albumen fleshy. Leaves undivided. 
6. Ilytlrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. Styles 2. Leaves entire. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open 
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the 
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which 
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a necta- 
riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less 
bearded : anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 
fleshy placenta? expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon 
free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules 
on the inner face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petioled 
ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed 
of vdcop, water, and (pvXXov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) 

* Calyx with minute if any appendages : rootstoclcs creeping, scaly-toothed. 

1. H. macroph^llum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and 
pinnatifd; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very 
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky, 
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leaves 
1° long ; flowers crowded in a globular cluster. 

2. H. Virginieum, L. Smoothish (1°- 2° high); leaves pinnately divided ; 
the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest 
mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer J Jxan the petioles of the 
upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate — Damp woods. 
June- Aug. 



368 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 

3. H. Canad6nse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves palmately 5-7. 
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root 
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter 
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short 
pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W. 
New England to the mountains of Virginia and northward. June - Aug. — 
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases 
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' - 5' broad. 

* * Calyx with a small rejlexed appendage in each sinus : stamens sometimes not 
exserted (probably two forms of flowers, as in some Borraginacece, fyc). 

4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed t 
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided; cymes 
rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly -hairy. — 
Open woods, New York to Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June, July. 

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Nemophila. 

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more 
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes 
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- 
mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2-12 
ovules), pod, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse and fragile annuals, with 
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun- 
cles ; the corolla wbite, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of vefxos, 
a grove, and (pikecc, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals, 

1. N. mierdealyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems 
diffusely spreading (2' - 8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 roundish 
or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate ; 
peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute; 
corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentas each 2-ovuled; pod 1 -2-seeded. 
(Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Moist woods, 
Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April -June. 

3. ELLISIA, L. Ellisia. 

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla 
bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes 
imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. 
Stamens included. Placentas (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hy- 
drophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, 
the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a dis- 
tinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnasus.) 

1. E. Nyct&Lea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently 
branched (6' - 12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- 
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- 
site the leaves, 1 -flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate lanceolate, pointed, about 
the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit becoming nearly £' 
long) ; pod pendulous. — Shady damp places, W. New Jersey and E. Pennsyl- 
vania to Virginia. May -July. 



HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 369 

2. E. ambigua, Nutt. Later peduncles sometimes 2 - 3-flowcred ; corolla 
rather more bell-shaped, the upper part of tube 5-angular : otherwise like the 
preceding, of which it is probably a variety. — Illinois and westward. 

4. PHACELIA, Juss. ( Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br. ) 

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open- bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style/ 
exserted: anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placenta ad' 
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two 
often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 
2 - 30 on each placenta. ) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, 
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flow- 
ers in one-sided raceme-like clusters. (Name from (patceXos, a fascicle.) 

§ 1. PHACELIA. Seeds and ovules only 4 {two on each placenta) : corolla with 
narrow folds, appendages, or scales within, the lobes entire. 

1. P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, much branched, 
hairy (1° -2° high) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions 
or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed 
orpinnatifid; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; 
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks, 
in rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, 
6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds, covering as many externally keeled 
deep grooves. Stamens bearded below; these, with the style, are either some- 
what included (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals. 

§2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC, 

in part.) Seeds and ovules only A: corolla naked within; its lobes beautifully 
fringe-toothed : filaments villous-bearded below : leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- 
ing at the base: flowers long-pedicelled : annuals or spring biennials. 

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched 
(8' - 12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ; raceme many- 
flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla light blue, varying to white (about £' in 
diameter). (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriates; 
Nolte, Src.) — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 
April - June. 

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or as- 
cending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5-divided into roundish leaf- 
lets ; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3 - \0-flowered; 
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate ; coro'la white (3" -4" broad). 
— Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. 

§ 3. EtJTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) Seeds {or at least the ovules) several or many, 
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous 
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. {Ours are annuals or biennials.) 

4. P. parvifldra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading 
(3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ; 
racemes solitary, loosely b-\b-fbwered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times 

24 



370 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIU3I FAMILY.) 

longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish-white (3" -4" broad) ; pod 
few-seeded. — Shaded banks, S. Penn. to Virginia and southward. April- June. 
5. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6'- 15' high), rather 
stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, 
which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifkl ; racemes short, dense, 
crowded into an oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-seeded . 
(Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shores of Lake Superior, especially on Isle 
Royale ; thence northward and westward. 

5. HYDEOLEA, L. Hydrolea. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-canipanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. 
Filaments dilated at the base. Styles 2, distinct. Pod globular, 2-celled, and 
the cells often partly divided into 2 by the projection of the many-seeded pla- 
centas, thin-walled, 2 - 4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate- 
ribbed. — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants, growing in water or wet places 
(whence the name, from uScop, water), with entire leaves, often having spines 
in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. 

1. H. affillis, n. sp. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creep- 
ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a 
very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of 
the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose 
pod. — Banks of the Ohio in S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey (and of the Missisippi at 
Memphis, A. Fendler: also E. Texas, C. Wright in addenda to ed. 2, referred 
to II. quadrivalvis, Walt., of the Southeastern States, from which it is dis- 
tinguished by the smoothness and the broader sepals. 

Order 74. POLEMONIACEiE. (Polemonium Family.) 

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular h-merous and h-androus 
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, 
a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; the pod S-celled, 3-valved, loculicidaUfew- 
many-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central 
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when 
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of 
copious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 
■5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many 
are ornamental in cultivation.) 

Tribe I. POLEMONIEU. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla convolute in the bud. Filaments 
filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel, opening length 
wise. Flowers cymose-panicled or clustered. 

1. Polemonium. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 

2. Phlox. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally 

inserted filaments. 
Tribe II. DIAPENSIE^;. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla imbricated in the bud, and 
with the broad and fiat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers opening transversely. 

3. Diapensia. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 

4. Py xlrfati thera. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across 



POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMOlNlUM FAMILY.) 371 

1. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian. 

Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short 
tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla : filaments slender, 
declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Perennials, 
with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the (blue 
or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from noXepos, 
war, of doubtful application.) 

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout; stems weak and spreading (6'- 
20' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate 
or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; lobes of the calyx rather 
shorter than the tube ; stamens and style not protruding beyond the corolla, which 
is light blue, about £' wide ; pods about 3-seeded. — Woods, W. New York to 
Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 

2. P. cserilleum, L. (Jacob's Laddkr.) Stem erect (l°-3° high); 
leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly" crowded; 
flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer 
than the tube ; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue coroils, 
which is nearly 1' broad ; pod several-seeded. — Swamps, about the sources of 
the Susquehanna, New York : East of Charlottesville, Schoharie Co., Dr.E. C. 
Howe. Elk Creek, near Delhi, Delaware Co., B. D. Gilbert. Head of Little 
Lakes, Warren, Herkimer Co., G. W. Clinton. Warren Co., New Jersey, 
A. P. Garber. Wild far northwestward. July. (Eu.) 

2. PHLOX, L. Phlox. 

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- 
form, with, a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the 
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with (sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only) a sin- 
gle seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few Southern species, such as P. 
Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, 
the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters 
terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (<i?Ad£, flame, an ancient name of 
Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of the species are 
cultivated in gardens. 

* Stem strictly upright: panicle pyramidal or oblong, many -flowered : peduncles and 
pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire. ( Very common in gardens. ) 

1. P. panieulata, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves oblong 
lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper 
often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, pyramidal -cor y mbed ; calyx-teeth awn- 
pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. acuminata (P. acuminata, Pursh) has 
the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is some- 
times rough-hairy and spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and 
southward. June, July. — Flowers pink-purple varying to white. 

2. P. maculata, L. (Wild Sweet-William.) Smooth, or barely 
roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high); lower leaves 
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad 



372 POLEMONIACE.E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 

and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped hase ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below : 
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple (sometimes 
white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the panicle rarely 
elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. — Rich 
woods and river-banks, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

* * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base: flowers in terminal co- 

rymbed cymes: the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round and 
entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (^°-2° high), often from a pros- 
trate base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes 
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ; 
calyx-teeth acute. — Var. ovata, Benth., has broader leaves (P. ovata, L.), — 
Var. nitida, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh), and verges to the 
next. — Woods, W. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, 
July. — Corolla 1 ' long ; the limb 1 ' broad, pink-purple. 

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°- 3° high) ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate or rarely obiong-lano olate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes 
revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long) ; cymes few-flow- 
ered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncied (pink or whitish); calyx-tteth 
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods, 
Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. 

* * * Stems ascending (or In No. 5 erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more 

or less clammy-pubescent, as ivell as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or linear 
leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly pedicelled: calyx deeply clef, 
the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. 

5. P. pildsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1° - 1£° high), usually hairy, 
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes 
at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube, 
loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla 
obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in 
DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. May, June. — Leaves l'-2^-' long, l"-3" wide. 

6. P. proeiimbeilS, Lehm. Stems ascending (^°-lj high) i mostly 
simple ; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or orate-ob/ong, abruptly acute or bluni 
{¥ ~ H' l° n g> on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy > 
bracted ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rathei 
longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely 
notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Eli, 
Benth. in part, not L. P. pilosa, var. ? Walteri, Ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapman. 
P. procumbens, Lehm. is a small form.) — Dry hills and barrens, Kentucky, 
Virginia, and southward. May, June. 

7. P. reptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth- 
ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate 
obtuse leaves (.£.' long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calvx- 
teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-purple 
corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and 



POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 373 

southward. May, June. — Flowers showy : tube of the corolla an inch long; 
the limb nearly as broad. 

8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent 
base (9' -18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1|' long), 
acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; peduncles slen- 
der; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube; lobes of the pale 
lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire 
(var. Laphamii, Wood), |' - §' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather 
wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N. 
New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 

9. P. bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves linear, 
becoming nearly glabrous (^'-H' long, 1^" wide) ; flowers few, on slender pe- 
duncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the pale 
purple corolla 2-clefi to or below the middle (4" long), equalling the tube, the divis- 
ions linear oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May. 

* * * * Stems creeping and tujled in broad mats, the short flowering shoots ascending, 
glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled. 

10. P. subulata, L. (Ground or Moss Fink.) Depressed, in broad 
mats; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3" -6" long); cymes 
few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color 
with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely 
entire. (P. setacea, L.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to 
Michigan and southward. April, May. — Common in cultivation. 

3. DIAPENSIA, L. Diapensia. 

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes 
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, 
short: anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening 
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- 
nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense 
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- 
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1 -flowered peduncle, 
3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (^' wide). (Ancient Greek name of 
the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnaeus to this plant.) 

1. Dc Lapponica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 

4. PYXIDANTHEEA, Michx. Pyxidanthera. 

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. 
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, 
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly 
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers 
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from ttv^is, 
a small box, and dvdfjpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 

1. P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy piue barrens of New Jersey and south- 
ward. April, May. 



374 CONVOLVULACF^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

Order 75. CONVOL.VUJL.ACE^E. (Convolvulus Family.) 

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alter- 
nate leaves (or scales) and regular b-androus Jlowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated 
sepals ; a 5-plaited or b-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- 
celled (rarely ^-celled) ovary, or in. one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair 
of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition 
between the seeds, so becoming ^-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled 
in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers 
mostly showy, on axillary peduncles : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. 
(Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edi- 
ble farinaceous roots : those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) 
— There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. 

Tribe I. CONVOLVrLEJl. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. Ovary 2-4-celled. Pod 

usually septifragal. Embryo with broad and leaf-like cotyledons, crumpled in the seed. 

# Style single and undivided. 

■*- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by leafy bracts. 

1. Quamoclit. Stamens and style exserted. Corolla salver-shaped or nearly so. Stigma 

capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 

2. Ipomoea. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, often 

2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. 

3. Convolvulus. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in I pom cea. 

■»- h- Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of broad leafy bracts. 

4. Cal ystegia. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. 

* * Style single and 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely more. Prostrate or spreading herbs. 

5. Bonamia. Styles 2 and undivided, or a single one 2-cleft : stigmas capitate. 

6. Kvolvulus. Styles 2, an.l each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. 

Tribe II. DICHONDRE*!. Creeping plants. Ovaries as well as styles 2 or more. 
Embryo, &c. as in the preceding tribe. 

7. Die h on dra. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded. 

Tribe III. CUSCUTIlVEiE. Leafless parasitic twiners. Embryo spiral, slender, desti- 
tute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. Parts of the flower rarely in fours ' 

8. Cuscut-a. The only genus of the group. 

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-Vine. 

Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small 
spreading border, not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma 
capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled j the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red 
or crimson flowers ; in summer. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 

1. Q. coccinea, Mcench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or an- 
gled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (l'long). (Ipomcea coccinea, 
L.) — River-banks, &c, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from 
Trop. Amer. or Ind.) 

2. Q. vulgaris, Choisy. (Cypress-Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into 
linear- thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes ; peduncles 1 -flowered; corolla nar- 
row, scarlet-red, and a white variety. — Sparingly escaped from gardens south- 
ward. (Adv. from India.) 



CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.; 373 

2. IPOMCEA, L. Morning-Glory. 

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c, twisted in 
the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, 
or in one group 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, according to Linnaeus, 
from Xyjr, i7rds, a Bindweed [which it is not], and o/xoios, like.) 

§ 1. PIlARBITIS, Choisy. Pod 3- {rarely 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded. 

1. I. purpurea, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Annual; stems re= 
trorsely hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long umbellately 
3 - 5-fiowered ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long), purple, 
varying to white. (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida> Choisy.) — 
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

2. I. Nil, Roth. ( Smaller M. ) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, 
3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long, 1-3 flow- 
ered ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue ( 1' - 1^' 
long). (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from 
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

§ 2. IPOMCEA, Choisy. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded. 

3. I. lacundsa, L. Annual ; rather smooth ; stem twining and creeping, 
slender ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 - 
3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of 
the sharply 5-lobed (white, |'-£'long) corolla. (C. micranthus, Riddell.) — 
Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois and soutlrward. Aug. 

4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.) 
Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves 
regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the 
sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; 
sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white 
with purple in the tube. — Sandy fields and banks, from Connecticut to Illinois 
and southward. June- Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which 
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. 

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. 

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stamens 
included. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2- 
seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly 
opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 

1. C. arvensis, L. (Bindweed.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twin- 
ing, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; 
peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9" long) white or 
*<ngcd with reddish. — Fields, near the coast : likely to become a troublesome 
weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. CALYSTEGIA, R.Br. Bracted Bindweed. 

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal 
Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Stamens in- 



376 convolvulace^:. (convolvulus family.) 






eluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled or 1- 
celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and 
axillary 1 -flowered peduncles; fl. in summer. (Name from ko\v£, calyx, and 
oreyo), to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 

1. C. sepium, R.Br. (Hedge Bindweed.) Stem twining or sometimes 
trailing extensively ; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or 
pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed 
or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white, or in the American plant 
more commonly light rose-color (1^' - 2' long) : the typical form glabrous through- 
out. (Convolvulus sepium, and C. repens, L.) — Varies greatly, often slightly 
pubescent : Var. pubescens is a downy form, in the young state approaching 
the next. ( C. Catesbyana, Pursh. ) — Common, especially along the moist banks 
of streams. (Eu.) 

2. C. Spithamsea, Pursh. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or 
ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auri- 
cled base ; corolla white (2' long). — Dry, mostly sandy ground : not rare. 

5. BOWAMIA, Thouars. ( Breweria, R. Br. & Stylisma, Rafi ) 

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below : stig- 
mas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial 
prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs (or in warmer regions sometimes shrubby) ; 
flowers small ; in summer : corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named 
for Francis Bonamy, author of a Flora of Nantes.) 

1. B. humistrata, Gray. (Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 337.) Sparsely 
hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart- 
shaped base to linear, mucronate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than 
the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla white ; filaments hairy ; 
styles united at the base. (Convolvulus humistratus, Walt., who well distinguishes 
this from the next. Stylisma evolvuloides, Chois., in part. S. humistrata, 
Chapm.) — Dry pine barrens, Virginia (probably not in Ohio), and southward. 

2. B. aquatiea, Gray. Minutely soft-downy and somewhat hoary; sepals 
silky ; corolla pink or purple ; filaments smooth ; styles separate almost to the base : 
otherwise nearly as in the last. (Conv. aquaticus, Walt. Stylisma aquatiea, 
Chapm.) — Margin of ponds, S. Virginia? and southward. 

3. B. Piekeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves very nar- 
rowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; pe- 
duncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers ; 
sepals hairy ; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (which are united far above the 
middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Stylisma Piekeringii, Ed. 2.) — 
Rather dry sandy pirie-barrens, New Jersey and southward. — Stems l°-3° 
long : leaves 1'- 1£' long. Corolla 4" - 5" broad. 

6. EVOLVULUS, L. Evolvulus. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at the base. 'Corolla open funnel-form or almost 
wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 



convolvulace^e. (convolvulus family.) 377 

2-seeded. — Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never 
twining (hence the name, from evo/vo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus). 
1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, 
dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the 
lower oblong-spatulate and short-petioled, about J' long ; flowers almost sessile 
in the axils ; corolla purple, 3" broad. — Potosi lead-mines, Missouri, probably 
also on the Illinois side of the Mississippi : common westward. 

7. DICHONDRA, Forst. Dichondra. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. 
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 -2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. 
— Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped 
entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel- 
lowish or white. (Name composed of bis, double, and x° v $P 0S i roundish mass; 
from the fruit.) 

1. D. repens, Forst.: var. Carolinensis, Choisy. Leaves round-kid- 
ney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (I'- 
ll" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Norfolk, 
and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.) 

8. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- 
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens 
furnished with a scale-iike often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-celled, 
4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Embryo 
thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyle- 
dons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule) : ger- 
mination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or 
reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of 
leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of 
herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of 
papilla developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, 
mostly white, usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name of un- 
certain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) 

The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. Engelmantst, 
whose monograph of the whole genus is published in Transactions of the St 
Louis Academy of Science. 

§ 1. Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the base by ciicumcissile dehis- 
cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old Woild.) 

1. C. Epilinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low, 
flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin- 
arical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left sur- 
rounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, 
crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very in- 
uirious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June 
^Adv. from Eu.) 

L & M— 36 



378 CONVOLVULACF.JL. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. 

* Flowers more or less pedicel led : the scaly bracts few and distant: calyx 4-o-cle/t. 

■*- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 

2. C. tenuifldra, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored; 
flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- 
tricose after flowering) twice the length of its obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate 
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobes of 
the corolla ; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. ( C. Cephalanthi, 
Engelm.) — Swamps, New Jersey to Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus 
and other shrubs, and on various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our 
Northern species. 

3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers peduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1" long; 
tube of the mostly A-cleft fleshy corolla as long as the ocate acutish and minutely crenate 
erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed, 
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, its 
top covered with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. umbrosa, 
Beyrich, and Ed. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceano- 
thus, and other shrubs or herbs ; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward 
and westward. 

4. C. decdra, Chois., altered by Engelm. Flowers larger than in No. 3, 
from l.i" to nearly 2" long, loosely paniculate, broadly campanulate; corolla 5- 
cleft ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute ; the scales large, broadly oval ; pod envel- 
oped by the remains of the corolla. (C. ?'w decora, Chois. C. neuropetala, Engelm. 
C. pulcherrima, Scheele.) — Wet prairies, S. W. Illinois and southward ; on va- 
rious shrubs and herbs. — The name changed by Dr. Engelmann, because this 
is not a homely but the handsomest of our species. 

+-r ■*- Corolla be/l-shajied, persistent at the base of die ripe pod. 

5. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, peduncled in 
loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolia included in or little exceeding the 
broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate spreading or reflexed 
lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ; scales ovate, fim- 
briate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish. 
(C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from S. New York 
(C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward ; on smaller herbs, and 
flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Steins 
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and 
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) '. 
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispherical 
one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa. 
Engelm. (Texas.) 

6. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored; flowers mostly 4- 
cleft, about 1" long, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters; corolla open bell- 
shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens 
as long as the lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised, sometimes almost want- 
ing ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary ; pod depressed, thin, 
greenish-yellow. (C. polygonbrum, Engelm.) — Low grounds, on Polygonum 



CONVOLVULACEiS. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 379 

and other herbs, Delaware to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — The large ovary 
fills the shallow tube of the corolla. 

7. C. Grondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5- 
clef't, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, 
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire 
spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the 
base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, 
Engelm. C. umbrbsa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; 
everywhere common both east and west, and the principal species northward 
and eastward : chiefly on coarser herbs and low shrubs. — The close-flowered 
forms occur in the Northeastern States; the loosely-flowered ones westward 
and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. 
Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the 
Mississippi valley. 

8. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers 
(2" -3" long) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell- 
shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its 
ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the 
base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — 
Shady valleys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on 
tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. Flowers and fruit larger than in any other of our 
species. 

* * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate 
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts: remains of the corolla borne on the 
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.) 

9. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, 
concave, slightly crenate, appressrd, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- 
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading 
lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. 
C. corona ta, Beyrich (C. compacta, Choisy) is the Eastern and Southern form, 
with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla. C. (Lepidanche) adpressa, 
Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. 
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first from N. New York, and New 
Jersey southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and 
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes fully 
2' in diameter. 

10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming 
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated 
with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar, 
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long 
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla; scales 
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the 
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.) — Moist 
prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward : growing commonly on tall Com- 
posite. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close mat- 
ted coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. 



380 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 

Order 76. SOL.ANACE^E. (Nightshade Family.) 

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- 
lar 5-merous and b-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla imbri- 
cate, convolute, or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited ; the fruit a 2-celled 
(rarely 3 - b-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campylotropous or 
amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. 
Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. 
Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting far into 
the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, 
often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the 
tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scro- 
phulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens 
generally distinguish it. 

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate and their margins usually 
turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 

1. Solauum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. 

* * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate. 
h- Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery -inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding. 

2. Physalis. Calyx 5 -cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 

3. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry diy, 3-5-celled. 

h- -»- Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. 

4. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled. 

+- -»- -<- Fruit a pod. 

5. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled pod, which opens by 

the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular. 

6. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled,4-valved. 

Corolla funnel-form. 

7. Nicoliana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 

1. SOLATIUM, Tourn. Nightshade. 

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4-10-parted), 
the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted : 
filaments very short : anthers converging around the style : opening at the tip 
by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm 
climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; 
the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. —A vast genus, chiefly in 
the warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuber6sum) and the Egg- 
plant (S. Melongena) ; while the Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) 
is hardly of a distinct genus. (Name of unknown derivation.) 

# Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly, smooth or nearly so.) 

1. S. Dulcamara, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem shrubby , scarcely climbing ; 
leaves orate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the 
base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes ; berries oval, red. — Moist banks 
and around dwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Annual, low, much branched 
and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers 



SOLANACEiE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 381 

(very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries 
globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields : common. July - Sept. — A 
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 
3. S. Carolinense, L. (Horse-Nettle.) Perennial, low (1° high); 
stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed Or angled, 
roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; 
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular, 
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- 
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) 

2. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- 
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between 
wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave 
spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5 - 10-toothed. 
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- 
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe- 
duncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name, <fivaa\is, a 
bladder, from the inflated calyx.) 

* Root annual: anthers tinged with blue or violet : stems 1° -3° high. 
■+- Corolla white, large. 

1 . P. grandifldra, Hook. Clammy -pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate, 
pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla V-2' wide when expanded, almost entire, 
and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly 
filled by the berry. — Upper Michigan, shore of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, 
&c.) and northward, springing up in new clearings. 

■*- -i- Corolla pale or greenish-yellow, small or smallish. 

2. P. Philadelphiea, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or ob- 
long-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ; 
corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7" -10" broad ; calyx at maturity 
globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at 
the mouth. — Rich grounds, not rare, especially southward : also cult. 

3. P. angulata, L. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, much branched ; leaves 
ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles fili- 
form ; corolla unspotted, very small (3"- 6" broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx 
conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated', but at 
length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Cult, and waste grounds. 

4. P. pub^SCGIlS, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy (rarely smoothish) dif- 
fusely much branched or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angu- 
late- or repand-toothed ; corolla spotted with brown-purple in the centre, 5" -6" 
broad when expanded, obscurely 5 -10-toothed ; fruiting calyx ovate from a 
truncate or impressed base, pointed, sharply 5-angled, loosely enclosing the 
yellow or greenish berry. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part.) — • 
Low grounds : common, especially southward and westward. 



382 SOLAXACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 

* * Root perennial: stems mostly from slender creeping rootstocks, usually loio (6'~ 
20' high) : anthers y< How : fruiting calyx loosely inflated, b-angled, much larger 
than the ben-y. 

■*- Wild species : corolla greenish-yellow and commonly brown or purplish in the 
centre, the border b-angled or barely 5 - 10-toothed, 6" - 12" broad. 

5. P. viscosa, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and widely 
spreading, or at first erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, sometimes 
oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire ; corolla dark brown in the 
centre; fruiting calyx ovate, barely concave or truncate at base, sharply 5- 
angled ; berry orange or reddish, glutinous. (P. heterophylla, Nees. P. nyc- 
taginea, & P. viscido-pubescens, Dunal?) — Light or sandy soil : common. 

6. P. Pennsylvania a, L. Minutely hirsute-pubescent (not clammy), or 
nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and tapering at the 
base, entire or sparingly repand-toothed ; corolla merely darker or purplish-veiny 
in the centre ; fruiting calyx conical or globular-ovate, pointed, and with an im- 
pressed base; berry red. — Var. lanceolata ; the narrower-leaved and pubes- 
cent form (5'- 15' higb), especially the state with a hairy calyx. (P. lanceolata, 
Michx. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry, often sandy soil, from Pennsyl- 
vania southward and westward, even northwestward to the Winipeg valley. — 
Fruiting calyx l'-l^' long. Shape of calyx-lobes very variable. 

-t- -i- Introduced : corolla greenish-white, unspotted, 5-lobed. 

7. P. Alkekengi, L. (Strawberry Tomato.) More or less pubes- 
cent ; sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, pointed ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped ; 
fruiting calyx broadly ovate, turning red ; the berry bright red, pleasant. — Cult, 
and waste grounds, eastward. (Cult. & Adv. from Eu.) 

3. NICANDEA, Adans. Apple of Peru. 

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and 
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 - 5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with 
border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb 
(2°- 3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale 
blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nican- 
der of Colophon.) 

1. N. physaloides, Gasrtn. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Peru.) 

4. LYCIUM, L. Matrimony- Vine. 

Calyx 3- 5-toothed or cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. 
Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not 
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender : 
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with 
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named 
from the country, Lycia.) 

1. L. vulgare, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentose re- 
curved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or 
spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on 
slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish- 



solanace^e. (nightshade family.; 383 

purple : style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red. 
(L. Bavbarum, L., in part.) — About dwellings ; and escaped into waste grounds 
in Pennsylvania, &c. June- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. 

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with 
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en- 
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the 
apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with 
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of 
vs, vos, a hog, and icvafxos, a bean ; said by JElian to be poisonous to swine.) 

1. H. niger, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasp- 
ing, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; co- 
rolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from 
gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. DATURA, L. Jamestow t n-Weed. Thorn-Apple. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, 
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 
5- 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved, 
2-celled, with 2 thick placentas projected from the axis into the middle of the 
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the 
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentas as if on the middle of these 
false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, 
with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks 
of the branching stem ; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the 
Arabic name, Tatorah.) 

1. D. Stram6nium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.) 
Annual, glabrous ; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem green ; corolla 
white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth. — Waste grounds : a well-known weed. 
(Adv. from Asia.) 

2. D. Tatula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale 
violet-purple. Thought to be specifically distinct from the last, on account of the 
behavior of the cross-breeds. (Adv. from trop. Amer. ?) 

7. NICOTIANA, L. Tobacco. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel -form or salver-form, usu- 
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- 
celled, 2 - 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, 
mostly clammy -pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or pamcled 
flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the 
Tobacco (N. Tabacum, L.) into Europe.) 

1. W. rustica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; 
tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the 
calyx, the lobes rounded. — Old fields, from New York westward and south- 
ward • a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 



831 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

Order 77. GENTIANACE^. (Gentian Family.) 

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and 
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular Jlowers with the 
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- 
bricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal 
placental, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovidiferous ; the fruit 
usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded pod. — Flowers solitary or 
cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent ; the 
stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo 
in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) 

Tribe I. GENTIANEiE. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud (with the sinuses 
mostly plaited), or in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, en- 
tire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat ; in 
Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of 
the pericarp ! 

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous. 

i. Sabbatia. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 12-parted : anthers at length recurved. 

2. Erythrsea. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4 5-clefl: anthers soon spiral. 

* * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight. 

3. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. 

4. Halenia. Corolla 4- 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and 4 - 5-spurred at the base. 

5. Geutia'iia. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, not spurred 

6. Bartonia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, bell-shaped -. no plaits. Calyx 4-parted. 

7. Obolaria. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated ir 

the bud ! Calyx 2-leaved. 

Tribe II. M EN Y ANT HE JE. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edge, 
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 

8. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 

9. Limn an the mum. Corolla naked or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple. 

rounded. 

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 

Calyx 5-12-partecl, the divisions slender. Corolla 5 -12-parted, wheel- 
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers soon recurved. Style 2-parted, slender.— 
Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white 
or rose-purple) flowers ; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian 
botanist.) 

* Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 -parted. 
*- Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying: cymes corymbed, many-flowered- 

1. S. paniCUl&ta, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (l°-2° high), 
rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines ; leaves linear or the low-r oblong, ob- 
tuse, l-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes linear-thread-form, 
much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

2. S. laneeolata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (l°-3° high) bearing aflat 
topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much 
shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in 



GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 385 

No. 1. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine bar- 
rens, from New Jersey southward. 

*~ +- Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye: stem erect, 
1° -3° high, pyramidally many -flowered: branches opposite : peduncles short. 

3. S. braehlata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (L°-2° high) ; 
leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few- 
flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the 
corolla. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia (Indi- 
ana, Wood), and southward. — Corolla rather smaller, and its lobes narrower 
than in the next. 

4. S. anglllaris, Pursh. Stem somewhat ^-winged-angled, much branched 
above (l°-2^° high), many-flowered ; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a 
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of 
the corolla. — Dry ground, New York to Illinois and southward. Corolla l^ r 
wide ; the lobes obovate. 

-i- •»- Corolla rose-purple or white: stems (5' -20' high) slender, loosely and often 
alternately branched, or merely forked, terete or scarcely A-angled : peduncles elon- 
gated and 1 -flowered. 

5. S. calyedsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale ; leaves oblong or lance-ob- 
long, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes foliaceous, spatulate-lanceolate (f'-l/ long), 
exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, E. Virginia, and southward. 

6. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from 
half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marshes, Massachu* 
setts to Virginia, and southward. Too near the next. 

7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ; 
the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, 
the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple 
corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes, Nantucket (Oakes), 
banks of lower Delaware River (Mr. Cooley,Mr. Diffenbaugh), and southward. 

* * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Grisebach.) 

8. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above; 
the peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, 
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of 
brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. — One 
of our handsomest plants. 

2. ERYTHRilA, Pers. Centaury. 

Calyx 4- 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, 
with a slender tube and a 4 - 5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting 
spirally. Style slender, single: stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small 
branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, 
from epvOpos, red) ; in summer. All our Northern species were probably intro- 
duced, and occur in few localities. 

1. E. Centaurium, Pers. (Centaur v.) Stem upright, corymbose! y branched 
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cijmes dus- 

G M 17 



8^0 GENTIANACE^E. (gentian FAMILY.) 






tered, flat-topped, the flouws all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) 
corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York. — Plant 
6' - 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. E. kamosissima, Pers., var. pulchella, Griseb. Low (2'-G' high); 
stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or 
oval ; flowers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the 
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn. 
plant, Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. 
Virginia : scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. E. spicAta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6' - 10' high) ; the flowers ses- 
sile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval 
and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) 
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickering", 
Oakes.) — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Massachusetts, (Jakes, and Norfolk, Vir- 
ginia, Rugel. — Remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. 
(Nat. from Eii. ?) 

3. PEASERA, Walt, American Columbo. 

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division 
with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually 
somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persist- 
ent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4 - 14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, 
wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly 
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open 
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John 
Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last 
century.) 

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3° -8° high) ; 
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py- 
ramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer 
than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland 
on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry 
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Root very thick 
and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown- 
purple dots. 

4. HALENIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian. 

Calyx4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4 - 5-eleft, without folds or 
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which aro 
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish 
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- 
ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 

1. H. defl6xa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9'- 18' high), sim- 
ple or branched above; leaves 3-5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and 
petioled ; the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, 
descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lnbed corolla. (Swertia corniculata, 



GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 387 

L., partly.) —Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to Wisconsin, and 
northward. July, August. 

5. GENTIANA, L. Gentian. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate 
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or 
none : stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds 
either borne on placentas at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover- 
ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (First shown by Prof. H. J. Clark!) 

— Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name 
from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) 

§ 1. AMARELLOIDES, Ton*. & Gr. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without 
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, fixed by 
the middle, introrse in the bud, but reflexed afi.er the flower opens : seeds wing- 
less : Gnnuals. 

1. G. quinqu.efl.6ra, Lam. (Five-flowered G.) Stem rather slen- 
der, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and 
heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed 
or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx 
awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, 
one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. occtdentalis has 
linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes, more leaf-like, about half the length of the corolla. 

— Dry hilly woods, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the 
Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. — Corolla 
nearly 1' long ; in the variety proportionally shorter. 

§ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Froel. Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between the 
bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed 
on the margins : anthers as i n § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed 
with little scales: annuals or biennials. 

2. G. crinita, Froel. (Fringed G.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles 
terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from 
a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and 
lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of 
which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit ; ovary lanceolate, 
< — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wisconsin : rather common. — 
Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 

3. G. detonsa, Fries. (Smaller Fringed G.) Stem simple or with 
blender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves 
linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or 
triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, 
with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or a/most obsolete at the summit ; 
ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Illinois and north- 
westward. Passes into the last. (Eu.) 

§ 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed, 
with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : anther's erect. 



388 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

fixed by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often cohering with each other in a ring 
or tube: pod stalked: perennials, mostly autumn-flowering. 

* Flowers nearly sessile, clustered or rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate. 
-t- Seeds wingless : anthers unconnected. 

4. G. ochroleiica, Frcel. (Yellowish-White G.) Stems ascending, 
mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in ax- 
illary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly oboVate and obtuse, the 
uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, un- 
equal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, 
which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate, 
very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod 
included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Pennsylvania (rare) to 
Virginia, and common southward. 

-:- h- Seeds winged : anthers connivent and usually more or cohering. 

5. G. alba, Mulil. Cat. ! (Whitish G.) Stems upright, stout, and very 
smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster, 
sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart- 
shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the 
corolla, reflex ed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellow- 
ish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the 
length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly winged. 
(G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Grisebach, 
in part.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the 
Alleghanies, and west to Illinois and Lake Superior. Begins to flower in July, 
far earlier than the two next. 

6. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth ; flow- 
ers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate 

n d lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-margined ; calyx- 
rjoes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much 
shorter than the inflated club-shaped and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is 
closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of 
the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out 
of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Frcel., not 
of L.) — Moist and rich soil: common, especially northward. — Corolla an 
inch or more in length, striped inside, the folds whitish; occasionally pure 
white throughout. 

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SoapwortG.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth ; 
the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the axils ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, oblong, or lanc&ilate-obovate, with rough margins, narrowed at the base; 
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the 
length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or 
converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 
2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged. ( G. Cates- 
baei, Walt.) — Moist woods, New Jersey and S. Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and 
southward : flowering late. 



GENT1ANACEJE. ( GENTIAN FAMILY.) 389 

Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or 
lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish ; appendages of the corolla shorter and less 
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumonanthe, Amer. uuth., §• Ed. 1. G. linearis, 
Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Penn., to Lake Superior, 
Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Port- 
land) : beginning to blossom at midsummer. — Seems to pass on one side into 
G. Saponaria, on the other into G. Pneumonanthe of Europe. 

8. G. puberula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8' - 16' high), mostly 
r<mgh and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceolate 
U oblong -lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2' long) ; flowers clustered, rarely soli- 
tary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the 
b<l I -funnel-form open bright-blu corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acutish 
and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesb&i, 
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, Ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Flowering near the end of summer. Corolla large 
for the size of the plant, L,'- 2' long. Seeds (also in G- Pneumonanthe) not 
covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. 

* * Flowers 1-3, peduncled : seeds wingless: anthers separate. 

9. Gr. angUStif61ia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' - 15' high) ; 
leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-funnel-form, azure- 
blue, also a greenish and white variety (2' long), about twice the length of the 
thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut- 
toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and southward. 

6. BAETONIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds- 
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface 
of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3'- 10' high), with thread-like stems, 
and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. 
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.) 

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above; the branches or peduncles 
mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer 
than the enlyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the 
cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, New England to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri, Grisebach, is a variety with the scales and 
peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla spatu/ate, 
obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs 
near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3" -4" long, larger 
than in No. 1. 

7. OBOLARIA, L. Obolaria. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- 
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age 



390 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 



spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, 
short. Style - short, persistent: stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell 
cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very 
smooth purplish-green perennial (3' - 8' high), with a simple or sparingly 
branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish 
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile ; in 
spring. (Name from 6(So\6s, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the 
leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 

1. O. Virginiea, L. {Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., t. 3.) — Rich soil, in woods 
from New Jersey to Illinois, and southward : rather rare. 

8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole 
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. 
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, 
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- 
leaved herb, with a thickis^i creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous 
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ; 
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (l°high), white or slightly reddish. 
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from prjv, month, and civOos, a 
flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 

1. M. trifoliata, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, 
and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 

9. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heart. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed 
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a 
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per- 
sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat 
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, 
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) 
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting 
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous 
stolons : flowering all summer. (Name compounded of Xi/ivrj, a marsh or pool, 
and (ivdefXGv, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.) 

1. L. laeunosum, Grisebach (partly). Lea ves entire, round-heart-shaped 
(1 -2' broad), thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly 
oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at their base, twice the length 
of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia 
lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Ell.) — Shallow water, from Maine and N. New 
York to Virginia and southward. 

2. L. trachysperrnum, Gray. Leaves larger (2' -6' broad), and rounder, 
thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted 
beneath ; petioles stouter ; seeds qlandular-rouyhened. (Menyanthes trachysperma, 
Michx.) — Ponds, Maryland ( W. M. Caubij) and southward. 



. 



LOGANIACE^E. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) 391 

Order 78. L.OGANIACEJE. (Logaxia Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a 
stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 - 5-merous 4-5- 
androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx: a connecting group 
between Gentianaceae, Apocynacese, Scrophulariaceae (from all which they 
are known by their stipules) and Rubiaeeae, from which they differ in their 
free ovary : our representatives of the family are all most related to the 
Rubiaeese, to which, indeed, they have been appended. 

* Woody twiners : leaves evergreen. 

1. G-elsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 4 

* * Herbs. 

2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 

3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle. 

4. Miti-eola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the 

summit, and with a common stigma. 

1. 6ELSEMIUM, Juss Yellow (False) Jessamine. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in 
the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. 
Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the divisions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened con- 
trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or 
several, winged. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons 
much shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants 
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute stipules, and showy 
yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( Gelse- 
mino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 

1. G. sempervirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem 
climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in 
short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright 
yellow corolla l'-l^' long); pod flat, pointed. — Low grounds, Eastern Vir- 
ginia and southward. March, April. 

2. POLYPREMUM, L. Polypremum. 

Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margmed 
base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the 
throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short: anthers 
globular. Style 1, very short : stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat- 
tened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A 
smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl- 
shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ; 
the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the 
branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from iroXvirpeiivos, 
many-stemmed ) 

1. P. proeiimbeilS, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maryland and 
southward ; aL-s: uclvcntivc at Philadelphia. June - Oct. 



392 apocynace^:. (dogbane family.) 

3. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass 

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes slender. Corolla tnbular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at 
the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style 1, slender, 
hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flat- 
tened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open 
loculicidally, few-seeded, — Chiefly herbs, with the pair of leaves united by 
means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for 
Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of 
the seventeenth century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for 
preparing an herbarium.) 

1. S. Marilaridiea, L. (Maryland Pink-root.) Stems simple and 
erect from a perennial root (6' -18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
acute ; spike simple or forked, short ; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of 
the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. — Eich woods, 
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward : not common northward. June, 
July. — Corolla 1^' long, red outside, yellow within. — A well-known officinal 
anthelmintic, and a showy plant. 

4. MITREOLA, L. Mitrewort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly 
adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and 
united above ; the stigmas also united into one. Pod projecting beyond the 
calyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each 
horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 6' -2° high, with sma'l stipules 
between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the 
branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape 
of the pod.) 

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong- lanceolate, petioled. 
— Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. 

2. M. sessilifdlia, Torr. & Gray, with thickish sessile and roundish 
leaves, probably occurs as far north as Virginia. 

Order 79. APOCYNACEJE. (Dogbane Family.) 

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite') leaves 
fcitJwut stipules, regular b-merous and h-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the 
corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on 
the corolla, and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the 
two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (and forming pods), 
though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitro- 
pous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, 
often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of 
acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and 
Periwinkle, and among wild plants by three genera ; — - 






APOCYNACE^. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 395 

1 Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the 
filaments. Leaves alternate. 

2. Forsteronia. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- 

der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 

3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, 

broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 

1. AMSONIA, Walt. Amsonia. 

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- 
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than 
the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like 
membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- 
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with 
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be 
named for a Mr. Charles Amson.) 

1. A. Tabernsemontaiia, Walt. Loosely somewhat pubescent or hairy 
when young, or soon glabrous ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- 
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish 
corolla little longer tban the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or 
glabrous. — Low grounds, Illinois, Virginia ? and southward. May, June. 

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteronia. 

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not 
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included : filaments slender : an- 
thers arrow-shaped, with an indexed tip, adhering to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 
2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, 
more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named 
for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.) 

1. F. difFormiS, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval- 
lanceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. — 
Damp grounds, Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April. 

3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 trian 
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on th< 
very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, 
which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- 
herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- 
lobed. Pruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of 
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo- 
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose 
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of 
d7ro, from, and kikov, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 

1. A. androssemifdlium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth, 
branched above; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; 



394 ^sclepiadace^e. (milkweed family.) 



cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 
4" broad) open-bell -shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the orate 
pointed divisions of the calyx. — Varies, with the leaves downy underneath. — 
Borders of thickets: common northward. June, July. — Pods 3' - 4' long, 
pendent. 

2. A. cannabinum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Stem and branches upright 
or ascending, terminated by erect and close mauy-flowei ed cymes, which are usually 
shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish -white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube 
not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. glabekrimum, DC. 
Entirely smooth ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest 
petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the uppermost mostly acute at both ends. — 
Var. pubescens, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, soft-downy underneath 
or sometimes on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — 
Var. htpekicif6lium. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on 
very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) 
— River-banks, &c. : common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more 
upright than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. 

Order 80. ASCLEPlADACEiE. (Milkweed Family,) 

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wliorled (rarely scattered) entire 
leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected, with the stigma), sensible 
■properties, fyc.,just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com- 
monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers ivith the 
stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c, as 
explained under the first and typical genus. 

Tribe I. ASCLiEPIADEJE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy, 
fixed to the stigma in pairs by a gland, hanging vertically. 

1. Asclepias. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bod- 

ies (nectaries, L.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 

2. Acerates. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but 

without a horn inside. 

3. En sle »ia. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated 

by a 2-cleft tail or awn. 

4. Vincetoxicum. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10- 

lobed ring or disk. 

Tribe II. GONOLOBE JE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the 
stigma in pairs, horizontal. 

5. Gonolobus. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. 

Tribe III. PERIPLOCEJJ. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- 
lar, separately applied to the stigma. 

6. Periploca. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. 

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 
5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing 



lor, 



asclepiadace^e. (milkweed family.) 395 

an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla . filaments 
united in a tube which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma, each 
with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con- 
taining a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pol- 
len-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolon- 
gation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the 
stigma,extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing copious 
pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the stylcf. 
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-ahglcd fleshy, 
mass which takes the place of stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of 
them ofcen abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, 
downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the 
suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. 
Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial 
upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or lateral and be- 
tween the petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels : flowering in summer. 
(The Greek name of ^E 'scuta plus, to whom the genus is dedicated.) 

* Leaves opposite (or some of them in No. 5-7 in threes or fours.) 
+- Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top, and bearing lateral umbels as well as a 

terminal one: leaves ovate or oblong : flowers whitish, pinkish, or dull purple. 
++ Pods beset with soft spinous projections: flowers 6" -9" long when open, greenish- 
purple, numerous in dense umbels. 

1. A. Cornilti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed or Silkweed.) Stem 
tall and stout; leaves oval-oblong (4' -8' long), contracted at base into a short 
petiole, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, &c. ; hoods of the 
crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claw-like 
horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Syriaca, L., but the 
plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich ground, everywhere. 

2. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- 
oblong with a somewhat hart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, ob- 
tusely 2-(ared at the base outside; flowers larger (9" long) and more purple than 
in the preceding ; pods obscurely soft-spiny, chiefly on the beak, ovate-lanceolate. 

— Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant) to Illinois. 

++ Pods even, not warty-roughened, mostly glabrous. 

3. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (Poke-Milkweed.) Stem (3° -5° 
high) smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oral-lanceolate and pointed at bo/h 
ends, short-pet iol d, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long) ; lateral 
umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1' -3' long), 
equalling the peduncle, many tinv-s longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (green- 
ish) corolla ; hoods of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the 
summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point ; pods minutely downy. 

— Moist copses ; flowering early in summer. — Flower 6" long. 

4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1°- 3° 
high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velcety- 
downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the base into a short petiole ; pedicels 



396 asclepiadace^e. (milkweed family.) 

shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate- 
ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods of the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed 
above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal 
point, (A. amuena, L., Michx. ) — Borders of woods, &c, New England to Illinois 
and southward. — Flowers 6" long. 

5. A. variegata, L. (Variegated M.) Nearly glabrous (1°- 2° high) ; 
leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles ; pedicels 
{numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy; divisions of the corolla ovate 
{white) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn 
semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L., in part, 
A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. 
July. — liemarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. Leaves 
4-5 pairs, the middle ones sometimes whorled. 

6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Low (6'- 18' high), soft-downy, es- 
pecially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled 
leaves; umbels loosely 10 - IS-fowered, either sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen- 
der; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about 
the length of the oval greenish- white divisions of the corolla (which are tinged 
with purple outside) ; pods downy. (A. lanuginosa, Ed. 1, probably not of 
Nutt. A. Vaseyi, Carey). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vassy, Wis- 
consin, Lapham, and northwestward. June. — Leaves lj'-3' long, smoothish 
above, the upper sometimes scattered ; the middle rarely in threes. Flower 
4" -5'' long. 

7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (Four-leaved M.) Nearly smooth; stem 
slender (l°-2°high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls 
of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper- 
pointed petioled leaves (2' -4' long); pedicels slender; divisions of the (pale 
pink) corolla oblong; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved 
horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills: 
not very common. June. — Flowers 4" long. 

•*- +- Stem branching, leafy to the top, bearing lateral as well as terminal umbels : 
leaves petioled : flowers small (3'' long) : pods smooth and glabrous. 

8. A. perennis, Walt. Nearly glabrous; stems (l°-2° high) persistent 
or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both 
ends, thin, rather slender-petioled ; flowers white, small; the small hoods of lhe 
crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a 
coma! (A. parviflora, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — -Low grounds, S. Indiana, Illinois, 
and southward. 

9. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp Milkweed.) Smooth, or nearly so, in 
the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of 
the peduncles (2° -3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong -lanceolate, acute or pointed, 
obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at bass; flowers rose-purple ; hoods of the crown 
scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn. — Var. pulchra has broadex 
and shorter-joetioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A. 
pulchra, Willd. ) — Wet grounds ; the smooth form very common northward j 
the hairy variety more so southward. — Milky juice scanty. 



ASCLEPLADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 397 

•«- -s~ -t- Stem perfectly simple, producing only a single conspicuously-peduncled termi- 
nal umbel of dull-colored largish (6 /; long) flowers: hoods and lobes of the CO' 
rolla broad : pods smooth: whole plant glabrous or nearly so, and pale or glau- 
cous : leaves closely sessile, transversely veiny. 

10. A. obtUSiiolia, Michx. Stem tall (2° -3° high) ; leaves wavy, oblong, 
vrith a heart-shaped clasjnng base, very obtuse or retuse (2^' -5' long) ; peduncle 
3' -12' long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods of the crown truncate and 
somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. — 
Sandy woods and fields : not rare, especially southward. 

11. A. Meadii, Torr. (in Ed. 2, addend.) Stem slender (L°-2° high) ; 
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, not wavy, obtuse or acutish (l^'-2^' long) ; peduncle 
only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla green- 
ish-white ; hoods of the crown rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp 
tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn ; pod unknown. — 
Augusta, Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead. Clinton, Iowa, Dr. Vasey. June. 

h-. 4- +- h- Stem simple or mostly so (2° -4° high), bearing 2-5 panicled umbels on 

a naked terminal peduncle, and sometimes single axillary ones : flowers pink-red, 

rather large (over 6" long) : crown conspicuously elevated above the base of the 

corolla : pods smooth : whole plant glabrous or nearly so. 

*^, 12. A. rtlfora, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or 

heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2'-6' long, ^'-2^' 

wide), bright green ; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla and hoods 

of the crown oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender. (A. lauri- 

folia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Wet pine-barrens, &c, New Jersey and 

Penn. to Virginia and southward. 

13. A. paupercula, Michx. Stem slender (2° -4° high); leaves elon- 
gated lanceolate or linear (5' -10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled; 
umbels 5 -\2-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong ; the bright orange 
hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn. — Wet pine-bar- 
rens on the coast, New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. 

* * Leaves scattered, or some opposite: milky juice little or none: flowers orange-red. 

14. A. tuberdsa, L. (Butterely-w t eed. Pleurisy-root.) Rough- 
ish-hairy; steins erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and 
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong- 
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish- 
orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer 
than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. decum- 
bens, L.) — Dry hills and fields: common, especially southward. — Plant 1°- 
2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbed short- 
peduncled umbels of showy flowers. 

* * * Leaves nearly all whorl ed, rarely alternate, crowded: flowers white, small. 

15. A. verticillata, L. (Whorled M.) Smoothish; stems slender, 
simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit ; leaves very narrowly 
linear, with revolute margins (2' -3' long, 1" wide), 3-6 in a whorl; umbels 
small, lateral and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white) ; 



398 



ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 



hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw- 
shaped horns ; pods smooth. — Dry hills : common, especially southward. 



2. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. 

Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods of the crown destitute of a horn 
(whence the name, from a privative and Kepas, -aros, a horn). — Flowers green- 
ish. Leaves varying from opposite to irregularly alternate, short-petioled or 
sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. 

§ 1. Divisions of the corolla reflexed, oblong : hoods of the crown erect and concave : 

umbels compactly many-flowered : pods not muricate, slender. 

* Crown not elevated; its hoods oblony, neaily equalling the anthers. 

1. A. viridiflora, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoolhish ; stems as- 
cending (l°-2° high) ; leaves varying from oval to linear, thick (1^' -4' long), 
umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is re- 
flexed) nearly ^' long, short-peuicelled. — Dry soil: common, especially south- 
ward. July -Sept. 

2. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, pedunc/ed ; flowers not larger 
than in the next ; pedicels slender. (Probably Asclepias lanuginosa, Nutt. : cer- 
tainly A. Nuttalliana, Torr. Acerates monocephala, Lapham, in Ed. 2, addend.) 
— Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. July. 

* * Crown short-stalked, i.e. elevated above the base of the corolla; its hoods oval, 
strongly concave, and decidedly shorter than the tips of the anthers. 

3. A. longiidlia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem 
erect (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate-scattered, linear (3' -7' 
long) ; umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; 
flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. July- Oct. 

§2. ANANTHEPJX, Nutt. Divisions of the corolla ascending or barely spread- 
ing : hoods of the crown widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped 
and laterally compressed, the cavity divided yt the apex by a. crest-like partition : 
umbels solitarij and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered; pods oblong or ovate, 
often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. 

4. A. panieulata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short (l°high); 
leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, 1 '-2' wide; umbels several in 
a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1' in diameter), green, with a purplish 
crown. — Prairies, Illinois (Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. 

3. ENSLEWIA, Nutt. Enslenia. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed 
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An- 
thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed 
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, 



ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 399 

smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small 
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- 
cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United 
States early in the present century.) 

1. JE. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward : com- 
mon. July - Sept. — Climbing 8° - 12° high : leaves 3' - 5' wide. 

4. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. Vincetoxicum. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, 
disk-like, 5 - 10-lobed, simple. Anthers smooth, pods and seeds much as in 
Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name composed of Vinca, the Periwinkle, 
and toxicum, poison. ) 

1. V. nigrum, Mcench. (Black V.) More or less twining, nearly smooth ; 
leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, 
on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — Cambridge, Mass., &c. : a weed escap- 
ing from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) • 

5. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Gonolobus. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- 
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring 
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat- 
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods 
turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds 
with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart- 
shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbclled greenish or dark purple flowers, on pe- 
duncles rising from. between the petioles. (Name composed of ywvos, an angle, 
and \o(36s, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of some species.) 

1. G. l§evis, Michx. Nearly glabrous, or the stems and petioles sparingly 
hirsute and finely puberulent; calyx and corolla ylabrous, the latter tapering-con- 
ical in the bud, the expanded divisions lanceolate, yellowish-green; pods ribbed, 
smooth. (Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Periploca late-scandens, Clayt. G. 
macrophyllus, Michx., also Decaisne, excl. syn. Jacq. & Bot. Mag. G. tiliaefo- 
lius, Decaisne.) — River-banks, Virginia, to Illinois and southward. July. 

2. G. obliquus, R. Br. Stems, petioles and often the ribs of the leaves 
beneath hirsute with spreading viscid hairs ; calyx and corolla pubescent or puberu- 
lent outside, the latter narrow-conical-oblong in the bud, its divisions ligulate- 
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, dark dull crimson-purple within ; pods copiously muri- 
cate, ribless. (Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq., 1786. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. 
Mag. Gonolobus hirsutus, Ed. 2, &c. G. discolor, R. Sf S. G. macrophyllus, 
Decaisne in part.) — River-banks, Penn. to Virginia. Aug., Sept. — Lobes of 
the corolla nearly 6" long. Pod 5' long. 

3. G. hirsutus, Michx. (Apocynumhirsutum, Pluk. ; perhaps Periploca 
Carolinensis, Dill., and P. late-scandens fl. ferrugineo, Clayt. ; Vincetoxicum 
acanthocarpos, Walt.; and clearly Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq.) Known 
from the last by its short-ovate Jlower-buds. and the oval or oblong divisions of the 
purple corolla (only about 3" long) ; perhaps occurs in S. E. Virginia. 



400 oleace^:. (olive family.) 

6. PEEIPLOCA, L. Periploca. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the 
throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma, 
bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly 
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely 
divergent, .^eeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth 
opposite leaves, and panicled-cymose flowers. (Name from irepufkoKr), a coiling 
run ml, in allusion to the twining stems.) 

L P. Gr^bca, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loosely- 
flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very 
h;:iry above. — Near Rochester, &c., New York. Probably hardly established. 
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 81. OL,EACEiE. (Olive Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or 
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous 
corolla, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens only 2 {rarely or accidentally 3 
or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds 
anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or with- 
out albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true Oleaeeae, to which be- 
longs the Lilac (Syringa), &c. ; while the Jessamine (Jasminum) 
represents another division of the order. 

Tribe I. OL»EINEiE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with 
both calyx and corolla ; the latter valvate in the bud. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple, 
mostly entire. 

1. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft. 

2. Olea. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted. 

o. Ch.ionanth.us. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear. 
Tribe II. FRAXIKEiE. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioecious or 

polygamous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes also without a calyx. Ovules suspended. 

Leaves odd-piunate. 

4. Fraxinus. The only genus of the Tribe. 

Tribe III. FORESTIERE^E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect, 
apetalous. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple. 

5. Forestiera. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4. 

1. LIGTJSTRUM, Tourn. Privet. 

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the 
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma 
2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2-1-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves on 
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. ( The clas- 
sical name.) 

1. L. vulgare, L. (Common Privet or Prim.) Leaves elliptical- 
lanceolate, very smooth, thickish, deciduous ; berries black. — Used for low 
hedges : naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and 
Pennsylvania. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 



OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 401 

2 . OLEA, Tourn. Olive. 

Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube 
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Drupe with a bony stone, 2-1- 
seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire leaves, 
and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious small white flowers, in 
panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the Olive, 0. Europ^a.) 

1. O. Americana, L. (Devil-wood.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth 
and shining (3'-G' long) ; fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia., 
and southward. May. — Tree 1 5° - 20° high. 

3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-tree. 

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, 
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base 
of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 
1-celled, 1 -3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled 
leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral 
buds. (Name from x i *° v, > snow , an d iivBos, blossom, alluding to the light and 
snow- white clusters of flowers.) 

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers 
on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6" -8" long). — River- 
banks, S. Pennsylvania and southward : very ornamental in cultivation. June. 
■ — Petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5-6 in number. 

4. FEAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-clcft, 
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base, 
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, 
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft. 
Fruit a 1 - 2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1-2- 
seeded. Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with peti- 
oled pinnate leaves of 3 - 1 5 either toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers 
in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The clas- 
sical Latin name, thought to be derived from (ppd^is, a separation, from the 
facility with which the wood splits.) 

* Fruit winged from the apex only, barely margined or quite terete towards the base : 
calyx minute, persisteiit : corolla none : leaflets stalked. 

1. IT. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ; 
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent 
underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless below, above 
extended into a lanceolate, ob/anceolate, or wedge-linear wing. (F. acuminata, and 
F. juglandi folia, Lam. F. epiptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods : common. 
April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branch- 
lets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in Michaux's Sylva is 
misplaced, apparently interchanged with that of the Green Ash.) 
L&M— 37 



i 



402 



OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 



2. F. pubeseens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles v4vety-pu- 
bescent : leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, 
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flattish and 2-edged, 
the edges gradually dilated into the long (l^'-2') oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
icing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — With No. 1: rare west of the Alleghanies : a 
smaller tree, less valuable for timber : passes by gradations into the next. 

3. P. viridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets 5 - 9, 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above. 
bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edged or margined, gradually 
dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No. 2. (F. 
concolor, Mukl. F. juglandifolia, Wtlld., DC, and Ed. 1, but not of Lam.) — 
Near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward; most common west- 
ward. — A small or middle-sized tree. ( The figure of the fruit given in Michaux's 
Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.) 

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion. 
-t- Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flower*, which are entirely naked! 

4. F. sambucifolia, Lam. (Black or Water Ash.) Branchlets and 
petioles glabrous; leaflets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, 
serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young 
with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly ellipti- 
cal, blunt at both ends. — Swamps, Penn. to Kentucky, and everywhere north- 
ward. April, May. — Small tree; its tough wood separable into thin layers, 
used for coarse basket-work, &c. Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder. 

•*- ■»- Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit. 

5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at least 
on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lance- 
olate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and 
of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at 
the apex (1^' long, \' -|' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Wisconsin, 
Illinois, and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1. 

6. F. platyearpa, Michx. (Carolina Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, 
glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short- 
stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9'' wide), with a taper- 
ing base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March. 

5. FORESTIEE-A, Poir. (Adelia, Michx.) 

Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last 
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous, 
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, 
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed. 
Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci- 
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 -3-flowered. 
(Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.) 

1 . F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe oblong, usually 
pointed. — Wet river-banks, W. Illinois and southward. April. 



ARISTOLOCHIACEJi. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 403 



Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (caly x), or 
sometimes wanting altogether. 

Order 82. ARISTOL.OCHIACE3E. (Birthwort Family.) 

Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid 
calyx valcate in the bud and coherent {at beast at the base) ivith the 6-celled 
ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 
6-12, more or less united with the style : anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves 
petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large 
fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of 
bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 

1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. 

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less 
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. 
Pod rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. Seeds large, thick. — Stem- 
less herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then 
one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and termi- 
nated by a short-peduncled flower, close to the ground ; in spring. (An ancient 
name, of obscure derivation.) 

§ 1. .Calyx-tube wholly coherent ivith the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud: filaments 
slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the short anthers : 
styles united into one, which is barely 6-lobed at the summit, and ivith 6 radiating 
thick stigmas : leaves unspotted, a single pair, with the peduncle between them. 

1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney- 
shaped, more or less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, 
with the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, 
brown-purple inside ; at each sinus is usually a small awl-shaped appendage 
(abortive petal). — Hillsides in rich woods : common, especially northward. 

2. Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, only its base 
coherent with the lower half of the ovary ; the limb 3-clefl, short : filaments very 
short or none: anthers oblong-linear: styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, each bear- 
ing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves thickish, persistent, usually only 
one each year, the upper surface often whitish-mottled : peduncle very short : root- 
stocks clustered, ascending. , 

2. A. Virginicum, L. Nearly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped (about 
2* wide) ; calyx short, reticulated within ; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and 
southward, in and near the mountains. 

3. A. arifdlium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2' '- 4' long) ; calyx 
oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed. -— 
Virginia and southward. 






404 NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 

2. AEISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 

Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted 
at the throat. Stamens 6 ; the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the back of the 
short and fleshy 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. Seeds very 
flat- — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with 
alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named 
from reputed medicinal properties.) 
§ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely 

3-lobr-d : anthers contiguous in pairs {making 4 cells in a row under each of (he 

three truncate lobes of the stigma) : low herbs. 

1. A. Serpentaria, L. (Virginia Snakeroot.) Stems (8' -15' high) 
branched at the base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped 
base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the root, short- 
peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, MM., A. hastata, NutL, 
&c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward : not common except 
near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root 
is well known in medicine. 

§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short 
limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3 short and 
thick lobes of the stigma : twining shrubs : flowers from one or two of the super' 
posed accessory axillary buds. 

2. A. Sipho, L'Her. (Pipe- Vine. Dutchman's Pipe.) Nearly gla- 
brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped; peduncles with a clasping bract; calyx (1^' 
long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Penn. to Kentucky, 
and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems sometimes 2' in diameter, 
climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad. 

3. A. tomenlosa, Sims. Downy or sofi-hairy ; leaves round-heaii-shaped, 
very veiny (3' - 5' long) ; calyx yellowish, with an oblique dark purple closed orifice 
and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, from S. Illinois southward. June. 

Order 83. NYCTAGINACE^. (Four-o'clock Family.) 

Herbs (or in the tropics often slwubs or trees), icith mostly opposite and 
entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form 
calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 
1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the 
stamens few, slender, and liypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the out- 
side of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in 
our gardens by the Four-o'clock, or Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis 
Jalapa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup- 
like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx ; — and by a single 

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Oxyuapiius. 

Flowers 1-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, 
which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a vcrv short 



CHENOPODIACK^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.? 405 

tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud 
Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium-like, 
several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very 
large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flow- 
ers. (Name o|v/3a<£oi/, a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape 
of the involucre.) 

1. O. nyetagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked 
(1° -3° higb) ; leaves varying from ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped to lanceo- 
late : involucres 3 - 5-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois 
southward and westward. June - Aug. 

Order 84. PHYTOL.ACCACEJE. (Pokeweed Family.) 

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general 
characters of ChenopodiaceEe, but usually a several-celled ovary composed 
of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — repre- 
sented only by the typical genus 

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. 

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12 
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a 
depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. 
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennials, 
with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and op- 
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of Qvtov, plant, and the French lac, 
lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter resembling that pigment which 
the berries yield.) 

1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeon- 
Berry.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Low grounds. July- Sept. — A smooth 
plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 
4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (which are in early spring sometimes 
eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), at length 6° -9° high. Calyx white; 
ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice, 
ripe in autumn. 

Order 85. CHErYOPODIACEvE. (Goosefoot Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter- 
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, vnth 
the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or 
occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled 
ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled 
into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else condupli- 
cate, or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or 
stigmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants : several 
are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.) 



406 CHENOPODIACE.E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 

* Embryo coiled into a ring around copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny nor fleshy. 

-♦- Flowers all alike and perfect, or merely polygamous by the want of stamens in some of them, 
clustered or panicled. Calyx obvious. Seed-coat crustaceous. 

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membrana» 

ceous wing. Seed horizontal. 

2. Clieiiopotliiim. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit. 

Seed horizontal, rarely vertical. 

3. Blitum. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, mostly juicy or fleshy in fruit. Seed vertical. 

— -t- Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of 2 distiuct sorts ; the staminate with a regular 
calyx, clustered, ihe clusters mostly spiked. 

4. A triplex. Fertile flowers without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed bracts. 

._ h- *- Flowers all perfect and alike, single in the axil of bracts, naked or 1-sepalled. 

5. Corispermum. Fruit oval, flattened : pericarp adherent to the seed. Leaves linear. 

* # Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate -. no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed : 

leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect. 

6. Saliconiia* Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like. 

* * # Embryo coiled into a spiral : albumen mostly none. (Leaves alternate.) 

7. Suseda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. 

8. Salsola. Embryo conical -spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spineseent 

1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Winged Pigweed. 

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly- 
keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and 
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal, 
flat. Embryo .encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched 
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small panicled 
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of kvkXco, round about, and Xco/za, 
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.) 

1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla, Michx.) — Illinois, 
on sandy banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward. 

2. CHENOPODIUM, L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. 

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with 
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more 
or less enveloping the depressed fruit, Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform. 
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 3, 7 -9), lenticu- 
lar ; the coat crnstaceous : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. 
— Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in 
small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from xh v -> a g°ose, and ttovs, 
foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (ex- 
cept the last two), flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around 
dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places. 

§ 1 . Smooth or mealy, never glandular nor sweet-scented : embryo a complete ring. 

1. C. poltspermum, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of 
mealiness throughout : leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ; 
flowers very small, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the 
fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — In and around Boston : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 



CEENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 407 

2. C. Album, L. (Lamb's-Quarters. Pigaa'eed.) Erect (1°- 3° high), 
mealy and pale, sometimes green and the mealiness obscure ; leaves varying from 
rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower 
more or less angulate-toothed ; clusters spikecl-panicled, mostly dense; seed Avith 
acute or bluntish margins. — Common, especially in cult, ground : extremely 
A-ariable. — The genuine C. album is considerably Avhitish-mealy, at least the 
inflorescence, which is dense ; the calyx with strongly keeled lobes, and com- 
pletely enclosing the fruit. A green form Avith somewhat entire leaA-es and less 
dense inflorescence is C. viride, L. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. BosciAxum. Loosely branched, more slender, the mealiness obscure 
or slight and only on the inflorescence, which is laxer, the floAvers smaller ; calyx 
incompletely covering the fruit, its lobes moderately or slightly if at all keeled ; 
leaA r es inclined to be entire. (C Boscianum, Moguin. C. Berlandieri, Moquin, 
an intermediate form. C. polyspermum, var. spicatum, Ed. 2.) — More shady 
places, Pennsylvania and soutliAvard. In some forms appears as if a distinct 
species ; seemingly indigenous south westward. 

3. C. glaucum, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Loav (5'- 12' high), 
spreading, glaucous-mealy, leaves sinuately pinnati fid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale 
green above ; clusters spiked, small ; calyx-lobes not at all keeled ; seed sharp- 
edged, often vertical. — Streets of towns : rather scarce. Brackish borders of 
Onondaga Lake. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. C. urbicum, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of meali- 
ness, Avith erect branches (l°-3° high); leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and 
sharply many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle ; 
calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed ivith rounded margins. — Var. rhombifolium, 
Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl.), is a form Avith the leaA'es more or less Avedge- 
shaped at the base, and Avith longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. 
(Nat. fromEu.) 

5. C. murAle, L. Resembles No. 4, but less erect, loosely branched ( 1° - 1 £° 
high) ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, 
bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely 
keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — Boston to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. C. hybridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Bright green 
throughout; stem Avidely much branched (2° -4° high); leaves thin (2 ! -8' 
long), someAvhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the 

, angles extended into a few large and pointed teeth; racemes diffusely and loosely 
panicled, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled ; seed sharp- 
edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like 
Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (Ambrina, Moquin, in part.) Not mealy, but 
more, or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic : seed frequently vertical, 
obtuse-edged : embryo forming only two thirds or three quarters of a ring. 

7. C. B6trys, L. (Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.) Glan- 
dular-pubescent and viscid; leaves slender -petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate pin- 
natifid ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed. — 
Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 



408 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 

8. C. ambrosioides, L. (Mexican Tea.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly 
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper- 
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit 
perfectly enclosed in the calyx. — Waste places : common, especially southward. 
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into 

Var. anthelminticum. (Worjiseed.) Root perennial (?) ; leaves more 
strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly 
leafless. (C. anthelminticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward. (Nat. 
from Trop. Amer.) 

9. C. multifidum, L. Glandular-puberulent, diffusely branched; leaves 
once or twice pinnatifid, pale; flowers small in axillary clusters; calyx only 5- 
clefl, compressed and completely closed over the glandular-doited utricle ; seed always 
vertical. (Roubieva multifida, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Waste places, Cky of New 
York (the station now seemingly extinct), and Philadelphia. Introduced in 
ballast from South America, not permanently established. 

3. BLITUM, Tourn. Blite. 

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, becoming fleshy or berry-like 
in fruit; the genus also made to include some with calyx unchanged in fruit. 
Stamens 1 - 5 : filaments filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com- 
pressed-globular ; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — 
Herbs, with petioled triangular or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate- toothed 
leaves. (The ancient Greek and Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.) 

§ 1. MORO CARPUS, Mcench. Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy: flowers 
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked: calyx in fruit commonly becoming 
fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle. 

1. B. maritimum, Nutt. (Coast Blite.) Stem angled, much branched ; 
leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base 
and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear- 
lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ; 
stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New Jersey to Mas- 
sachusetts : salt springs, at Syracuse, New York (G. W. Clinton), and north- 
westward. Probably a variety of B. rubrum of Eu. 

2. B. capitatum, L. (Strawberry Blite.) Stem ascending, branch- 
ing; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd shaped, sinuate toothed ; clusters 
simple {large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; stamens 1 -5 ; calyx berry- 
like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smootb, with a very narrow margin. — Dry 
rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 
June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clus- 
ters look like Strawberries. (Eu.) 

§2. AGATHOPHYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy: root perennial : flowers 
in clusters crowded in a terminal spike : calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half- 
naked fruit. Intermediate between Blitum and Chenopodium. 

3. B. Boxus-Henricus, Reichenbach. (Good-Kixg-Hexry. ) Leaves 
triangular-halberd-form; stamens 5. (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, L. ) — 
Around dwellings : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 



CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 409 

4. ATEIPLEX, Tourn. Orache. 

Flowers moncecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo- 
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile flowers consisting 
simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate 
or halberd-shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. 
Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring- around tbe albumen. In one section, 
to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are also some fertile flowers with a 
calyx, like those of Chenopodiuin, but without stamens, and with horizontal 
seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with triangular 
or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and 
autumn. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 

1. A. patula, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, annual, scurfy, green or 
rather hoary, branching; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petioled, varying 
from triangular and halberd-form to lance-linear ; fruiting bracts ovate-trian- 
gular or rhombic, entire or 1 -2-toothed below, united to near the middle, their 
flat faces either even or sparingly warty-muricate ; radicle inferior or some- 
what ascending. — The two extreme forms are, Var. hastata (A. hastata, L.), 
with the leaves nearly all triangular-halberd-shaped, entire or sparingly toothed. 
— Var. littokalis (A. littoralis, L.), with lanceolate or linear mostly entire 
leaves. — Salt marshes, brackish river-banks, &c, Virginia to Maine, and spar- 
ingly on the Great Lakes, and northward. The plant on the shore is more 
scurfy and hoary ; more inland, sometimes far from saline soil, it is greener and 
thinner-leaved. (Eu.) 

2. A. arenaria, Nutt. Silvery-mealy annual, diffusely spreading ; leaves 
oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile ; fruiting bracts broadly wedge- 
shaped, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with a few prickly points on 
the sides; radicle superior. (Obione arenaria, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy 
beaches, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. 

5. COEISPERMUM, Ant. Juss. Bug-seed. 

Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axil of the upper leaves reduced to 
bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner 
side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5 Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face 
rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis, i. e. the thin 
pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a cen- 
tral albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1 -nerved 
leaves. (Name formed of Kopis, a bug, and anepfxa, seed.) 

1. C. hyssopifdlium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral 
leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, 
scarious-margined ; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy beaches of the Great Lakes 
from Buffalo, a recent immigrant ( 67. W. Clinton), Chicago (Dr. Scammon, &c.), 
to Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 

6. SAXiICORITXA, Tourn. Glasswort. . Samphire. 

Flowe'es perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper 
joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and 

GM 18 



410 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 

bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly 
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, 
united at base. Seed vertical. Embryo thick, conduplicate : no albumen. — 
Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed sterns, and opposite branches ; 
the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, 
and coma, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches.} 

§ 1. Animals: spikes very thick and fleshy : flowers and seed* deeply immersed. 

1. S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading (6' -12' high), green* 

scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination 
of the joints of stem or elongated spike; middle flower much higher than the 
lateral ones; seed oval or oblong. — Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt 
springs. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 

2. S. Virginica, L. (pi. Clayt.) Erect, less branched, naked below 
(2' -9' high), turning red in age; spike shorter and thicker; scales mucronate- 
pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry ; middle flower little higher than 
the lateral ones; seed round-oval. (S. mucronata, Lagasca? 1818, Bigelow, and 
Ed. 2.) — Salt marshes, coast of Virginia to Maine. Sept., Oct. (Eu. ?) 

§ 2. Perennial. : spikes less thick, and flowers less immersed; middle one hardly higher. 

3. S. frutieosa, L., var. ambigua. (S. ambigua, Michx.) Numerous 
tufted stems (3' -12' long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather 
woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; the cylindri- 
cal joints rather strongly notched at the end; seed round-oval. — Sandy wet 
beaches, &c, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. - Oct. (Eu.) 

7. SU^IDA, Eorskal. Sea Blite. 

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5- 
parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the 
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with 
a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into 2 
portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leases. 
(An Arabic name.) Chknopodina, Moquin was founded for those species, 
like ours, which have horizontal seeds, — a wholly insufficient and inconstant 
difference. 

1. S. maritima, Dumortier. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched ; 
leaves slender (1' long), acute; calyx-lobes keeled; stigmas 2 ; seed horizontal. 
(Chenopodina maritima, Moquin.) — Salt marshes of the sea-shore, and on the 
northwest plains. Aug. ( Eu. ) 

9. SALSOLA, L. Saltwort. 

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing 
rhe depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the 
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is 
toiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching 
} lants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and 



amarantace^e. (amaranth family.) 411 

sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt; in allusion to the alkaline salts 
these plants copiously contain.) 

1. S. Kali, L. (Common Saltwort.) Annual, diffusely branching, 
bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed; 
flowers single ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the 
fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — 
Sandy sea-shore : common. Aug. (Eu.) 

Order 86. AM ARANTACEJE. (Amaranth Family.) 

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but the flowers 
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored, 
commonly 3 in number ; the one-celled ovary sometimes many-ovuled. 
(The greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way 
northward as weeds.) 

# Anthers 2-celled : filaments separate. Ovule and seed solitary. 

1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous,- all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct 

erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. 

2. Montelia. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in fertile flowers. Utricle thin, circumcissile. 

3. Acnitla. Flowers dioecious. Fruit fleshy, indehisoent, 3- 5-angled. 

* * Anthers 1-celled. Ovule and seed solitary. 

4. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. 

5. Froelicliia. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube. 

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, 
equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate : anthers 2- 
celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the 
apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting 
irregularly. % Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds, 
of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and small green or 
purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and 
autumn. ('Apapavros, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. 
The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists in- 
correctly altered to Amaranthus.) 

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumcissrfe, the top falling away as a lid: flowers polygamous. 

-* Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes: stem erect 

(1°- 6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5. 

._- Red Amaranths. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple. 

1. A. hypochondriacus, L. Smooth or smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elon- 
gated and interrupted ; bracts longawned ; fruit 2-3-<>left at the apex, longer than 
the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ; but doubt- 
less adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

2. A. paniculatus, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate ; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading ; bracts 
awn-pointed; fruit 2- 3-toothed \ &t the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers 



412 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

small, green, tinged with red, or sometimes crimson as in A, caudatus, L., the 
Prince's Feather of the gardens. (A. sanguineus, L.) — In gardens, &c. 
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 
i- «- Green Amaranths, Pigweed. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish. 

3. A. retroflexus, L. Roughish and pubescent, or smoothish; leaves 
dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; spikes crowded in a 
stiff or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the calyx. — Var. 
chlorostachys (A. chlorostachys, WUld.) is smoother, with brighter green 
/?aves and less thick and crowded spikes, apparently passing into var. hy'bridus 
(A., hybridus, L.), which is smooth and more loosely panicled, — perhaps not in 
our district. — Cultivated and manured soil, gardens, &c. Probably indigenous 
southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.?) 

* * Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters : stems low, spreading or 
ascending : stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 

4. A. Albus, L. Smooth, pale green ; stems whitish, mostly spi-eading next 
rhe ground ; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or 
refuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the rugose fruit, 
much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste grounds, near 
towns, and roadsides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. 1) 

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumcissile : flowers monoecious. 

5. A. spin6sus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.) Smooth, bushy-branched; 
stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of 
spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; 
the fertile globular and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. — 
Waste grounds, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 

§ 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregu- 
larly : no spines : bracts inconspicuous. 

6. A. lividus, L. Smooth, somewhat succulent, much branched (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves livid-purplish, long-petioled, ovate or oval ; flower-clusters greenish, 
sessile in the axils and crowded in a terminal interrupted spike ; stamens 3 ; se- 
pals mostly 3, rather shorter than the ovate smoothish fruit. (Euxolus lividus. 
R«fl) — Coast of Virginia, Clayton. Probably an introduced species, and to in- 
elude A. oleraceus, L., and the next. 

7. A. pumilus, Prtf. Low or prostrate ; leaves more fleshy and obovate, 
enarginate, the ribs stouter and transverse ; flower-clusters small and axillary ; 
Si miens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit : 
probably a maritime form of the preceding. (Euxolus pumilus, Raf) — Sandy 
beaches, Rhode Island to Virginia and southward. 

8. A. vlridis, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent, spreading or ascending 
(6' -18' high); leaves pale green, ovate or ovate-oblong, long-petioled; flowers 
much smaller than in the preceding, in axillary clusters and usually also in a 
terminal spike ; sepals and stamens 3, the latter thin, shorter than the small 
globose-ovate roughish fruit. (Euxolus deflexus, Ed. 2 ; but that has a larger 
and more elongated smooth 3-nerved utricle.) — Streets of Albany, New York I 
depauperate form with the terminal spike undeveloped. (Adv. from Eu.) 



AMARANTACEiE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 413 

2. MONTELIA, Moquin (under Acnida). , 

Flowers dioecious, 2 -3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mu- 
cronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong 
anthers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers 
without any calyx, their lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled 
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a thin 
and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transversely 
around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the annular 
embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or ob- 
long-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow- 
ers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. (Probably 
a personal name.) 

1. M. tamariscina. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt. A. altissimus & 
Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, Michx. herb. A. rusocarpa, Moquin, &c.) 
— Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, Illinois, and 
southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. concatenata is a form 
with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish distant heads (5" -6" 
in diameter) in the axils of thp leaves ; the stems often low and spreading or 
decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height ( 1 ° - 6° high ), 
the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of the same 
length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the fruit 
(which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The sterile 
plant is Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's collec- 
tion, but the fruit is neither obtuse-angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. That n&me 
is unmeaning, perhaps a misprint of ruscorarpa. 

3. ACNIDA, L. Water-Hemp. 

Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3-5-angled, the angles often rugG^e or 
tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped. 
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the preceding genus. 
(Name formed of a privative and Kvidrj, a nettle.) 

I. A. cannabina, L. Annual, tall (2° -6° high); leaves elongated-lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled ; fruit globular (l^"-2" long), much 
exceeding the pointless bracts. — Salt marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to 
Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Probably the only species; for A. 
rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris- 
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, must be one or the other. 

4. I RE SINE, P.Browne. Iresine. 

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- 
mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers 
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite 
petioled leaves, and minute scarious- white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked 
and branching panicles ; the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence the 
name, from elpecriowr), a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in proces- 
sions at festivals.) 



414 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous annual, erect, slender (2° -4° 
high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles narrow, naked; bracts and calyx sil- 
very-white, the lstter woolly at the base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Illinois and 
southward. Sept. 

5. FRCELICHXA, Mcench. ( Oplothec a, Xutt.) 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5- 
crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing- the indehiscenS 
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, 
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with 
opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. 
Friilich, a German botanist of the last century.) 

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an inter- 
rupted spike; calyx very woolly. — Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

Order 87. POLYGONACEiE. (Buckwheat Family.) 

Herbs, wifh alternate leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ochrese, 
these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers 
mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 
2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo 
curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre; 
the radicle pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like 
fruit. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 - 6-cleft calyx. Leaves 
usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, 
as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — West of the 
Mississippi are a great number of Eriogone^e, having their flowers sur- 
rounded by an involucre. Our few genera are all of the true Polygona- 
cese, except the anomalous Rrunnichia. 

* Stipular sheaths (ockreee) manifest. Ovule erect from the base of the cell. 
•*•- Sepals 5. sometimes 4, somewhat equal and erect in fruit. 

1. Polygonum. Embryo curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledons narrow. 

2. Pagopyrma. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. 

■*- -r- Sepals 4- 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 

3. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, samara-like. 

4. Rumex. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, enclosed by the inner sepals. 

* # Stipules obsolete. Ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 
6. Brnnnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. TendriL 
climber. 

1. POLYGONUM, L. Kxotweed. 

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with* 
ering or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta- 
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside 
of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the cotyi* 



POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 415 

edons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, flowering through late 
summer and early autumn. (Name composed of noXv, many, and youv 7 knee, 
from the numerous joints.) 
§ 1. BISTORTA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, deeply 5-clefl: stamens 8 or 9 : styles 

3, slender: achenium 3-sided: stems low and simple from a thick and woody 

creeping rootstock: Jlowers in a spike-like raceme. 

1. P. viviparum, L. (Alpine Bistort.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8' high), 
bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their 
place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hamp- 
shire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

§2. PERSIC ARIA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, 5-parted : stigmas capitate : ache- 
nium lenticular, or (when there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided: cotyledons accumbent and 
albumen hurd and horny except in No. 2 : roots Jibrous : Jlowers crowded in 
spikes or spike-like racemes. 

« Sheaths some of them with an abrupt spreading and more or less foliaceous (some- 
times deciduous) border: tall branching annuals, with panicled and nodding dense 
cylindrical spikes : flowers rose or flesh-color : achenium flat. 

2. P. orientals, L. (Prince's Feather.) Soft-hairy; leaves ovate or 
oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; flowers large, bright rose-color; stamens 7 ; 
style 2-cleft; cotyledons incumbent; albumen floury. — Sparingly escaped 
from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.) 

3. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem (3° -5° high) and peduncles glandular-bristly; 
leaves lanceolate, roughish ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly^ 5 ; style 2-parted. — 
Shady swamps, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northward. 

* * Sheaths all cylindrical and truncate, without, a border. 
*- Annuals: spikes oblong or linear, densely flowered : flowers rose or flesh-color , or 
occasionally varying to white, slightly or not at all glandular-dotted : stamens 6 - 8 : 
styles 2 or 2-clefl and achenium flattened, except sometimes in No. 7, which alone, 
has the sheaths at all or more than slightly cdiate. 

4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem (L°-3°high), smooth below, the 
branches above, and especially die peduncles, beset with bristly-stalked glands ; leaves 
lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins (l^'-5' long) ; spikes oblong, 
obtuse (I' -2' long), erect, thick; stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted ; style 2-cleft; 
achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places : common. 

5. P. incarnatum, Ell. Nearly glabrous (3° -6° high) ; the peduncles,, 
&c. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands ; sheaths wholly nakec 
and glabrous ; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate 
(4' -12' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a 
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (l£'-3' long) ; stamens 
6 and styles 2, both included; achenium with concave sides. (P. nodosum, var. 
incarnatum, Ed. 2. P. lapathifolium, Amer. authors, $*c.) — Wet borders of 
ponds and streams ; rather common everywhere, especially southward and 
westward. — Flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color, or flesh-color, 
varying to white. 

6. P. lapathifblium, Ait., is lower, with shorter and much less pointed 
leaves ; sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate ; spikes oblong and blunt ; flowers 



416 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

pale or whitish ; style 2-clefl, or not parted to Vac base. Wc have, sparingly, var. 
j.ncAnum, Koch (P. incanum, Willd.), and only a depauperate form of it, 
3' -6' high; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, white-downy beneath; spikes barely 6" 
long, erect. — Borders of Cayuga Lake, New York ( Chickering and Brewer), of 
Lake Superior (0. B. Wheeler) and farther northward (Bourgeau). — The true 
P. nodosum, Pers., which connects this species with the next, has not been 
detected. (Eu.) 

7. P. PersicAria, L. (Lady's Thumb.) Nearly smooth and glabrous 
(12'- 18' high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
xoughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ; 
spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles ; 
stamens mostly 6; styles half 2-3-cltft ; achenium gibbous-flattened or some- 
times triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places: very com- 
mon. — Flowers greenish-purple. (Nat. from Eu.) 

•*- +- Annuals or perennials : spikes slender, filiform, loosely -flowered or inter- 
rupted : flowers greenish or whitish, sometimes purplish-tinged : sepals dotted 
■ with conspicuous glands : leaves pellucid-dotted : sheaths fringed with bristles • 
whole herbage pungently acrid! 

8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartweed or Water-pepper.) 
Annual, l°-2° high, smooth; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted; 
flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6 ; style 2 -3-parted ; achenium. dull, minutely 
striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds; apparently 
introduced eastward, but indigenous northward. (Eu.) 

9. P. acre, H. B. K. (Water Smartweed.) Perennial, nearly smooth ; 
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2° - 5° high ; leaves larger and longer 
than in the last, taper-pointed ; spikes erect ; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh- 
color ; stamens 8 ; style mostly 3-parted, and the achenium sharply triangular, 
smooth and shining. (P. punetatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet 
places : common, especially southward. 

•*- •*- •*- Perennials, not acrid, aquatic or amphibious : sepals not glandular-dotted. 

10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (Mild Water-Pepper.) Stem 
smooth (l°-3° high), branching ; the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with bristles ; 
leaves narrowly lanceolate ; sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes 
filiform, often interrupted at the base (l'-2f long); flowers small, flesh-color 
or nearly white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-chft ; achenium sharply triangular, smooth and 
shining. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places, and in shallow water, 1 
common, especially southward. 

11. P. amphibium, L. (Water Persicaria.) Stems somewhat sim- 
ple, and usually terminated by a single ovate or oblong and very dense spike 
(6" thick) of rather large bright rose-red flowers ; sheaths not fringed with bris- 
tles; stamens?*; style 2-defl; achenium biconvex; leaves varying greatly, from 
elliptical or cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate. — The typical plant is 
var. aquaticum, Willd. (Var. natans, Mcench. P. coccineum, MvhL, &c), in 
water, nearly glabrous ; leaves long-petioled, floating, elliptical or oblong, some. 
times heart-shaped at base; spikes short. — Var. terrestre, Willd., grows 
in shallow water, or in wet soil, or even " in sandy prairies " in Illinois 



POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 417 

{Jr. Mead), either almost glabrous or strigose-hirsute ; leaves sbort-petioled, 
varying from elongated-lanceolate to lance-ovate and taper-pointed ; spikes 
cylindrical (1' -3' long) often in pairs. — Common. (Eu.) 

§ 3. TOVARIA, Adans. Calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted: 
stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular ache- 
nium: cotyledons oblong, accumbent: perennial : flowers loosely disposed in naked 
long and slender spikes. 

12. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (2° -4° 
high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the 
base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical, truncate, 
hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles 
in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets in rich 
soil : common. 

§ 4. PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA. Characters of the next section, except that the 
sheaths are truncate, naked and rigid ; the flowers racemed, solitary from each trun- 
cate bract ; pedicels jointed below the middle ; calyx expanding and petaloid. 

13. P. articulatum, L. (Jointweed.) Annual; stem upright, panic- 
ulately branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; 
flowers rose-color, crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on re- 
curved pedicels twice the length of the crowded joint-like bracts ; stamens 8 ; 
achenium triangular, smooth and shining. (Polygonella articulata, Meisner, 
but has not the enlarged connivent inner sepals, nor the axile embryo of that 
genus.) — Dry, sandy soil ; along the coast and the Great Lakes, and in inter- 
mediate places in New York. — Singular for its many-jointed spikes or racemes, 
which are 1 ' - 3' long ; the lower bracts tooth-pointed on one side. Three inner 
filaments dilated at the base. 

§ 4. AVICIjLARIA, Meisn. Calyx more or less petal-like, 5-parted : stamens 
3 - 8 ; the fllaments avA-shaped, 3 of them bronder at the base : stigmas 3, glo- 
bose, nearly sessile: achenium 3-sided: cotyledons incumbent: albumen horny: 
flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, 2 or 3 together or sometimes solitary in the 
axils of the small leaves, appearing nearly sessile, sometimes more or less spiked 
along the leafless summits of the branches : ours all annuals or nearly so : sheaths 
scarious, usually 2 - 3-clefl or cut fringed and torn. 

14. P. aviculare, L. (Knotgrass. Goose-grass. Door-weed.) 
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; stamens chiefly 
5 in the American, 8 in the European plant; achenium dull, minutely granular 
under a lens, enclosed in the calyx. — The commonest weed, in yards, waste 
places, &c. (Eu.) 

Var. erectum, Roth. Stems upright or ascending; leaves broader (ob- 
long or oval) and larger. (P. erectum, L. ) — In richer soil or more shaded 
places : common. 

15. P. maritimum, L. (Coast Knotgrass.) Prostrate, glaucous, with 
a hard and so/netimes woody and perennial root; stems very short-jointed; 
scarious sheaths large ; leaves thickened, elliptical-lanceolate or narrow oblong ; 
flowers larger than in the last ; achenium very smooth and shining. (P. glaucum, 

27 



418 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

Nutt. P. aviculare, var. littorale, Ed. 2.) — Sandy sea-beach, Mass. to Virginia 
and southward : at the north apparently only annual. (Eu.) 

16. P. ramosissinium, Michx. Stems erect or uscending, much branched 
(2° -4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a 
petiole; sheaths mostly short; calyx (drying yellowish) 6-parted and with 6 or 3 
stamens, or 5-parted and with 4 or 5 stamens ; achenium very smooth and shining. 

— Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southward. 
Salt marshes, Rhode Islnnd, Gluey. — Larger leaves 2' long. 

1 7. P. tenue, Michx. Stem slender, upright, sparingly branched (6' - 12' high ) 
sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; 
flowers axillary and loosely spiked on the filiform branches ; achenium smooth and 
shining. — Dry soil, and rocky hills. 

§ 6. TINIAMA, Meisn. Calyx 5-parled (rarely \-parted), greenish tinged with 
rose-color or white: stamens mostly 8 : styles or capitate stigmas 3 and achenium 
3-sided (except in No. 18) : leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled: sheaths 
sem icy I in drical. 

* Annuals, erect or somewhat climbing by the reflexed prickles which beset the angles 

of the stem and petioles: divisions of the (pale rose-colored or white) calyx not 
keeled: bracts chaff-like. 

18. P. arif61ium, L. (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem grooved- 
angled; leaves halberd- shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat ra- 
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles 
2, very short; achenium lenticular (large). — Low grounds. 

19. P. sagittatum, L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem 4-angled; 
haves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; stamens 
mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender; achenium sharply Z-angled. — Low grounds : common. 

— Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath : these are 
armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, which cut the 
hand drawn against them. 

* * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in 

fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes : bracts like the stipules, 

20. P. Convolvulus, L. (Black Bindweed.) Annual; stems twining 
or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes : outer calyx-lobes keeled; 
achenium smoothish. — Cult, and waste grounds : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

21. P. eilill6de, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed a* 
the base with reflexed bristles ; Leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, 
taper-pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; achenium very 
smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills. Climbing 3° - 9° high. 

22. P. dumetbrum, L. (Climbing False Buckwheat.) Perennial 
smooth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed.; 
racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit 
winged; achenium smooth and shining. (Eu.) 

Var. scandens (P. scandens, L.) has more panicled flowers, and usually 
much broader wings to the fruiting calyx than the European. — Moist thickets. 
Twining 8° -12° high over bushes. 



POLYGON ACEM. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 419 

2. PAGOPYEUM, Tourn. Buckwheat. 

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. 
Stamens 8. Styles 3: stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the 
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, 
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with 
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and 
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose- 
color. (Name, (pnyus, the beech, and nvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain 
being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from* 
the German 23ttcfje, beech.) 

1. F. esculentum, Moench. (Buckwheat.) Smoothish ; flower with 8 
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute 
and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, L.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed 
after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Sorrel. 

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two 
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) In fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses- 
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur- 
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction 
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender. 
— Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves 
chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers 
clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from d£vs, sour, in 
allusion to the acid leaves, like those of Sorrel. ) 

1 • O. digyna, Campdera. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched 
at the end; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire, Oakes, &c, and high northward. (Eu.) 

4. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. 

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base, 
spreading in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, increasing after flow- 
ering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often bearing a grain- 
like tubercle on the back (in fruit called valves). Stamens 6. Styles 3: 
stigmas tufted. Embry. slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, 
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which 
are crowded and comiripniy whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat 
sheathing at the base. ' (The ancient Latin name of these plants ; of unknown 
etymology.) 

§ 1. Dock. Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous: herbage not sour: none 

of the leaves halberd-shaped. (Flowering through the summer.) 

# Perennials, 2° -7° high: valves not bearing bristles. 

h- Valves (large, 3" broad, thin) all naked or one ivith a small grain. 

1. R. Patientia, L. (Patience Dock.) A very tall species, with ovate- 

oblong and lanceolate leaves, those from the root 2° - 3° long, and one of the 



420 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

heart-shaped nearly entire valves bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened 
at the base, was found spontaneous at Amherst, Mass., by Prof. Tuckerman, in 
the form with undulate leaves, R. orientalis, Bernh. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. R. longif6lius, DC. (R. domesticus, Hartm., and too near R. aquat- 
icus, L.), known by the rounded somewhat heart-shaped valves all without a 
grain, — is indigenous at the northwest, perhaps in Northern Wisconsin. (Eu.) 

h- Valves [smaller) one or more of them conspicuously grain-beuring. 
•»-*■ Indigpnous : haves not wavy, vone heart-shaped, except the loivest of No. 6. 

3. R. orbiculatilS, Gray. (Great Water-Dock.) Tall and stout 
(5° -6° high); racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ; 
whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting 
calyx; the valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at 
base, membranaceous, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticulate (2" -3" 
broad), all grain-bearing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, 
transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, in- 
cluding the petiole, l°-2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate 
at base). (R. Hydrolapathum, var. ? Americanus, Ed. 2. R. Britannica, Pursh ? 
Bigelow, Torr. Fl. N. Y. R. aquaticus, Pursh ?) — Wet places : rather common 
northward. — Root yellow. Leaves occasionally abruptly contracted a little be- 
low the enlarging apex. Valves very much rounder, thinner, larger in propor- 
tion to the grain, and more reticulated than in the European R. Hydrolapathum, 
resembling those of R. longifolius except in bearing a conspicuous grain. 

4. R. Britannica, L. (Pale Dock.) Rather tall (2° -6° high); ra- 
cemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding, 
shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, 
obtuse or acutish, entire, membranaceous, loosely reticulated (about 2" broad), 
one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a small grain or thickened midrib, 
or naked ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish. obscurely 
veiny (those of the stem 3' - 6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole), none 
heart shaped. (R. Claytonii, Campdera, which name is to be adopted if we 
reject that inconsiderately assigned by Linnasus, who transferred the obscure 
Herba Britannica of the old writers to a Virginian species. R. xanthorhizus, 
Hoffmansegg, ex Meisner. R. altissimus, Wood. ) — Moist grounds, New York 
to Illinois and southward. 

5. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. (White Dock.) Rather low (l°-3° 
high); root white; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong; 
whorls much crowded; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves deltoid- 
ovate, obtusish or acutish (about lj" long), one, two or sometimes all three with 
a conspicuous often very large grain : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. (R. 
pallidas, Bigelow.) — -Salt marshes, coast of New England; also far westward 
and northward. -. , 

6. R. verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Rather-tall (3° -5° high); 
racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose ; the whorls crowded or the lower ones 
distant ; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times 
longer than the fruiting calyx; the valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, 
strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain; leaves lanceolate or 



L 



POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 421 

oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart- 
shaped at the base. — Wet swamps : common. 

++ •»-+■ Naturalized weeds : loner leaves mostly heart-shaped at the base. 

7. R. cri'spus, L. (Curlkd Dock.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy- 
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at 
the base; whorls crowd td in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above; valves 
round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. 
— A very common weed in cultivated and waste gi-ounds. Stem 3° -4° high, 
from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. There is a hybrid of this with the 
next (Nat. from Eu.) 

8. R. obtusif6lids, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish ; lowest leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse., rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy- 
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate- 
halberd-shaped, and with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated, 
one of them principally grain-bearing.- — Fields, &e. (Nat. from Eu.) 

9. R. conglomerate, Murray. (Smaller Green Dock.) Leaves ob- 
long, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; whorls 
distant, leafy ; pedicels very short; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next the base; 
obtuse, entire, each bearing a single reddish grain. (R. acutus, Smith.) — Moist 
places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 

10. R. sanguineus, L. (Bloody-veined Dock.) Leaves lanceolate, wavy- 
margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and slender 
leafless interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, 
one at least gram-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or, in var. xi ridis, green. — 
Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Annuals, low : valves bearing long awns or bristles. 

11. R. maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely 
branched ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped 
at base ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ; 
valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like bristles 
on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioldes, L.) — Sea- 
shore, Virginia to Massachusetts : also Illinois and westward. — Plant 6' -12' 
high ; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-colored fruiting calyx, 
the bristles usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Sorrel. Flowers dioecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : herbage sour : 
some leaves halberd-shaped : smooth perennials, flowering in spring. 

12. R. Engelmanni, Ledeb. Stem simple, l°-2° high; leaves nearly 
as in the next ; pedicels jointed at or below the middle ; valves of the fruiting calyx 
round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, nakerl, many times larger than the 
achenium. (R. hastulatus, Baldwin.) — S. W. Illinois, thence southward and 
westward. 

13. R. Acetosella, L. (Field or Sheep Sorrel.) Low (6'- 12' high) ; 
leaves lance-halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; 
pedicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked. — 
An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. — The fertile 
panicles usually turn reddish in summer (Nat. from Eu.) 



422 LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 

5. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Brunnichia. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and 
coriaceous in fruit. Stamens 8 : filaments capillary : styles 3, slender : stigmas 
depressed-capitate. Ovule hanging on the summit of a slender erect funiculus : 
the seed erect, 6-grooved. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, 
somewhat curved. Achenium obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in 
the indurated calyx, its base and -almost the whole length of the pedicel winged 
on one side. (Named for F. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist.) 

1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — A somewhat shrubby smooth plant, with grooved 
stems, climbing by tendrils extended from the ends of the branches. Leaves 
ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, entire : petioles dilated at base and partly clasp- 
ing ; but no distinct sheath or stipules. Flowers greenish, 2 - 5 in a fascicle 
from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal 
racemes : pedicel jointed near the base. Fruiting calyx with the wing l'long. 
— Pulaski Co., S. W. Illinois, Dr. F. Brendel : also southward. 

Order 88. fcAUHiLCEJE. (Laurel Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, icith alternate simple leaves mostly marked with 
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of '4 or 6 colored sepals, 
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, 
and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted 
valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1 -seeded berry or 
drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large 
almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very numerous in the trop- 
ics, represented in our district by only five species, in four genera. 

* Flowers perfect, panicled : stamens 12, three of them sterile. 

1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of three stamens turned outward. 

# * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so : stamens in the male flowers 9. 

2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymh- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 

3. Lindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 

4. Tetrantliera. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 

1. PEKSEA, Gasrtn. Alligator Pear. 

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry- 
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re- 
duced to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the 
two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted 
valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. ~ Trees, 
with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of 
some Oriental tree.) 

1. P. Carolin6nsis, Nees. (Red Bay.) Hoary at least when young 
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle 
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries 
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, L. ) — 
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward, June. — A small tree. 



LAURACE.E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 423 

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. 

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 
6tamens inserted on the hase of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of 
stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers 
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), 
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with 
spiey-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu- 
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled 
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. 
Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.) 

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, 
soon glabrous. (Lauras Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods: common. April. — 
Tree 15° -50° high, with, yellowish-green twigs. 

3. LINDEEA, Thunberg. Wild Allspice. Feyer bush. 

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind 
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at 
the base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments 
of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not 
thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost 
sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; 
the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and 
surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. . (Named 
for John Under, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century. 
Benzoin, Nees, adopted in Ed. 2, is a much later name.) 

1. L. Benzdin, Meisner. (Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.) Nearly 
smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L. Benzoin 
odoriferum, Nees, & Ed. 2.) — Damp woods : rather common. March, April. — 
Shrub 6° -15° high. 

2. L. melisssefolia, Blumc. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves 
oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. (Laurus 
melissEefolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Michx. Benzoin melissasfolium, Nees.) — . 
Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois 1 and southward. April. 

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Tetranthera. 

! Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens 
in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers with 12 
or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular. — 
Shrubs Or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered um- 
bels. (Name composed of rirpa^four, and dv6npd, antlier.) 

I. T. genieulata, Nees. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow) appearing 
before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; 
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2- 4-leaved, 
2 - 4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus genieulata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia 
and southward. April. 



424 EL^EAGNACE^E. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) 

Order 89. THYMELEACEJS. (Mezereum Family.) 

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and 
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice 
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, 
which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatro- 
pous seed. Embryo large : albumen little or none. — A small family, rep- 
resented in cultivation by Daphne Mezereum, and one or two other 
species; in North America only by a single species. 

1 . D I II C A , L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. 

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely 
about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the 
middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma capi- 
tate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branchlets, 
oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short peti- 
oles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light 
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark- 
hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. 
(AipKt], the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North 
American genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently 
grows near mountain rivulets.) 

1. D. palustris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps, New England 
to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 5° high ; 
the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough, 
used by the Indians for thongs, whence. the popular names. In Northern New 
England also called Wicopy. 

Order 90. EliJEAGNACEJE. (Oleaster Family.) 

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dioecious flow- 
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or 
ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and 
berry-like in fruit, and strictly enclosing the achenium ; and from the 
following or by the calyx-tube not cohering with the ovary, &c. A 
small family, represented by only three North American species, only 
one strictly within our limits. 

1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Shepherdia. 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 
8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with 
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth 
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided. 
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their 
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John She? 
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 



SANTALACE^. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 425 

1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. (Canadian Shepherdia.) Leaves elliptical 
or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty 
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Ver- 
mont to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the branch' 
lets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c, covered with the rusty scales. 

2. S. argentea, Nutt., the Buffalo-Berry of Upper Missouri, has nar- 
rower leaves, tapering at base, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet 
fruit : probably in Minnesota : sometimes cultivated. 

El^sagnus argentea, Pursb, the Silver-Berry, with oval silvery leaves, 
and silvery and mealy edible fruit, differing from Sbepherdia in its perfect flow- 
ers with only 4 stamens, — abounds not far beyond our northwestern limits. 

Okder 91. SANTAliACEiE. (Sandalwood Family.) 

- Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 5-cleft calyx valvate in 
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules 
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from 
the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des- 
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al- 
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal 
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the 
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater 
p-art belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow- 
ing genera. 

1. COMANDEA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary 
with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the 
edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle 
of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe- 
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the 
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a 
rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white 
flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from KOfxrj, 
hair, and avbpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which 
are attached to the anthers.) 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves oblong, pale (1' long) ; peduncles several 
and corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube con- 
spicuously continued beyond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn* 
shaped fruit ; the lobes oblong ; style slender ; fruit dry. — Dry ground : common. 
May, June. — Stems 8' -10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attach, 
ments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Stauffcr). 

2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-foivered, shorter than 
the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate; style 
short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Sandy shores of Lake Superior,, and north' 
ward. — Leaves larger than in the last. 

L & M— 38 



426 LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 

2. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-nut. B uffalo-nut. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved; a 
tuft of hairs at their base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short 
filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear- 
shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat sum- 
mit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit 
fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped ; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo small : 
albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and decidu- 
ous leaves ; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. 
(Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, which in the original species looks 
like a small pear.) 

1- P. Oleifera, Gray Shrub straggling (3° -12° high), minutely downy 
when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed 
at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small and few- 
flowered, terminal ; calyx* 5-cleft. ( P. pubera, Michx. ; a little older than the 
other specific name, but much less appi'opriate. Hamiltonia oleifera, MuU.) — 
Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward through the Allegha- 
nies. May. — Whole plant imbued with an acrid oil, especially the fruit, which 
is an inch long. 

Order 92. LOEANTHACE.E. (Mistletoe Family.) 

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre- 
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its 
near allies ; distinguished from the preceding family more by the parasitic 
growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential 
characters : represented by an American genus nearly allied to Viscurn, or 
true Mistletoe, viz. 

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. False Mistletoe. 

Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under 
each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- 
(rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the 
base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or 
slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma sessile, 
obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit 
of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches 
of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or 
only scales in cheir place ); and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name com- 
posed of G^cop, a thief, and bivbpov, tree; because these plants steal their food 
from the trees they grow upon.) 

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (American Mistletoe.) Leaves obovatc or 
oval, somewhat, pctioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ; berries 
white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and southward, 
on various deciduous-leaved trees. 



CALLITRICHACE.E. (WATER-STARWORTS.) 427 

Order 93. SAUEUBACEJ1. (Lizard's-tail Family.) 

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in 
spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and ivith 3-5 more or less 
separate or united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart- 
shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — An 
offshoot of the (tropical) Pepper Family, and represented only by 

1. SAURURUS, L. Lizard's-tail. 

Sramens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat 
fleshy, wrinkled, of 3 -4 pistils united at the base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds 
usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped con- 
verging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flowers (each with a 
small bract) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal 
spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from <ravpos, a lizard 
and ovpd, tail). Bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel. 

1. S. C^rnuus, L. Flowers white, in a dense spike nodding at the end; 
bract lanceolate; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps: common. June- 
Aug. 

Order 94. CEEATWHYLLACEJ1. (Hornwokt Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with ivliorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary 
and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8-12- 
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a 
suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filed by a highly developed embryo with 4 
cotyledons ! and, a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus 

1. CERATOPHYLLUI, L. IIornwort. 

Sterile flowers of 12-*24 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- 
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, 
in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread- 
like rigid divisions (whence the name from nepas, a horn, and (pvWov, leaf). 

1- C. demersum, L. — Var. commune has a smooth marginless fruit 
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the 
base on each side. — Var. echinatum (C. echinatum, Gray) has the fruit 
mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged mar- 
gin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds : common, but rarely seen in fruit. 
Probably there is only one species. (Eu.) 

Order 95. CALX.ITRICHACE.aE. (Water-Starworts.) 

Small annuals or perennials, mostly aquatics, with opposite entire leaves 
and axillary monozcious flowers without any proper floral envelopes, and with 
a 4-lobed and ^-celled A-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus Calli- 
triche (regarded by many botanists, perhaps with good reason, as repre- 



428 CALLITRICHACEtE. (water-starworts.) 

sentiiig the most reduced form of the Halorageae, p. 1 74. The so-called 
perfect flower is considered to be a staminate and a pistillate, or two stam- 
inate and one pistillate naked flowers in the same axil, each of a single 
stamen or pistil.) 

The elaboration of our species is contributed by Dr. G. Engelmann. 

1, CALLITSICHE, L. Water-Starwort. 

Flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leafj 
wholly naked or between a pan* of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a sin- 
gle stamen : filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence 
becomes one-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled 
ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually 
persistent stigmas. Ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4- 
lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. 
Seed anatropous, suspended, filling the cell : embryo slender, straight or slightly 
curved, in the axis and nearly the length of the oily albumen. — Smooth, or beset 
with minute stellate scales (visible only under the microscope), with spatulateor 
linear leaves, both forms often occurring on the same stem. (Name from icaKos, 
beautiful, and 6pi£, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted stems of 
the commoner species.) 

§ 1. Terrestrial species. Small annuals, forming tufts on merely moist soil; 
destitute of stellate scales and of bracts : leaves uniform, very small, obovate or 
wedge-shaped, 3-nerved, crowded, provided with stomuta : filament not lengthen- 
ing : carpels connate. 

1. C. Austini, Engelm. Fruit small, broader than high, deeply notched 
above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length ; lobes of the fruit 
narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them, wings denticulate ; per- 
sistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves obovate. — 
On damp soil in open woods, fields and roads, New York and New Jersey ( C. F. 
Austin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America. April- June. 
^.- Half an inch or an inch high : leaves 1" - 2" long : fruit £" in diameter. 

C. peploides, Nutt. and C. Nuttallii, Torr. (C. pedunculosa, Nutt.), — 
the former with subsessilu curiously gibbous fruit, the latter with long-peduncled 
fruit with eversed keels, - — are southwestern species of this section. 

§2. Amphibious species. Perennials? with elongated stems {occasionally quite 
terrestrial as in the former, or ivholly submersed as in the next section) : leaves 
with stellate scales and stomata, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the sub- 
mersed linear: fowers usually between a pair of bracts, rarely naked : pollen shed 
only in the air ; the filament elongating afterwards : carpels in fruit connate. 

2. C. verna, L. Fruit (-£" long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob- 
cordatc, usually thicker at the base than upwards, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled 
or very narrowly winged upwards, and with a wide groove between them ; stig- 
mas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves 
crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed, in to a petiole. — Common in stagnant 
waters, from Pennsylvania and Ncav Jersey north and northwestward. April - 



PODOSTEMAOE.E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 429 

Aug. — From a few inches to a foot and more in length : upper leaves 3" -5" 
long ; lower ones twice as long. A terrestrial form with smaller, narrower, and 
more uniform leaves (C. brevifolia, Pursh), occurs where the waters recede in 
summer and fall. (Eu. ) 

3. C. hetsrophylla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than 
high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes 
obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the 
fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often 
retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. (C. Asagrayi, Hegelmaier.) — 
Stagnant water, New York to Illinois and southward: common. April -Aug. 
— Similar to the last, of same size, but with smaller leaves (2" -4" long), and 
fruit scarcely larger than in No. 1, but much thicker. A terrestrial form (which 
comes also under C. brevifolia, Pursh) and a submerged one, with linear leaves 
often an inch long (C. linearis, Pursh), are not rare. 

§ 3. Submersed species. Perennials, entirely under water, with crowded and uni- 
form linear l-nerved leaves, without scales or stomuta : flowers bracdess, fertilized 
under water : f lament not elongating: carpels separate nearly to the axis. 

4. C. autumnalis, L. Fruit large, flattened, circular, deeply and nar- 
rowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very 
deep and narrow groove between them ; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; 
leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at tip. — In the St. Law- 
rence River, near Ogdensburgh (67. W. Clinton), Lake Superior [C. G. Loring, 
Jr.), and northwestward. Aug. -Sept. — Stems 3' -6' high: leaves 2"- 5" 
long : fruit variable in size, usually 1" or more in diameter. (Eu.) 

Order 96. POI>OSTEI?IACEiE. (River-weed Family.) 

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of 
Sea- weeds or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers 
bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2 - 3- 
celled many-seeded ribbed pod ; — represented in North America by 

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weed. 

Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of 
floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with 
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short 
sterile filaments, one on each side : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. 
Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick 
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name 
from 7rovs,foot, and o-Trjfuov, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised 
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.) 

1. P. ceratophyllus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a 
sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare 
in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. — A small olive-green plant, of 
firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose stones, in 
the manner of a Furus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. 



430 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

Order 97. EUFIIOIS^IACEJE. (Spurge Family.) 

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious jiouy 
ers, mostly apetalous, sometimes acidamydeous {occasionally polypeialous or 
monopetalous) ; the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or some- 
times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or 
branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells ; fruit commonly 
a 3-lohed pod, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent 
axis and elastically 2-valved : seed, anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as 
long as and the fat cotyledons mostly as wide as the feshy or oily albumen. 
Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world 
(the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numerously represented in Northern 
countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very remarkable reduced 
flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates a calyx. Our last genus 
belongs to the Box-Family, which some botanists of late separate from the 
Euphorbiaceas, on account of the rhaphe being on the outer or dorsal side 
of the suspended ovule, &c. 

* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell. 
*- Staminate and pistillate flowers both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in 
the same cup-shaped involucre, which imitates a calyx, — the whole liable to be mistaken 
for a single flower. 

1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked 

stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). 

■*- ■*- Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a calyx, not involucrate. 
++ Stamens erect in the bud. 

2. Jatroplia. Flowers cymose or panicled. Calyx corolla-like, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbri- 

cated in the bud. Stamens 10 or more. 

3. Stillingia. Flowers in a spike, pistillate at the base. Calyx 2- 3-parted, the lobes im- 

bricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas or branches of the style 3, simple. 

4. Acalyplia. Flowers spiked or glomerate, the pistillate in the axil of bracts. Calyx 3-5- 

parted •, in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Stameus mostly 8 : anthers with 2 
separate pendulous cells. Styles or stigmas 3, dissected. 

5. Tragia. Flowers in racemes, pistillate at the base. Calyx in staminate flowers valvate in 

the bud. Anther-cells united. Styles united at the base, simple. 

-)-+ ++ Stamens inflexed in the bud. 

6. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-4-) celled. 

7. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. 

* # Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Calyx imbricated in the bud. 

8. Phyllantlnis, Flowers axillary. Stamens mostly 3, and usually monadelphous. 

9. Pachysandra. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate. 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. 

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-5-lobed involucre (flower of 
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick 
glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers 
numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little 
bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the fila- 
ment : anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of 



EUPHOKBIACE^E. (SPUKGK FA3IILY.)" 431 

the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-Tobed and 3- 
celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the stig- 
mas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 one-seeded carpels, which split elasti- 
cally into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. — Plants (herbs in the United States), 
with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the 
first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after 
Eupliorbus, physician to King Juba.) 

Genus newly elaborated for this work by Dr. George Engelmann. 

A. APPEND I CULAT^E. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white 
or rose-colored, and entire or toothed margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete 
in No. 1 . 

§ 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small, 
oblique at base, furnished with uivl-shaped or scaly and often fringed persistent 
stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent : involucres soli- 
tary in the forlcs of the branches or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, 
always with 4 glands: seeds without a caruncle: all our species are annuals, 
flowering throughout summer and autumn. 

5* Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant, 
and pale green or glaucous. 

1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-linear, ob- 
tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4" -8" long) ; stipules seta- 
ceously divided ; peduncles in the forks of the branches, as long as the petioles ; 
robes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods ob- 
tusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1" long, the largest of this section). — Sandy 
.shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. 

2. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly 
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3" -6" long) ; stipules 
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, at length in loose foliaceous 
lateral clusters ; glands of the involucre with narrow white or red appendages ; 
pods acutely anglea ; seeds ovate, acute at one end (%" long). — Sandy soil, 
Illinois (Geyer, Vo.tpy) to Wisconsin and Minnesota (1\ J. Hale). 

The nearly allied i£. i-etaloidka, Engelm., of Kansas and Nebraska, extends 
into Western Missouri and Iowa, and may cross the upper Mississippi ; it is dis- 
tinguished by its half-erect spreading growth ; longer, narrower, and retuse or 
emarginate leaves ; peduncles longer than petioles ; larger involucres, the broadly 
campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous ; capsule obtusely angled ; 
tveeds nearly a line long. 

3. E. Serpens, H. B. K. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting ; 
leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only ^" - l^" long) ; stipules mem- 
branaceous, triangular ; peduncles much longer than petioles, at length in loose 
foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenu- 
late appendages ; pods acutely angled ; seeds obtusely angled ($" long or less). 
(E. herniarioides, Nutt. and Ed. 2.) — In rich soil, Illinois, especially in the 
alluvions of the larger rivers, and southwestward : also adventive on ballast 
sand-banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. (/. Martindaie, C. F. Parker.) 



432 EUPHORBIA CVJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 






* *. Seeds minutely roughened, or transversely wrinkled, or pitted, ash-colored, o> (in 
the last species) blackish : leaves more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy. 

4. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves oborate- 
oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate towards the obtuse 
apex (3" -6'' long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; pe- 
duncles as long or longer than petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clus- 
ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ; 
pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinklea and ofter 
pitted (nearly |" long). — Wisconsin and Minnesota, and south westward. 

5. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), 
erect-spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly 
serrulate towards the obtuse apex ("2" - 5" long) ; stipules lanceolate, setaceousiy 
divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands 
of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ; pods sharply 
angled ; seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles (j?" long). 
— Wisconsin (Hale, Lapham) to Illinois, opposite St. Louis, where is also the 
pubescent form (Riehl), and southwestward. 

6. E. maculata, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy ; leaves oblong- 
linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, more or less pubescent or some- 
times smoothish (4" -6'' long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; 
stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous 
lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly 
crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate 
(-|" long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the con- 
cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh, not L. E. depressa, Torr.) — Open places, 
roadsides, &c. : everywhere. 

7. E. liumistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; leaves 
elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate towards the apex, sparsely 
hairy underneath (4" -9" long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules 
lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than petioles, in dense scarcely 
foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back, its (red or white) appen- 
dages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely 
angled, minutely roughened (|" long). — Rich soil, in the alluvions of the Missis- 
sippi and lower Ohio and their tributaries ; and also southward. 

8. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or 
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate- 
oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (^'-lf' long), often with a 
red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the peti- 
oles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the end of the branches ; appendages of the 
involucre entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous, 
obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tuberclcd (^" long), 
blackish. (This character is from the U. S. plant, E. Preslii, Gussonc and 
Bcissier, the E. hypericifolia, var. communis, Engelm. The West Indian origi- 
nal E. hypericifolia, L. (found also in Florida) has more compact and usually 
lateral inflorescence, smaller flowers and small reddish seeds.) -—Open places 
cultivated soil: very common. 



EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433 

§2. PETALOMA. Uppermost or floral haves with conspicuous white petal-like 
margins, ichor led or opposite, the others scattered: erect annuals, with the leaves 
equal at the ba>e and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules : involucres 
mostly 5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence : no caruncle to the seed. 

9. E. mabginAta, Pursh. Stem stout (2° -3° high), erect, hairy; leaves 
sessile, ovate or oblong, acute ; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays ; glands of the 
involucre with broad white appendages. — Frequently cultivated in gardens for 

ts showy broadly white-margined floral leaves : native of the plains of Kansas 

and Nebraska. 

§ 3. TITH YMALOPSIS. Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite : 
erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at the base: stipules none: involucres 
mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal, in an umbelliform inflo- 
rescence : seeds without caruncle. 

10. E. COrollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; 
leaves ovate, lanceolate, or lineai', entire, obtuse ; umbel 5- (3 - T-) forked, and 
the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled; pod 
slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds thick (1" long or more), ash-colored, the surface 
siightly uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, New York to Wisconsin and southward. 
July -Oct. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the involucre, which ap- 
pear like five white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved. 

B. EX APPEND ICULAT^E. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. 

§4. POINSETTIA. Involucrps in terminal clusters, 4 - b-Lobed, with few (or 
often solitary) cup-shaped glands: seed without a caruncle: ours erect annuals, 
with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all of them or only the upper ones 
opposite; the uppermost often colored, especially at the base: stipules small and 
glandular. 

11. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves ovate, 
lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2 / long), only the lowest, ones 
alternate, all others opposite, upper ones often paler at base; involucres almost 
sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked 
glands ; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Penn. to Illinois and 
southward. July - Sept. 

12. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1°- 3° high), glabrous; leaves alternate, 
petioled. ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and en- 
tire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper ones usually Avith a red 
base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes 
and a single or few and almost sessile glands : seeds nearly globular, tubercled. 
(E. cyathophora, Jacq.) — Slopes and rocky soil, W. Illinois and southward. 
July - Sept. 

§ 5. TITHYMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelli- 
form inflorescence, 5- or usually <±-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or 
crescent-shaped glands: seeds mostly carunculate: ours ascending or erect, and 
glabrous (except No. 15) annuals or perennials; with entire or serrulate leaves, 
ana no stipules. 

* Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite : involucres cany- 

GM 19 



434 EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGK FAMILY.) 

pedunchd in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 obtuse glands : seeds with 
out caruncle. 

3. E. Ipecacuanhse, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular 
root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'- 10' long), forking from near the base; 
leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, gla- 
brous; peduncles elongated (^'-1' long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, 
nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy 
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. May - July. 

* '* Perennials or mostly annuals, with serrulate or rarely entire scattered leaves, only 
the floral leaves in the umbelliform inflorescence ichorled or opposite and of differ- 
ent shape: glands of the involucre mostly 4, transversely oval, obtuse. 
•*- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rough. 

14. E. Darlingtbllii, Gray. Tall perennial (2° -4° high); leaves entire, 
minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base; 
the floral ones oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate 
base; umbel 5-8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty ; large globular 
seed with a small caruncle. (E. nemoralis, DarL, not of Kitaibel.) — Copses, 
Venn, and southward along the mountains. July -Sept. 

15. E. platyphylla, L. Erect annual (8'- 18' high); upper stem-leaves 
lanceolate-oblong , acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered 
iiairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ; involucre 
with cl/iate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the ovary, united at 
the base, slightly 2-cleft ; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the Great 
Lakes and the St. Lawrence to L. Champlain. June- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

16. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Erect annual (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong-spatu- 
late, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones 
ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then 
into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles distinct and 
longer than the ovary, rect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with long warts. — 
Damp woods, Virginia to Illinois. May- July. 

•*- +- Seeds rugose or reticulated : leaves serrulate: annuals. 

17. E. dietyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8' -18' high); 
haves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper 
ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, 
slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; involucre 
with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the 
ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. Arkan- 
sana, Engelm. Sf Gray.) — Prairies and roadsides, Kentucky (Short), and west 
and southvvestward. May - July. 

18. E. Heliosc6pia, L. Stems ascending (6'- 12' high), stout; haves ail 
vbovate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little 
hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, 
or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; pod smooth and even; seeds 
with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places, especially eastward and 
along the Great Lakes. July -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 



EUPHORBIACK^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 435 

* * * Perennials or annuals ; ours with entire and scattered leaves, only the floral ones 

in the umbel-like inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape : glands 
of the involucre mostly 4, crescent-shaped or 2-horned. 

■*- Seeds smooth and dark-colored : perennials, with running rootstocks. 

19. E. Esula, L. Stems clustered (1° high); leaves lanceolate or linear ; the 
floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays, 
then forking; glands short-horned (brown); pods smoothish and granular.— 
"Essex County, Massachusetts, Oafces. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

20. E. CvPARfssiAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6'- 10' high) ; stem-leaves 
linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent- 
shaped; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, in a few places in 
New England. (Adv. from Eu.) 

-5- +r Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: pod smooth: annuals or biennials. 

21. E. Peplcs, L. Erect or ascending (5' -10' high) ; leaves petioled, thin, 
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands 
long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crestsd on the back ; seeds 2-grooced on tlte 
inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over half a line long). — Waste places east- 
ward : not common. July, Aug. 

22. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de* 
cumbent base (6' -12' high) ; leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the 
upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands 
with slender horns ; pod obtusely angled, crestless ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (a line 
long). (E. Ohidtica, Steudel 8p Hochstetter.) — Along streams and shady slopes, 
from Virginia towards the mountains to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and westward. 
May, June. — Leaves often persistent over the winter on sterile shoots, turning 
red. Larger in all its parts than E. Peplus, with which it has been confounded ; 
but the characters of the pod and seeds readily distinguish it. 

* * * * A glabrous annual or biennial, with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an 

umbelliform inflorescence, and short-homed glands : seeds carunculate. 

23. E. Lathyris, L. Stem stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or ob- 
long, the floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. 
— Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. JATROPHA, L. (Cnidoscolus, Pohl., Ed. 2.) 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the 
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate 
flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or 
convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or in 
our species none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, 
in 2 or more whorls : filaments monadelphous at the base. Ovary mostly 3- 
celled : styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Pod 3-celled, 
3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial 
herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly ti-opical, with alternate mostly long- 
petioled palmately- veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the section 
Cnidoscolus ; of plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said bv 
Linnasus to be formed of larpou, a remedy, and <pdy<o, to eat.) 



436 EUPHOKBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

1. J. tirens, L., var. stimuldsa, J. Miiller. (Tread-softly. Spurge- 
Nettle.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6' -2° high) ; 
leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; the divisions toothed, cut, or even pin- 
natifid, often discolored; flowers slender; filaments 10, monadelphous only at 
the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. stimulosa, Michx. Cni- 
doscolus stimulosus, Ed. 2.) — Dry sandy soil, Virginia on the coast, and south- 
ward. June - Sept. 

3. STILLINGIA, Garden. Stillingia. 

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of 
the disk none. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 2 or 3 : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Style thick : stigmas 3, di- 
verging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth 
upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base ; the 
fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the 
bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. StilUnrjfleet.) 

1. S. Sylvatiea, L. Herbaceous (l°-3° high) ; leaves almost sessile, ob- 
long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry 
soil, E. Virginia and southward. June- Sept. 

4. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. 

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few 
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx 
of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in the bud ; of the fertile 3 - 5-parted. 
Corolla none. Stamens 8-16: filaments short, monadelphous at the base: 
nther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the 
filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Pod 
separating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one 
carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, with the appear- 
ance of Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. 
Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a 
large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. ('AxaX^r;, an ancient name of 
the Nettle.) 

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent : seeds nearly smooth. 

1. A. Virgilliea, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely 
serrate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the 
deeply palm ate! y-cl eft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places : common. 
July -Sept. — A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often 
turning purplish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1 - 3 in each axil, along with the 
small and short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts large and leaf-like, unequally 
cut into 5-9 lanceolate lobes. — Passes by various forms (belonging to var. 
intermedia, J. Miill.) into 

Var. graeilens, with lanceolate or even linear leaves, less toothed and 
shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often 1 ' long, and much surpassing 
the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. (A. graeilens, Ed. 1 %- 2. A. Vir- 
giniana, var. gracilescGns, J. Miill. A. monocdeca, Engelm., a reduced form with 



EumoriBiACE^E. (spurge family.) 437 

two cells of the ovary abortive. ) — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois, 
and common southward. 

* * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections : seeds rough-wrinkled. 
2, A. Caroliniana, Walt., Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and 
closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, 
axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut 
into many linear lobes. (A. ostryaefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton, 
Torrey), Ohio, and southward. 

5. TRAGI A, Plumier. Tragia. 

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-5- (chiefly 
3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 : filaments short: anther-cells 
united. Fert. FL Calyx 3 - 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ; 
the branches 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 
2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants 
(perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly 
alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the 
leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. 
(Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.) 

1. T. inn6ciia, Walt. Erect, paniculate-brauched, softly hairy -pubescent 
(6' -12' high) ; leavis varying from obovate-obloug to narrowly linear, acute at 
the base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, shoit-peti- 
oled or sessile, paler beneath; stamens 2. (T. iirens, L., having been discarded 
as a false name, the next oldest, and a good one, is adopted, rather than the 
recent one of T. discolor, Miiller.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Virginia and south- 
ward. May - Aug. 

2. T. urtiC8&f61ia, Michx. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute 
with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower 
ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti- 
o/ed. — Virginia (Pursh), and common southward. 

3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. 7 wining, somewhat hirsute, not stinging; 
l-iaves deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long* 
letioled (pod ^' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Michaux,) and south> 
ward. — Apparently quite distinct. 

6. CROTON, L. Croton. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or 
spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4- G-) parted; the divisions lightly imbri- 
cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, but mostly small or 
rudimentary, hypogynous, as many as the divisions of the calyx. Glands or 
lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually 
hairy. Stamens 5 or more : filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. 
Fert. Fl. Calyx 5 - 10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers : but 
petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary mostly 3-celled, rarely 2-celled, with 
a single ovule in each cell : styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- 
( rarely 2 -4-) celled, separating into as many 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds 



438 euphorbiacb^e. (spurge family.) 

carunculate. — Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly 
strong-scented ; the sterile flowers above ; the fertile usually at the base of the 
same spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, 
with or without obvious stipules. (Kpord>i>, the Greek name of the Castor-oil 
Plant, of this family.) 

§ 1. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. Sterile Jlowers mostly with a 4-parted calyx, 
as many ovate-lanceolate petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens : fertile Jlowers 
with a 5-parted calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; tie 
3 styles 2-cleft. 

1. C. glanduldsus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular ( 1° - 2° high), 
pmewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, 

the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capitate-clus- 
tered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. — Open 
waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 

§ 2. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzsch. Sterile flowers with the calyx equally 5- 
parted, as many glands alternate with the petals, and 10-14 stamens : fertile 
flowers with a 7 -\2-parted calyx and vjithout petals; the 3 styles twice or 
thrice 2-parted. 

2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat 
glandular (1° -2° high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elon- 
gated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely 
fimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter- 
minal sterile spike. — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Pine 
barrens of New Jersey, Knieskem ! July - Sept. 

§ 3. GYNAMBL6SIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) Sterile flowers with 
an unequally 3 - 5-parted calyx, and as many petals and scale-like glands ; the 
stamens varying from 3-11: fertile flowers with an equally 5-pai*ted calyx, 
and with no petals, 5 glands, and a 2- 3-celled ovary, crowned with as many 
sessile 2-parted stigmas. 

3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, wliitish-stcllate-pubescent and 
rusty-glandular; stems (l°-2° high), slender, erect, below often umbellately 
3-4-forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblonir- 
ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6" -12" long, about twice 
the length of their petioles) ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the sum- 
mit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly soli- 
tary on short recurved peduncles ; stamens 3 - 8 ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often 
by abortion 1 -celled and 1 -seeded; the seed broadly oval. (C. ellipticum, Nutt. 
Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gynamblosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — 
Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and west- 
ward. June - Sept. 

(C. EUTRfGYNUs, as it may be named, is the related Texan species, — with 
more silvery clown, rounder leaves on longer petioles, 7-12 stamens, more pe- 
duncled fertile flowers, and a 3-celled ovary generally ripening 3 oblong-oval 
seeds, — mentioned by Torrcy as a possible variety of this, and taken by 
Baillon and Miiller for C. ellipticus of Nuttall.) 



EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 439 

7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Crotonopsis. 

Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the 
lower fertile. Ster. FL Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta- 
mens 5, opposite the petals : filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at 
the apex. Ferl. Fl. Calyx unequally 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Glands 
(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bear- 
ing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1 -seeded. 
— A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or 
elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery 
hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as 
the branches, &e. (Name compounded of Kporaw, and oS^is, appearance, for a 
plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.) 

1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, New Jersey (Knieshern, C. E. 
Smith), Bristol, Pennsylvania (E. Diffenbaugh), Illinois, and southward. July- 
Sept. The form with shorter and broader leaves is C. elliptica, Willd., and C. 
argentea, Pursh. 

8. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Phyllanthus. 

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-parted, imbricated in the 
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 
in each cell of the ovary. Pod depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds 
not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name com- 
posed of (f)v\\ov, l&tf, and (ivOos, blossom, because the flowers in a few species 
are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.) 

1 . P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves 
obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, 
one staminate, the other fertile ; calyx 6-parted ; stamens 3 ; styles 3, each 
2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Gravelly 
banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and southward. July- Sept. 

9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Pachtsandra. 

Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster. 
Fl. Stamens 4, separate : filaments long-ex serted, thick and flat : anthers ob- 
long-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, 
stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, 
with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Pod deeply 3-horned, 
3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-secded carpels. — Nearly glabrous, 
low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alter- 
nate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at the base into a petiole. 
Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, 
unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish or purplish : filaments white (the size 
and thickness of the latter giving the name, from Tragi's, thick, and avbpa, used 
for stamen). 

1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap- 
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered 
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. 



440 EMPETRACE^. (CROWBERRT FAMILY.) 

(P. erecta, Raf., Baillon, is the same.) — Woods, mountains of Kentucky, W 
Virginia, and southward. March -May. 



Order 98. EMPETRACEjE. (Crowberry Family.) 

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen oj 
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided op 
laciniate stigmas, &c. of some Euphorbiacea? : — probably only an apetalous 
and polygamous or dioecious degenerate form of Ericaceae, — comprising 
three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the 
third farther south. 

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowberry. 

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. 
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo 
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very 
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from iv, upon, and 7rerpos, a rock.) 

1. E. nigrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) Procumbent and spreading ; 
leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the mountains 
of New England and New York, Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

2 . COREMA, Don. (Broom-Crowberry. ) 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil 
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no 
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- 
(or rarely 4-5-) cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 
(rarely 4-5) nutlets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched 
little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. 
(Name Kopwfxa, a broom, from the bushy aspect.) 

1. C. Conradii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very 
small, dry and juiceless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr. T u ckerman ia, Klotzsch. 
Oakesia, Tuckermann.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New Jersey ; 
Long Island ; Plymouth and Cape Cod, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of 
Penobscot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high : 
the sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments 
and brown-purple anthers. {Gray, Chlor. Bor -Am. it. 1.) 



Order 99. URTICACEJE. (Nettle Family.) 

Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious, or rarely (in the Elm 
Family) perfect flowers, furnished toith a regular calyx, free from the 1- 
telled {rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in 
<Jie albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upwards; stamens as 



URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 441 

many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Coty* 
ledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the 
greater part tropical), comprising the following suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. UliMACEJE. Elm Family. 

Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous. Filaments straight or 
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara 
or drupe. Seed suspended. — Trees, with a watery juice (no active or 
noxious properties), and alternate leaves. 

* Fruit dry, winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse. 

1. Ulmus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 1-2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celied, winged. 

2. Plauera. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit wingless, nut-like. 

# * Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse. 

3. Celtis. Flowers polygamous. (Jvary i-ovuled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled. 

Suborder II. AKTOCABPEH. Bread-fruit & Fig Family. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads; 
the calyx, &e. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-) 
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2. 
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous) 
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens inflexed in 
the bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe 
More^e. 

4. Morns. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Calyx berry-like in fruit. 

Suborder III. UKTICEiE. Nettle Family. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and 

inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower 

opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always 1-celled, with an erect or- 

thotropous ovule, forming an achenium in fruit. Embryo straight in the 

axis of albumen. — Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a 

watery bland juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves: 

many are armed with stinging hairs. 

* Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2 - 5 separate or nearly separate sepals. 
+- Plant beset with stinging bristles. 

5. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en- 

closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite. 

6. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two 

exterior minute and obscure. Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked. 
Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate. 

h- n- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. 

7. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small 

Achenium partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma peucil-tufted. 
# * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium. 

8. Bcehmeria. Flowers monoecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate- 

Style long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. 

9. Parictarla. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bractcd clusters. Stigma tufted- 



442 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 

Suborder IV. CANNABINEJE. (Hemp Family.) 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus- 
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx 
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, 
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular ackenium in fruit. 
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs, with a watery 
juice, mostly opposite and lobed or divided leaves, and a fibrous inner 
bark (yielding bitter and narcotic products). 

10. Cannabis, fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 - 7-divided. 

11. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit- 

Anthers erect. Leaves 3-5-lobed. 

1. TJLMTJS, L. Elm. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments. 
Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of 
each cell, rarely 1-celled: styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner 
edge. Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, 
winged all around. Albumen none : embryo straight ; the cotyledons large. — 
Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species 
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and 
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu- 
cous. ( The classical Latin name. ) 

* Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate : leaves very rough above. 

1. U. fulva, Mich. (Slippery or Red Elm.) Buds before expansion 
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly 
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly 
rough downwards; brancblets doWny; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit 
(8" -9" wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil from W. New England to 
Lake Superior and southward. March, April. — A small or middle-sized tree, 
with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark. 

* * Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the 

middle: fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth above, or nearly so. 

2. XJ. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (American or White Elm.) 
Buds and branchlets glabrous ; branches not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, 
abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-pubescent 
beneath, or soon glabrous; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish 
lobes; fruit glabrous except the margins (£' long), its sharp points incurved and 
closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April. — 
A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable, usually with spreading 
branches and drooping branchlets. 

3. U. racemdsa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Bud-scales downy- 
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with 
corky ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ; 
flowers racemed; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. — River-banks, Wi 
New England to Wisconsin and southward. April. 



URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 443 

4 U. al&ta, Michx. (Whahoo or Winged Elm.) Bud-scales and branch- 
lets nearly glabrous ; bianchs corky-winged, at least some of them; leaves downy 
beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (i'-2|' long); 
calyx-lobes obovatc ; fruit downy on the face, at least wben young. — Virginia 
to Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable. 

2. PLAIERA, Guielin. Planer-tree. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmato^e 
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Al- 
bumen none: embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, 
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J- 
Planer, a German botanist.) 

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit 
stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, Ken- 
tucky (Michaux) and southward. April. 

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-tree. Hackberrt. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 
d-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and 
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing 
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed, 
petioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or 
in pairs, pedunclcd, appearing with the leaves ; the lower usually staminate 
only, in little fascicles, or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. 
{An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree 
supposed to have been the food of the Lotophagi.) 

1. C. OCCidentaiis, L. (Sugarberry. Hackberry.) Leaves reticu- 
lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicu- 
ously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, sharply serrate, sometimes 
sparingly so or only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, 
usually sofi-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish, 
turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the 
petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, New 
England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or middle-sized 
tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird- 
cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var. ptraiiLA. Low 
and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly 
acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River -banks, on rocks, from Maryland south- 
ward. — Var. crassif6lia. A tall or low tree; leaves thicker, usually serrate 
all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale beneath. (C. cras- 
sifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. 

2. C. Mississippiensis, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed, 
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. integri- 
folia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky, Illinois? and south west ward. — Even this proba- 
bly runs into the last. 



444 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.; 

4 . MORUS, Tourn. Mulberry. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary and 
catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastical- 
ly expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles 2, 
thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered 
by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a thick- 
ened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice and 
rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mope'a, the ancient name.) 

1. M. rubra, L. (Red Mulberry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough 
above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently 
dioecious ; fruit dark purple, long. — Rich woods, NeAV England to Illinois and 
southward. May. — Small tree, ripening its blackberry-like fruit in July. 

2. M. Alba, L. (White Mulberry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, 
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous 
near houses : introduced for feeding silk- worms. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. TJ It TIC A, Tourn. Nettle. 

Elowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious ; clustered, the clusters mostly in ra- 
cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Sler. FL Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around 
the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer 
smaller and spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and 
enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achenium. Stigma sessile, cap- 
itate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite : 
stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish ; in summer. (The classical 
Latin name; from uro, to burn.) 

* Perennials : flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious. 

1. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender (2° -6° high); leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3 - 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped 
base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristlu ; spikes slender 
and loosely panicled. (XL prbcera, Willd.) — Fence-rows and moist ground: 
common. Stings few. 

2. U. dioica, L. Very bristly and stinging (2° - 3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart- 
shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy underneath as well as the upper part of 
the stem ; spikes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, chiefly eastward. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Annuals: flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous. 

3. U. urens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate 
with long spreading teeth, the terminal not longer than the lateral ones ; flower- 
clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. — Waste grounds, near dwellings, east- 
ward : scarce. Plant 8'- 12' high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. IT. Chamsedryoides, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the 
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in 
each axil, and spiked at the summit. (XJ. gracilis & U. verna, Raf XT. purpu- 
rascens, Nutt.) — Alluvial shaded soil, Kentucky and southward. — Slendej. 
6' - 30' high, sparsely beset with stings. 



URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 445 

6. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely 
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. FL 
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. FL Calyx of 4 
sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much 
larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Ache- 
nium ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, 
nearly naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate 
leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for M. Laporte.) 

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather 
veined (3' -V long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent; stipule single, 
2-cleft. (U. Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods. July-' 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

7 . P I L E A , Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. FL Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert. 
FL Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal : a rudiment of a stamen commonly 
before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Ache- 
nium ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly gla- 
brous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules ; the staminate 
flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal 
of the fertile flower in the original species, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the 
Romans, which partly covers the achenium. In our solitary species the three 
sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded. ) 

1. P. pumila, Gray. (Richweed. Clearweed.) Low (3'- 18' high) ; 
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ; 
3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the 
fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. (Urtica pumila, L. Dubrueilia 
pumila, Gaudichaud. Adice pumila, Rqf.) — Cool and moist shaded places. 
July - Sept. 

8. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the 
fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the 
ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. 
Achenium elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed 
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Buhner, Professor at Wittenberg in 
the last century.) 

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish; stem (l°-3° high) 
simple; leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ser- 
rate, 3-nerved, long-petioled; stipules distinct; flowers dioecious, or the two 
kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated 
axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous. — A state 
with alternate leaves is B. lateriflora, MuhL — Moist or shady ground: very 
common throughout. 



446 URTICACVLE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 

9. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitoky. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in- 
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clustei-s ; the sterile 
much as in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved 
calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achenium. Style slender or none : 
stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alter- 
nate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because 
growing on old walls.) 

1. P. Pennsylvaniea, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, 
minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque 
dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded 
rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward. June - Aug. 

10. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted : 
the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary. 
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7 
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark 
of very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.) 

1. C. sativa, L. (Hemp.) — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from 
Eu.) 

11. HUMULUS, L. Hop. 

Flowers dioecious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins : 
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem- 
branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achenia 
invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — 
Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downwards, mostly oppo- 
site heart-shaped and palmately 3 - 7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules 
between the petioles. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth, 
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.) 

I. H. Lupulus, L. (Common Hop.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, and 
commonly longer than the petioles ; bracts, &c, smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, 
achenium, &c, sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, giving the bitterness and 
aroma of the hop. — Alluvial banks : common northward and westward, where 
it is clearly indigenous, July. (Eu.) 

Order 100. PLATANACEJE. (Plane-tree Family.) 

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stip- 
ules, and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute 
of calyx or corolla ; the fruit merely club-shaped, 1-seeded nutlets, furnished 
with bristly down along the base : consists only of the following genus (of 
uncertain relationship). 



JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 447 

1 . P L.A T A N U S , L. Plane-tree. Buttonwood. 

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales intermixed : 
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely 
pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or 
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing 
a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. 
|The ancient name, from nXarvs^ broad.) 

1. P. OCCidentellis, L. (American Plane or Sycamore.) Leaves 
mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes 
aharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial 
banks : very common, especially westward. May. — A very large and well- 
known tree, with a white bark, separating early in thin brittle plates. 

Order 101. JUGLANDACE^l. (Walnut Family.) 

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; flowers monoecious, 
the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract ; 
the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 - b-lobed 
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit 
a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing a large 
4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, 
sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes 
present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important trees, consist- 
ing chiefly of the two following genera. 

1. JtJGLANS, L. Walnut. 

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the precede 
ing year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6-cleft. 
Stamens 12-40: filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several 
together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, Avith a 4-toothed calyx, bear- 
ing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat 
club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a 
mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong- 
scented or re-dnous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 su- 
perposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd -pinnate leaves of many 
serrate leaflets ; and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith in plates. (Name con- 
tracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter. ) 

1. J. cinkrea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and branchlets 
dmvny with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured 
and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich woods: common. 
May : fruit ripe in Sept. — Tree 30° - 50° high, with gray bark and widely 
spreading branches ; wood lighter brown than in the next. 

2. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 
somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower surface 



448 JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 

and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut corrugated, 
4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods ; rare in the Eastern, very common 
in the Western States. May: the fruit ripe in Oct. — A large and handsome 
tree, with brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish 
with age. Seed less oily than the butternut, more so than in the European 
Walnut (J. regia). 

2. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. 

Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins : calyx naked, adherent 
to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10: filaments short or none, 
free. Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle terminating 
the shoot of the season : calyx 4-toothed : petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, 
large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry 
exocarp, falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or 
nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine 
timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in 
spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fer- 
tile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Kapva, an ancient 
name of the Walnut.) 

§ 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from 
separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding year ; bud- 
scales few: fruit elongated-oblong : the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below : seed sweet: 
leaflets short-stalked, numerous. 

1. C. olivseformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Minutely downy, becoming 
nearly smooth ; leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen- 
der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, from Illinois 
southward. — A large tree; its delicious nuts well-known. 

§ 2. Sterile calkins in threes (or rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil of 
the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of tlie 
season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers : 
fruit globular or oval : nut 4-celled at base : leaflets sessile or nearly so. 

* Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping ; the inner ones accrescent, 
becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous: husk of the fruit 
splitting promptly into 4 thick (but variable in this respect) and when dry hard 
or woody valves : seed sweet and delicious. ( The hickory nuts of the market.) 

2. G. alba, Nutt. (Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.) Bark of 
trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming 
large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets 5, 
when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate- 
lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ; 
fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, the 
shell thinnish. — Large and handsome tree, furnishing most valuable wood and 
the principal hickory nuts of the market. 

3. C. microearpa, Nutt. (Small-fruited Hickory.) Nut as in the 
preceding, but smaller (7" -9" long), and the husk much thinner; while the 
foliage resembles that of No. 6 ; the leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate glandular under' 



CUPULIFEK^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 449 

neath, and the bark of the trunk is said to be close : an uncertain species. — New- 
York to Penn. and southwestward. 

4. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Western Shell-bark Hickory.) Bark, &c. as 
in No. 1 ; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above 
the middle, the husk very thick; nut large (lj'-2' long) and usually angular, 
dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. — Pennsyl- 
vania to Wisconsin and southward. — Seed as sweet as in No. 1. Heart-wood 
light- colored. 

5. C. tomentdsa, Nutt. (Mocker-xut. White-heart Hickory) 
Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, 
shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented , 
leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit globular 
or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not comjwessed, bridged 
towards the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled. 1' in diameter or 
smaller^ — Dry woods. New England to Virginia, Kentucky and southward. — 
Wood, &c. as in the last- seed more oily. — A var. mAxima, of Nuttall bears 
" fruit as large as an apple," the husk exceedingly thick. 

* * Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of 'the fruit thin and rather friable at maturity, 
4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base : seed more or less bitter : 
bark of old trunk not exfoliating. 

6. C. porcina, Nutt. (Pig-nut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in 
No. 5, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so; 
leaflets 5 - 7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate ; fruit 
pear-shaped, oblong, or oval; nut oblong or oval (1^' to nearly 2' long), with a 
thick bony shell ; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. (C. glabra, 
Torr. & Ed. 2. Juglans glabra, Wang., MuhL, &c, is much the oldest name, 
but not quite clear in application. The ordinary forms of the present species 
are J. ovata and J. obcordata, Wang.) — Woodlands: common. — Wood very 
tough : heart-wood reddish or dark-colored : bark of trunk rough. 

7. C. amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small 
yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing ; catkins and 
young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets 
7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged ; nut 
globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1' long), thin-walled; seed at first sweet- 
tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil : common. — Wood less valued, 
husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species: bark of trunk 
close and smooth. 

Order 102. CUPUMFERJE. (Oak Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, very 
deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (aments) 
{or capitate-clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered or spiked, 
furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 
and 1-seeded nut. Ovary more or less 2 - 7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous 
a,natropous ovules in each cell ; but all the cells and ovules except one 
L & M— 39 



450 CUPULIFER^E, (OAK FAMILY.) 

disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the minute teeth 
crowning its summit, Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo : 
cotyledons thick and fleshy, in many edible : radicle short, superior. Stip- 
ules forming the bud-scales. Leaves usually conduplicate in the bud. 

Tribe I. Q,UERCIIVEiE. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4-7-lobed calyx, including 
3-20 stamens : filaments slender, free, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers one or 
few enclosed in a cupule consisting of bracts variously consolidated. Ovary imperfectly 
3-7-celled, crowned with 3-8 (mostly 6) calyx-teeth, forming a nut (gland), in fruit 
surrounded or enclosed by the indurated scaly or prickly cupule. 

# Sterile flowers in slender catkins. 

1. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly, and entire : nut hard and terete. 

2. Castattea. Cupule 2 -4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe. 

* * Sterile flowers in a small head. 

3. Fagug. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts. 

Tribe IT. CARPIJYEiE. Sterile flowers destitute of true calyx, consisting of several 
stamens included under and more or less adnate to a bract : filaments short : anthers 1- 
celled. Fertile flowers in a short spike, catkin, or head, two togetner under each fertile 
bract, each with one or more bractlets, which form a foliaceous or membranaceous invo- 
lucre to the nut. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Seed-coat single, 

# Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside. 

4. Corylus. Involucre enclosing the large bony nut, leafy -coriaceous. 

# # Bract of staminate flower simple : nut small, achenium-like. 

5. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. 

6. Carpin us. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. 

1. QUEECUS, L. Oak. 

Sterile flowers in slender and naked catkins : bracts caducous : calyx 2-8- 
parted or lobed : stamens 3- 12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or 
somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovulecl ovary, with a 
3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indu- 
rated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons 
remaining underground in germination : radicle very short, included. — Flowers 
greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same 
lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin 
name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October. 
§ 1. Annual-fruited ; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the first year, borne 
therefore on the wood of the season, usually in the axil of the leaves, and often 
raised on a peduncle ; the kernel commonly sweet-tasted : lobes or teeth of the 
leaves if any not bristle-pointed: abortive ovules persistent under the seed: sterile 
flowers mostly 4 - ^-parted and 8-androus. 

* White Oaks. Leaves lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath. 
1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous 
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or 
linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or 
tuber cled at maturity, nahd, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. — Rich 
woods : common. — A valuable large tree. Lobes of the leaves short and broad 
3 - 5, or 5 - 9 deep and narrow. Acorn about 1 ' long ; kernel edible. 



CUPULIFERiE. (OAK FAMILY.) 451 

2. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak. Rough or Box White-Oak.) 

Leaves grayish or yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinu- 
ately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and 
often 1 - 3-notched ; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the 
ovoid acorn. (Q. stellata, Willd.) — Sandy or sterile soil: common, especially 
southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood. Acorn 6" -9" long. 

3. Q. macroearpa, Michx. (Bur-Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup 
White-Oak.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate- 
lobed, or nearly parted, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly 
and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody, 
conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones atoned, 
so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; acorn broadly ovoid (l'-l£' 
long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, W. New Eng- 
land to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwestward. — A handsome, middle-sized 
tree. Cup very variable, especially in size, from 9" to 2' across. 

Var. olivseformis (Q- olivseformis, Michx.) is apparently a mere state of 
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and 
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups. 

* * Chestnut-Oaks. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed, except slightly 
in No. 4, whitish and more or less downy beneath : cup hoary, hemispherical or a 
little depressed, about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. 

4. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate or ob- 
long-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pin- 
vatijid than toothed, soft-downy and whfte-hoary underneath, the main primary 
veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting peduncle much, longer than the 
vetiole; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed 
margin; acorn scarcely 1' long. ( Q. Prinus, var. tomentosa, Michx. Q. Prinus, 
discolor, Michx. f & Ed. 2.) — Low ground: common. A tall tree. 

5. Q. Prinus, L. (Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves varying, obovate or oblong, 
with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-toothed, minutely downy beneath, the 
main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting pedun- 
cles shorter than the petioles, often very short; cup thick ffi"-12" wide), mostly 
tuberculate with hard and stout scales ; acorn 1' or less in length. — Dry or moist 
ground: common southward, scarce northward : a middle-sized or small tree. 

Var. montioola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. montana, Willd.) 
Connects with the next variety, but has large acorns ; the cup is figured and de- 
scribed as top-shaped : but I have not seen the like when the acorn is well grown. 
— From Vermont southward along the upper country. A small tree. 

Var. acuminata, Michx. (Yellow Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. Castanea, 
Muhl. & Ed. 2.) Leaves slender-petioled. often oblong or even lanceolate, usu- 
ally acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at the base, almost equably and 
rather sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales, 5''- 
7" broad ; acorn 7" -9" long. — Rich soil, W. New England to Wisconsin: 
common in the Middle States. — Leaves more like those of Chestnut than any 
other ; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A 
middle-sized tree. 



152 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 

Var. hiimilis, Marsh. (Dwarf Chestnut- or Chinquapin-Oak.) 
(Q. pumila, Michx. Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin, Michx. f, A. DC. Q. pri- 
tioides, Willd. & Ed. 2.) Foliage as in one other of the preceding forms,- 
acorns and cups similar, but mostly smaller (abundant, sessile or nearly so) ; 
but is a shrub, only 2° - 4° high ; seemingly therefore a distinct species, but 
qo good character is found. — Poor soil, sandy barrens, &c, S. New England 
and New York to Wisconsin and southward. (See p. 681.) 
* * * Live Oaks. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed. 

6. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, 
hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3- 
fruited ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one 
mass. — Coast of Virginia and southward. Farther «outh becoming a large 
tree : timber invaluable. 

§ 2. Biennial-fruited ; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the second year, 
therefore on old wood below the leaves of the season : peduncles shoH and thick or 
none : kernel bitter ; the abortive ovules at the apex of the seed : calyx of sterile 
flowers 2 - 5-parted: stamens 3-5. 

* Leaves entire or with a few teeth, or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed at the summit, coriaceous, 
inclined to be persistent southward, but none of them really evergreen at the north, 
the tips or lobes commonly bristle-pointed: acorns globular, small, at most only 6" 
long. {Intermediate forms, in certain cases probably hybrids, occur between all 
these species and some of the next section.) 

•f- Leaves not dilated upwards, generally entire : acorn globose. 

7. Q. cin^rea, Michx. (Upland Willow-Oak.) Hoariness and shape 
of the leaves as in No. 6, but commonly more lance-oblong or lanceolate, and 
rather more downy beneath, and the shallow cups and globular acorns as in the 
next. — Dry pine-barrens, from E. Virginia southward. 

8. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to 
both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3' -4' long); cup saucer-shaped. — Sandy 
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree 
30° - 50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves. 

9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Laurel or Shingle Oak.) Leaves lan- 
ceolate-oblong, thickish, smooth and shining above, downy underneath, the down 
commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. — Barrens and 
open woodlands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° 
high ; the wood used for shingles in the Western States, whence the specific 
name. 

+• +- Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upwards, when they are more orltss 
sinuate or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed: acorns globular-ovoid. 

10. Q. aquatica, Catesby. (Water-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shining, 
obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base, and an often ob- 
scurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi- 
spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, &c, Maryland to Virginia and south- 
ward. — Tree 30° - 40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ; 
the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
then mostly bristle-pointed. 



CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 453 

11. Q. nigra, L. (Black-Jack or Barren Oak.) Leaves broadly wedge- 
shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated 
and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally Avith one or 
two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, 
shining above, large (4' -9' long); cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn short- 
ovoid. (Q. ferruginea, Michx.) — Dry sandy barrens, New York to Illinois, and 
southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high. 

•*-+--)- Anomalous or occasional, probably some or all of them hybrid forms, derived 
wholly or in part from the foreyo'uuj species. 

Q. tridentata, Engelm., arranged by DC. as a var. of Q. nigra, is 
just intermediate between it and Q. imbricaria. — Near St. Louis, Engelmann. 

Q. quinqueloba, Engelm., is intermediate between, and probably de- 
rived from Q. nigra, and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. — St. Louis, Enyelmann. 

Q. Leana, Nutt. (Lea's Oak), by its characters and by the foliage of 
the second generation, communicated by Mr. David Christy, is pretty clearly a 
hybrid between Q. imbricaria and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. — S. Ohio and 
Illinois : two or three trees known. 

Q. hetkrophylla, Michx. (Bartram's Oak), lately rediscovered in 
Delaware and New Jersey, by T. Meekan, C. E. Smith, &c. — has laciniate leaves 
like those of vigorous young shoots of Q. aquatica, to which De Candolle refers 
it as a variety. It is as likely to be a state of Q. Phellos, with dilated and 
toothed or cut leaves. 
* * Black and Bed Oaks. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, and slender-petioled, not 

coriaceous, the tips of the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed. 

■*- Mature leaves soft-downy beneath : cup saucer-shaped with a somewhat top-shaped 

base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn. 

12. Q. ilieifoiia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-Oak.) Dwarf (3° - 
8° high), straggling ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3 - 7-) 
lobed, white-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid, globular, 5" - 6" long. — Sandy barrens 
and rocky hills, New England to Ohio and Kentucky. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — 
Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish, with short and triangular spreading lobes. 

13. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves grayish-downy or fulvous 
underneath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prolonged, 
mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire oi 
sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4" -5" long. — Dry or sandy soil, New 
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — A small or large tree, extremely variable in 
foliage ; bark excellent for tanning. ( Q. triloba, Michx., seems to be a confu- 
sion of this and Q. nigra.) 

*- •*- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so ; oval, oblong or someivhat obo- 
vate in outline, all except some of No. 14 varying from moderate/ y sinuate-pin- 
natifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late 
autumn : large trees ; the wood reddish, coarse-grained. {Apparently these species 
all naturally intercross.) 

14. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Cup top-shaped, or hemispher- 
ical with a conical scaly base (7" -9" broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more 
of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn. — Leaves in the ordinary forms, at least ou 



454 CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 

full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply 
pinnatifid, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed ; acorns 6" -9'' long, 
the kernel and the scar in the cup whitish or yellowish ; bark of the trunk gray, 
the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soii : common. 

Var. tinctdria. (Quercitron, Yellow-barked, or Black Oak. (Q. 
tinctoria, Bartram.) Leaves, especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnat- 
ifid, sometimes barely sinuate, more membranaceous, commonly retaining some 
pubescence on the lower surface, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in au- 
tumn ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and 
internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; cup sometimes 
less top-shaped, rather hemispherical with a conical base, the scar inside orange- 
colored, the kernel yellowish. But the shape of the acorn-cup and the charac- 
ter of the bark do not always coincide : and in the figure of the younger Mi- 
chaux, and in one of the two by the elder, the cup is just that of true coccinea. 
The foliage, in general, approaches that of Q. rubra. — Kich and poor soil. 

Var. ambigua. (Gray Oak.) (Q. ambigua, or borealis, Michx. f.) 
Found along our northeastern borders to Lake Champlain and northward, fig- 
ured and briefly characterized as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of 
Q. coccinea. The acorn in rising more out of the cup, also approaches the 
former. The Oak of Lake Superior, with " wood better than that of Q. rubra" 
(Dr. Bobbins) has cup and acorn still more like this last. 

A hybrid Q. coccinea-ilicifolia is found by Dr. Bobbins at Northbridge, 
S. Massachusetts. 

15. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow 
raised border (9"- 12" in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile 
or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, vert/ much shorter than the 
ob/ong-oroid or e/lifisoidul acorn, which is 1' or less in length; leaves rather thin, 
moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, turning dark red after frost; bark 
of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich and poor soil. — Tim 
ber coarse and poor. In Illinois and southward occurs a form with a deeper cup, 
more or less conical at base. 

Var. runeinata, Engelm. Leaves with less deep and more ascending 
lobes; fruit nearly half smaller; acorn 7" -9" long by f>" broad; cup with a 
convex or obscurely top-shnped base : approaches the next therefore in fruit, 
but not in foliage. St. Louis, in company with Q. rubra, palustris and imbri- 
caria ; probably a hybrid. 

16. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp Spanish, or Pin Oak.) Cup flat- 
saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk ; fine-scaled 
(5"- 7" broad), very much shorter than the ovoid-globose acorn, which is 5" -7" 
long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. 
i — Low grounds : rather common. — A middle-sized tree : timber accounted 
better than of the last. 

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins: 
calyx mostly 6-partcd : stamens 8-20: filaments slender: anthers 2-celled. 



CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 455 

Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx 
with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-14-ovuled ovary: abortive 
stamens 5 - 12 : stigmas bristle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts 
coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the hard and thick 
very prickly 4-valved involucre Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, co- 
hering together, remaining underground in germination. — Leaves strongly 
straight-veined. Flowers appearing later than the (undivided straight-veined) 
leaves ; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, cream-color ; the fer- 
tile flowers at the base of the upper ones. (The classical name, from that of 3 
town in Thessaly.) 

1. C. vesea, L. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate with 
coarse pointed teeth, when mature smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in 
each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides : in the American tree, 
var. Americana, Michx., leaves acute at the base, nuts smaller and sweeter. — 
Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to Michigan and Kentucky and southwards, espe- 
cially along the Alleghanies. June, July. — A large tree, with light coarse- 
grained wood. (Eu.) 

2. C. pumila, Michx. (Chinquapin.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate with 
pointed teeth, whitened- downy underneath; nut solitary, not flattened. — Sandy 
woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward, where it abounds. 
June. — Shrub or tree 6° -20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid 
pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet. 

3. FAGTJS, Tourn. Beech. 

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-like 
bracts : calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 7-cleft : stamens 8 - 16 : filaments slender : anthers 
2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, in- 
vested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner grown together at their bases 
to form the 4-lobed involucre : calyx-lobes 6, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2 
ovules in each cell: styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts 
sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involu- 
cre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded 
and somewhat united ; but l-ising and expanding in germination. Trees, with 
a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided 
strongly straight-veined leaves which are open and convex in the tapering bud. 
and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish 
staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the 
leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from <f)dya>, to eat, in allusion 
to the esculent nuts. ) 

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (American Beech.) Leaves oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon 
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. (F. ferru- 
ginea and F. sylvestris, Michx. f.) — Woods: common, especially northward, 
and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer, thinner, and 
less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs usually earlv 
deciduous ; the very straight veins all running into the salient teeth. 



45G CUPULIFEHJE. (oak family.) 

4. CORYLTJS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins consisting of 8 (half-) stamens 
with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering 
more or less with the inner face of the bract or scale of the catkin. Fertile 
flowers several in a scaly bud or ovoid catkin, each a single ovary in the axil of 
a scale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral bractlets ; the ovary 
tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 
pendulous ovules, one of them sterile : style short : stigmas 2, elongated and 
slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, each enclosed in a leafy or partly coria- 
ceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown 
together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (but raised to the sur- 
face of the soil in germination), edible; the short radicle included. — Shrubs or 
small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the bud, 
flowering in early spring : sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of 
the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating early leafy shoots. (The 
classical name, probably from Kopvs, a helmet, from the involucre.) 

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazelnut.) Leaves roundish-heart- 
shaped, pointed ; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous 
cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular 
bristles intermixed. — Thickets : common. — Twigs and petioles often glandular- 
bristly. Nut smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut. 

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 
somewhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much prolonged above the 
ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Common northward and 
along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2° -5° high, with slender and mostly smooth 
branches. 

5 . OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens 
in the axil of each bract : filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united, 
bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short cat- 
kins ; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2- 
ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, 
tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in 
fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small 
and smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of 
strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard 
wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch : leaves 
open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flow- 
ers in spring, appearing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from 
scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year ; the fertile single, 
terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever-wx>od.) 
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, 
with 11 -15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the 
base. — Rich woods : common. Hop-like fruit full grown in Aug. 



MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 457 

G. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Ikon-wood. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens 
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract : filaments very short, mostly 
2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flow- 
ers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, 
each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the involucre-like bractlets 
are open, enlarged in fruiting and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate 
several-nerved nut. — Trees, or tall shrubs, with a smooth and close gray bark, 
in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech; 
the leaf-buds and the inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. C. Americana, Michx. (American Hornbeam. Blue or Water 
Beech.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly 
smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, 
acute. — Along streams: common. — Tree or shrub 10° - 20° high, with a 
ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood ; also called Iron-wood. 

Order 103. MYB1CACE.E. (Sweet-Gale Family.) 

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly 
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the 
Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous 
ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. — Consists chiefly of the 
typical genus, from which our Sweet-Fern is not sufficiently distinct. 

1. MY RIG A, L. Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle. 

Flowers chiefly dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in 
ovoid catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, 
solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2 - 8 : 
filaments somewhat united below: anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-4 scales 
at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular nut, or dry drupe, 
coated with resinous grains or wax. (MvptKn, the ancient name of the Tama- 
risk or some other shrub : perhaps from fivpifa, to perfume.) 

1. M. Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) Leaves ivr dye-lanceolate, serrate towards 
the apex; pale, later than the flowers ; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in im- 
bricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its 
base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains, 
Penn. to Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° - 5° high. (Eu.) 

2. M. cerifera, L. (Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves oblong-lanceo- 
tate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining and 
resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers ; sterile catkins scattered, 
oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and 
incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on 
Lake Erie. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins ses- 
sile along the last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 
years. 

GM 20 



458 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. 

Flowers frequently monoecious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney, 
ueart-shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens ; the fertile in globular 
catkins, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent 
around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. — Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing rather later than 
the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Henry Compton, Bishop 
of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.) 

1. C. aspleilifolia, Ait. (Myrica Comptonia, C. DC.) — Sterile hills, 
New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. — Shrub 
l°-2° high, with sweet-scented fern-like leaves. 

Order 104. BETUlACEJE. (Birch Family.) 

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple mostly straight-veined 
leaves, both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and 
no involucre to the naked \ -celled and 1-seeded often winged small nut, 
which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary. Stipules often early 
deciduous. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Seed anatropous, suspended: no 
albumen. Cotyledons flattish, oblong, foliaceous in germination. — Com- 
prises the two genera, Birch and Alder. 

1. BE TULA, Tourn. Birch. 

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each shield-shaped scale or bract of 
the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments 
with 1 -celled anthers, or strictly of 2 two-parted filaments, each division bear- 
ing an anther-cell. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each 3-lobed bract, without 
bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale- 
like nutlet or small samara crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer 
bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and 
leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, 
scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in sum- 
mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their 
golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves : fertile catkins ob- 
long or cylindrical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches 
of the season. (The ancient Latin name.) 

* Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark on the trunk, sweet-aromatic as well as the 
twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves with a heart- 
shaped or rounded base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins : 
their about equally S-cleft scales rather persistent : wing of fruit on each side not 
broader than the seed-bearing body. 

1. B. lenta, L. (Cherry-B. Sweet or Black Birch.) Bark of trunk 
dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply 



BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 459 

and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above 
and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong -cylindrical 
{ 1'— 14' long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. (B. carpinifolia, Ehrh. y 
Michx. ) — Moist woods, &c. : common northward from New England to Illinois, 
and along the Alleghany region southward. — Rather large tree, reddish-bronze- 
colored on the spray, much as in the Garden Cherry : timber rose-colored, fine- 
grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 

2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of trunk yd 
lowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, within and the twi^s 
much less aromatic ; leaves slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often nar- 
row!* h towards the base, duller-green above and usually more downy on the 
veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid (V or less in length, 6" -9" thick), 
the thinner scales (5" -6'' long) twice as large as in No. 1, and with narrower 
barely spreading lobes. (B. excelsa, Amer. authors, but not of Ait., Regel, &c. 
The latter unaccountably fails to distinguish the present from the preceding 
species.) — Moist woods, New England to L. Superior and northward. — Wood 
whiter and less valuable : tree not higher than No. 1. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

* * Trees, with chalky-wlute bark of the trunk separable in thin sheets, ovate or tri- 
angular leaves of firmer texture, on long and slender petioles : fruiting catkins 
cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their scales glabrous, 
with short diverging lobes, separating freely from the axis : wing of the fruit 
much broader than its body. 

3. B. alba, far. populifdlia, Spach. (American White Birch.) 
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad 
base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B. 
populifolia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — 
A small and slender graceful tree (15° -25° high), with bark much less separa- 
ble into sheets than the next ; the mostly very long-pointed leaves on petioles 
of fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.) 

4. B. papyraoea, Ait. (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Daves ovate, taptr- 
pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, smooth 
above, dull underneath. — Woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, almost 
entirely northward, and extending far northwest. — A large tree, with fine- 
grained wood, and very tough durable bark splitting freely into paper-like 
layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on 
the veins underneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the 
length of the petiole. — Var. minor, Tuckerman, in the alpine region of White 
Mountains, is a dwarf form, approaching the var. occidentalis of N. W. Amer. 
and B. Davurica. In this country no transitions are seen between our White 
and the Paper Birch. (The original B. excelsa, Ait., and of Regel, seems likely 
to belong here, or to have been mixed up with the next.) 

■* * * Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, ovate 
leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy ped uncled fruiting catkins. 

5. B. nigra, L. (River or Red Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acut- 
ish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy un- 
derneath ; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3" -7") and with 



460 betulace^e. (birch family.) 

the oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes; 
fruit broadly winged. (B. rubra, Michx.f.) — Low river-banks, E. Massachu- 
setts to Illinois and southward. — A rather large tree, with light-colored wood, 
and somewhat Alder-like leaves. 
* # * * Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly 

small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical glabrous 

and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles. 

6. B. pumila, L. (Low Birch.) Stems (2° -8° high) erect or ascend- 
ing, ?wt glandular; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft 
downy ; leacis obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6" - 16" long), pale beneath, veinlets 
on both faces finely reticulated ; Aving of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. — 
Bogs, Conn. (Canaan, W. H. Leggett) to N. Jersey and northward. — Leaves in 
one form resiniferous or glandular-dotted, usually not at all so. — B. Grayii, 
Kegel, recently characterized on specimens of a shrub introduced from Central 
Ohio into the Cambridge Botanic Garden, since lost, appears to be only a marked 
variety or luxuriant form of the present species, with shoots and young leaves 
beneath more tomentose, and wings of fruit (which are as wide as body in one 
Michigan specimen of B. pumila) here almost twice as wide! 

7. B. glanduldsa, Michx. (Dwarf Birch.) Stems erect or mostly 
spreading (1° -4° high), or when alpine procumbent ; branches glabrous, conspic- 
uously dotted with resinous wart-like glands; leaves roundish wedge-obovate or 
sometimes orbicular (6" -9" long), green both sides, less reticulated; fruiting 
catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval ; wing of the fruit narrower than or 
sometimes equalling the body. (B. nana, Ed. 2, not of L. A round-leaved 
alpine form is B. rotundifolia, Spach., and B. Littelliana, Tuckerman.) — High 
mountains, Northern New England and New York, and shore of Lake Superior 
and northward. — The resinous-glandular branches chiefly distinguish some of 
the larger forms from B. pumila, and the small alpine ones from B. nana, L. 
of Europe : probably they run together. 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6) 
flowers under each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with 
a 3 - 5-parted calyx and as many stamens : filaments short and simple : anthers 
2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2 - 3-flowered, 
with a calyx of four little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, 
which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3 - 5-lobed, and 
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or 
often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles. 
(The ancient Latin name.) 

§ 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which have 

remained naked over winter ; while the fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud: 

fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in Birch. 

1. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) Leaves round. 

oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy 

underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often 



SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 461 

cut-toothed ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid. (A. undulata, 
Willd. Bctula crispa, Michx.) — On mountains and along- streams descending 
from them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and north- 
ward. Also in the Alleghanies southward. Shrub 3° - 8° high. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered 
catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and hace remained 
naked over winter ; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin. 

2. A. incana, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary A.) Leaves broadly oval or 
ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened and 
mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fruit orbicular. (A. glaiica, 
Michx.) — Shrub or small tree 8° -20° high, forming thickets along streams: 
the common Alder northward. — Var. glauca has the leaves pale, but when 
old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.) 

3. A. Serrtllata, Ait. (Smooth A.) Leaves obovate, acute at the base, 
sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often 
downy beneath ; stipules oval ; fruit ovate. — Shrub 6° - 1 2° high : the com- 
mon Alder from S. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 

§ 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly solitary 
in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later : fruit wingless. 

4. A. maritima, Muhl., Nutt. Sylv. t. 10. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous; 
leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, 
sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large, 
ovoid or oblong (9" -12" long, 6" thick). (A. oblongata, Regel, not of Willd. 
A. Japonica, Siebold £f Znccarini, according to Regel.) — Along streams, Dela- 
ware and E. Maryland, Dr. Pickering, W. M. Canby, &c. Also, what is thought 
to be the same species in Japan ! — Tree 20° high. 

Order 105. $AL,ICACE^E. (Willow Family.)* 

Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one under 
each bract, entirely destitute of floral envelopes (unless one or two gland-like 
bodies represent the calyx) ; the fruit a l-celled and 2-valved pod, with 2 
parietal or basal placenta:, bearing numerous seeds furnished with a long 
silky down. — Style short or none: stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds as- 
cending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves 
alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and 
persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light : bark bitter. 

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. 

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3 - 10, mostly 2, 
distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers 
also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stig- 

* This order was elaborated for the first edition by John Carey, Esq. : whose account is 
essentially preserved, pending the publication of Professor Andersson's monograph in th« 
forthcoming volume of DeCandolle's Prodromus. 



462 SALTCACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 

mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and 

lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. 

Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating 

in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name, 

said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.) 

§ 1. Catkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in April or May .• stamens 

2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent. 

* Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or woolly. 

-*- Catkins ovoid or cylindrical: leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed, hairy or woolly 

ivith prominent veins and more or less revolute margins. Shrubs. 

1. S. Candida, Willd. (Hoary Willow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branches covered 
with a thin web-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipule* small, lanceolate, 
toothed, about the length of the petioles ; catkins cylindrical, closely flowered ; the 
fertile 1^-2'long at maturity; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas 
2 -cleft ; scales oblong, obtuse (S. incana, Michx., not of Schrank.) — New 
York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - 5° 
high : reddish twigs smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub very 
white in exposed situations, greener in shade. 

2. S. triStis, Ait. (Dwarf Gray W.) Leaves almost sessile, wedge-lanceo- 
late, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the upper side 
becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very early deciduous ; 
catkins small and very short, globular when young, loosely flowered ; ovary ivith a long 
tapering beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas 2-lobcd. — Bogs: 
common. — Shrub 1°-1^° high, much branched: leaves thick, 1^' long. Stip- 
ules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. — Var. microphylla has very 
small and risid contorted leaves. 

3. S. h&milis, Marshall. (Prairie W.) Leaves petioled, lanceolate or 
obovate-lanecolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly downy above, 
more thickly so or sometimes grayish-woolly beneath; stipules small, semi-ovate 
and entire, or larger and lunate with 2 -4 teeth, shorter than the petioles ; catkins 
ovoid or oblong, small, often recurved ; ovary hairy ; style distinct ; stigmas 2- 
cleft. (S. Muhlenbergiana, Barratt. S. comfera, Muhl.) — Dry plains and bar- 
rens : common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much ; the small forms some- 
times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2 ; but leaves longer, thinner, and 
generally stipulate : the larger forms, with leaves 3' -5' long and %' - V broad, 
resemble those of the next species, but retain more or less down beneath at 
maturity. — The species of this and the following section often bear cones on 
the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occa- 
sioned by the puncture of insects. 

■«- +- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with very long glossy hairs : leaves more or 
less serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. 
Shrubs or small trees. 

4. S. discolor, Muhl. (Glaucous W.) Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- 
late, or oblong, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides , entire at the base and 
apex; stipules lunate, toothed; catkins erect; scales very hairy, oblancedate ; 



SALICACEJS. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 463 

ovary densely silky. — Low meadows and river-banks : common. — A large shrub 
or small tree, 8° -15° high. Young leaves commonly obtuse and pubescent, 
at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules on vigor- 
ous shoots equalling the petiole, often inconspicuous. Young catkins l£' long, 
glossy, blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'. — S. eri- 
ocephala, Michx., admitted in former editions, is of this species. 

# * Ovary stalked, silky-hoary and shining : catkins with a Jew small leaf-like bracts 

at their base: leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath, 
drying dark : stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very deciduous. 
Shrubs, 3° -10° high. 

5. S. sericea, Marshall. (Silky W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downjf 
above, grayish underneath with short silky hairs ; sterile catkins small, globular ; 
the fertile cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obovate, as long as the 
stalk of the densely -silky ovoid ovary ,- stigma sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.) — Sandy 
river-banks : common. Fertile catkins, at length 1' long; the pods not spread- 
ing or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile. 

6. S. petiolaris, Smith. (Petioled W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glaucous ; fer- 
tile catkins ovoid-cylindrical ; scales acute, very hairy, scarcely as long as the stalk 
of the silky tapering ovary ; style distinct; stigma 2-clefl. (S. rosmarinifolia, and 
S. fuscata, Pursh. ?) — Same situations as the last, which this resembles; but 
the mature leaves are not silky beneath, nor so blackish in drying ; the scales 
not so dark, and clothed with longer white hair ; fertile catkins shorter and 
broader ; the pods spreading and showing the stalks. 

* * * Ovary sessile or almost so : downy : catkins bracted at the base. Small trees. 

*- Filaments and often the reddish anthers united, so as to appear as one. 

7. S. purpurea, L. (Purple W.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, smooth, 
minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins cylindrical ; scales round and concave, 
very black; stigmas nearly sessile; ovary sessile. (S. Lambertiana, Pursh.) — 
Low grounds. — Twigs olive-colored or reddish. (Adv. from Eu.) 

•*- ■*- Filaments separate. 

8. S. viminIlis, L. (Basket Osier.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, 
(3' -6'), taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, lustrous white and satiny be- 
neath ; sterile catkins oblong, the fertile cylindrical, silky-hairy ; style elongated ; 
stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species 
for basket-work. — S. Smithiana, Willd. (thought to be a hybrid of this with 
some other species), differing principally in the somewhat broader leaves, is 
also occasionally met with. (Adv. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the 
leaves in May or June: inner membrane of the scales of flowering buds separating 

from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes raised on the apex of the bursting cat- 
kins : ovary slender-stalked, smooth (under a lens granular, with occasionally a 

few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. 

9. S. cordata, Muhl. (Heart-leaved W.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate, or even acute at base, taper-pointed, sharply 



464 SALICACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 

toothed, smooth, paler and with veinlets reticulated beneath ; stipules kidney- 
shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, of the length of the 
(when young downy) petiole, or sometimes small and almost entire; catkins 
appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating in 
fruit; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — Var. r^gida has the leaves 
large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the lowest are somewhat elongated. 
(S. rigida, Mukl. S. Torreyana, Barratt, which has leaves of a deeper green 
beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var. myricoides has narrower leaves, 
neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base. (S. my ricoides, Muhl.) — Yar. 
AxgustAta has lanceolate tapering finely serrate leaves, acute at the base, and 
a more slender style. (S. angustata, Pursh, & Ed. 2.) — Low or inundated 
places : common. — Shrub or small tree, with leaves 2^' - 6' long. 
§ 3. Catkins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in 
May or June : ovary stalked, silky-hoary : stamens 2 : scales persistant. 

10. S. livida, Wahl., var. OCCidentalis. (Livid W) Leaves oblong 
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veiny, 
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical, 
the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; ovary almost linear ; style scarcely any ; 
pods slender, tapering from near the base, their very slender stalk longer than the nar- 
row scale. (S. rostrata, Richardson, & Ed. 2. S. vagans, cinerascens, var. occi- 
dentals, Anders.) — Moist or dry ground, New England to Penn., Illinois, and 
northward : common. — Shrub 3° - 15° high. A transformation of the anthers 
into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species. 

11. S. chloroph^lla, Anders. (Green W.) Glabrous, except the cat- 
kins ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire, obtuse or acutish at 
both ends (1'- 2' long), shining above, pale or glaucous beneath; fertile cat- 
kins dense, short-cylindrical ; ovary ovoid-conical ; pod silky, very short-stulked ; 
style slender ; scale dark-colored, villous. (S. phylicifblia, Ed. 2, not of L.) — 
Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire 
(Oakes, Tuckerman), and northward. — A low spreading shrub, with leaves of a 
coriaceous texture when old. 

§ 4. Catkins peduncled (long and loose), borne on the summit, of lateral leafy branches 
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less 
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe : filaments hairy below. Shrubs and trees, 
icith the branches very brittle at the base. 

* Stamens 3 - 6 or sometimes more : ovary stalked, glabrous. 

12. S. lucida, Muhl. (Shining W.) Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate 
and narrow, usually with a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides, 
serrate; stipules oblong and toothed; stamens commonly 5, rarely 7-^10 ; pods 
tapering. — Along streams: rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes 
flowering at the height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12°- 
15°. Probably the same as S. pentandra, L., of Eu. 

13. S. nigra, Marsh. (Black W.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, pointed 
and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib) 
and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; scales short and rounded, 
woolly ; glands large, of the sterile flowers cleft, of the fertile kidney -shaped ; 



SALICACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 465 

stamens 3-6; pods mostly short-ovate. ( S. ambigua, Pursh.) — Var.FALcA.TA. 
has the leaves elongated, scythe-shaped, and the stipules large, broadly lunate, re- 
flexed. ( S. falcata, Pursh. S. Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michx.f.) — 
Tree 15°- 25° high, with a rough black bark : frequent along streams, especially 
southward. 

* * Stamens mostly 2 : ovary very short-stalked or nearly sessile, glabrous, 

14. S. fragilis, L. (Brittle W.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, 
glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth ; stipules 
half-heart-shaped ; pods tapering-conical. — Var. DEcfpiENS has dark brown 
buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse. 
(S. decipiens, Hoffm.) — Var. Russelliana has the leaves long and bright, 
strongly and very sharply serrate ; the younger ones and upper branches of 
the annual shoots silky-downy towards autumn ; stipules large and taper 
pointed. (S. Russelliana, Smith.) — Var. viridis, has long and acute flexuous 
erect catkins, tough pendulous branchlets, and firmer bright-green leaves. (S. 
viridis, Fries.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches; 
cultivated for basket work. (Adv. from Eu.) 

15. S. Alba, L. (White W.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 
pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially beneath; 
stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. vitellina 
has yellow branches ; leaves shorter and broader. (S. vitellina, Smith 8f Borrer.) 
— Var. oerulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity, greenish or brown- 
ish, and greatly resembles the preceding species. (S. caerulea, Smith.) — A 
familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50° - 80°. (Adv. from Eu.) 

16. S. Babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping Willow), belongs to this section, 
and is planted for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United 
States. — There is also a remarkable form of it with curled or annular leaves 
( S. annularis, Forbes), well known in gardens as the Ring-leaved or Hoop 
Willow. 

* * * Stamens 2 : ovary stalked, mostly silky or downy ; the scale narrow. 

17. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Long-leaved W.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with pro- 
jecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young ; stipules small, lanceolate, 
toothed ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes deeply 2 - 3-cleft ; in the 
fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas very large, sessile. — 
River-banks, rooting extensively in sand or gravel : common, especially west- 
ward. Varying greatly, 2° - 20° high. 

§ 5. Catkins peduncled, borne on the lateral {or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches 
of the season, appearing in June: stipules deciduous or none: scales persistent. — 
Small shrubs, mostly with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or 
prostrate branches. 

* Upright (l°-3° high), not alpine: pod long-stalked : stamens 2. 

18. S. myrtilloides, L. (Myrtle W.) Very glabrous, except the 
scales of the catkin; leaves elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong, entire (l'-2 f 
long) reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, somewhat coriaceous ; catkins ob- 

30 



466 salicace^:. (willow family.; 

long, the fertile loose in fruit ; stalk of the ovary slender, longer than the green 
ish-yellow scale. (S. pedicellaris, Pursh., more luxuriant than the European 
plant.) — Cold peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin and northward. (Eu.) 
* * Prostrate or spreading and matted, alpine. 

19. S. Cutleri, Tuckerman. (Cutler's W.) Leaves elliptical and 
pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strongly 
veiny, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly 
lateral, oblong-cylindrical; ovary smooth, short-stalked ; style distinct; stamen sin- 
gle, scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Uva-Urs^ 
Pursh, in part, & Ed. 2.) Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine, 
New Hampshire, and New York. 

20. S. argyrocarpa, Anders. (Silvery-fruited W.) Leaves lanceo- 
late, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-crenate, smooth 
and green above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at 
maturity smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silvery-silky, 
stalked; style distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 , gland sometimes double; scales obovate, 
obtuse, clothed with long hairs. (S. repens, Ed. 2, but is much nearer S. 
arbuscula, L.) — Moist alpine ravines of the White Mountains, New Hamp- 
shire. — Whole plant, when young, of a glossy satiny lustre ; the leaves at 
length becoming quite smooth, with a white and prominent midrib, and slightly 
elevated veins. 

21. S. herbacea, L. (Herb-like W.) Leaves roundish-oval, heart-shaped, 
notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated veins ; catkins 
issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary sessile, smooth ; scales 
smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the stems seldom rising 
above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.) 

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. 

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from 
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or 
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with broad and more 
or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. Bud3 
scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing 
before the leaves. (The ancient name, called Arbor Populi, because it was used 
to decorate the public walks, or on account of the constant agitation of tha 
leaves by every impulse.) 

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspen.) Leaves roundish- 
heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth 
on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, 
fringed with long hairs. — Woods: common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with 
smooth greenish-white bark. Leaf-stalk long, slender, and laterally com- 
pressed, Which accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slight- 
est breeze. 

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (Large-toothed Aspen.) Leaves 
roundish-ovate, with largt and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered 



SALICACF^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 467 

with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal 
email divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods: common, especially northward. — 
A rather larger tree than the last, with a smoothish gray bark. 

3. P. heterophylla, L. (Downy Poplar.) Branches round; leaves 
heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at length 
nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. New 
England to Illinois .and southward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with large, usually 
blunt leaves ; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed by the overlapping lobes 
which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk. 

4. P. monilifera, Ait. (Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.) Young 
brunches slightly angled, becoming round; leaves broadly deltoid, vjith spreading promi- 
nent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, serrate with 
cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very long ; scales 
lacerute-fringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated and very large. 
— Margins of lakes and streams, W. New England to Illinois and southward, 
especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vigorous branched 
decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted round, with smaller 
foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx.f. P. lasvigata, Willd.) 

5. P. angulata, Ait. (Angled Cotton-wood.) Branches acutely angu- 
lar or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or with 
obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and 
southward. — Tree large as (and probably a mere variety of) the last, and lik 
it bearing very large heart-shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on 
young plants and suckers : on full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and 
commonly without the sinus. 

6. P. balsamifera, L. (Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.) Branches 
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both 
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta- 
mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished 
with copious fragrant resinous matter. 

Var. candicans. (Balm of Gilead.) Leaves broader and more or less 
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole 
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Lake Superior 
and Kentucky: rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation. 

P. nigra, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Elora, without any 
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name 
of P. Hudsonica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson River, 
above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifblia by Pursh, who further 
added as its station, " about Lake Ontario " It was probably introduced from 
Europe, and was latterly so considered by the younger Michaux himself. 

P. dilatata, Ait., the well-known Lombardy Poplar (probably a form of 
P. nigra) has been extensively introduced as an ornamental tree. 

P. Alba, L., the Abele or White Poplar of the Old World, is occasionally 
planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common than is 
desirable. 



468 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM^E. 

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely want* 
ing; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and 
fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often 
more than two. 

Order 106. CONIFERS. (Pine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped 
entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in catkins, destitute 
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al- 
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of 
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on 
two sides.) Composes the three following Suborders : — 

Suborder I. ABIETINE/E. Proper Pine Family. 

Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the 
form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. 
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned 
downward. Buds scaly. 

* Cones maturing the year after flowering. 

1. Pinus. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent- 

# # Cones maturing the same year. 

2. Abies. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent. 

3. JLarix. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar to the others, deciduous. 

Suborder II. CUPKESSINEJE. Cypress Family. 
Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear- 
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form- 
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in l'ruit. Buds naked. 

* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity. 

4. Thuja. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im 

bricated on the flattened branches. 

5. Cupressus. Fruit of several shield-form thick scales united in a globular woody cone 

Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. 

6. Taxodium. Fruit of several thick shield-shaped scales united in a globular woody 

cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 
# * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening. 

7. Juniperus. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. 

Suborder III. TAXINE^E. Yew Family. 

Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut- 
like or drupe-like seed. Carpel or scale entirely wanting. Buds scaly. 

6- Taxus. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which in fruit forme a 
berry-like cup around the nut-like seed. 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 469 

1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine. 

Sterile catkins arranged in a spike at the base of the shoot of the same spring, 
involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous sta- 
mens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like 
connective : anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. 
Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or 
lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in 
the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. 
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are 
Ihickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe 
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale, 
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and 
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3- 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin 
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the 
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle- 
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheath- 
ing the base of the cluster. When there are only 2 leaves in the cluster they 
are semicylindrical and when dry channelled or concave ; when more than 2 
triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; 
the cones maturing only in the autumn of the second year. (The classical 
Latin name.) 

The species here arranged and characterized from notes contributed by Dr. 
Engelmann. 

§ 1. Leaves 2 or 3 in a close sheath : cones (except in No. 7) persistent after shedding 

the seed ; their woody scales thickened at the end, and usually spiny-tipped. 

* Fertile catkins and cones lateral: scales much thickened at the end : leaves rigid. 

-h- Leaves in threes. 

1. P. Tsbda, L. (Loblolly or Old-field Pine.) Leaves long (6'- 10'), 
with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3'- 5' long) and 
tapering ; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Delaware 
( W. M. Canby), Virginia, and southward near the coast. — Tree 50° - 100° high. 
Sterile catkins slender, 2' long, their involucre of 10-13 (rarely fewer) scales. 
Seeds with 3 strong and rough ridges on the under side : cotyledons 5-8. 

2. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves (3' -5' long) dark green, 
from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (l'-3^' long), often in clusters; 
the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare rocky 
soil, Maine to W. New York and southward: common. — Tree 30° -70° high, 
with very rough and dark bark, and hard resinous wood. Sterile catkins slen- 
der (jr'-lj' long), with 6-8 involucral scales. Seed with hardly any ridges : 
cotyledons about 5. 

-t- -.'- Leaves in twos, or some of them in threes in 3 $"6. 

3. P. pungens, Michx. (Table Mountain Pine.) Leaves stout, short 
(l^'-2^-' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); 
cones ovate [3$ long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (\ ! long). — 
Alleghany Mountains, especially in the Blue Ridge, N. Carolina and Virginia 



470 CONIFERvE. (PINE FAMILY.) 

(near Charlottesville, M. A. Curtis) to Perm., Prof. Porter, as far north as Port 
Clinton near Reading ( T. Median). — Sterile catkins 6"- 9" long, with 6 - 8 in- 
volucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 slight ridges : cotyledons about 7. 

4. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrub Pine.) Leaves short (l^'-3' long); 
cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped with a 
straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New Jersey to 
Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with spreading 
or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. Sterile 
catkins linear-oblong, 5" - 6" long, with about 8 involucral scales. 

5. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.) 
Leaves short (l'long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved 
(l£'-2' long), smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx.f.) — Rocky 
banks, N. Maine, N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling 
shrub or low tree (5° -20° high) : the sterile catkins nearly as in No. 4. Seed 
with 2 or 3 ridges on the inner side : cotyledons 4 or 5. 

6. P. mitis, Michx. (Yellow Pine.) Leaves in pairs or sometimes in 
threes^'om long sheaths, slender (3' -5' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical 
(barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prickle. (P. variabilis, 
Pursh. ) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England ? and New Jersey to Wisconsin, 
and common southward. — Tree 50° - 60° high, straight, producing a durable, 
tine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves 
more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. The western 
form has more rigid leaves, and more tuberculate and spiny cones. Sterile 
catkins linear, 6" -9" long, with 9-12 involucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 
rough ridges : cotyledons 5-7. 

* * Fertile catkins and cones terminal, the latter deciduous after shedding the seed ': 
their scales slightly thickened, pointless : leaves in twos, slender. 

7. P. resindsa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves from long sheaths, elongated 
(5'-6'long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2' long) ; sterile 
catkins oblong-linear (6"- 9" long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales 
which are early deciduous by an articulation above their base ; seeds slightly 
ridged on the lower surface; cotyledons 6 or 7. (P. rubra, Michx.f.) — Dry 
woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Tree 50° -80° high, with 
reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact, not very resinous wood. — 
Wrongly called Norway Pine. 

§ 2. Leaves 5 in a (loose-scaled entirely deciduous) sheath : cones terminal, deciduous 
after shedding the seed ; their scales slightly if at all thickened at the end and 
wholly destitute of prickle or point : bark smooth except on old trunks. 

8. P. Strbbus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves very slender, glaucous ; 
sterile catkins oval (4" -5" long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base; fertile 
catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often 
curved (4 ? - 6' long) ; seed smooth ; cotyledons 8-10. — Cool and damp woods , 
common northward to the Mississippi, and southward in the Alleghanies. — 
The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 
120° -160° in a straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its 
soft and light white or yellowish wood, m large' trunks nearly free from resin. - 



CONIFERvE. (PINE FAMILY.) 471 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. 

Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered in the axils of leaves of the 
preceding year. Fertile catkins and cones lateral or terminal on branches of 
the preceding year : scales of the cone thin and even, not at all thickened nor 
prickly-tipped. Leaves all of one kind and foliaceous, scattered (not fascicled), 
short, persistent for two or more years. Flowering in spring, and cones ma- 
turing in autumn. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.) 
Of European species A. excelsa, the Norway Spruce is most commonly, 
and A. pectinAta, the Silver Fir, occasionally planted. 

§ 1. Spruce. (Picea of Link, not of L. Abies, L. and others. These 
ancient names much transposed by moderns. ) Cones hanging from or near 
the end of a! branch ; the scales persistent on the axis : anthers tipped with a 
rounded recurved appendage, their cells distinct and opening lengthwise : pollen 
nearly as in Pine : leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing every way. 

1. A. nigra, Poir. (Black or Double Spruce.) Leaves short (6" -8" 
long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish ; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (1'- 1£' 
long), mostly recurved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin often eroded edge. 
— Swamps and cold mountain woods, New England to Wisconsin and north- 
ward, and southward along the mountains. 

2. A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones 
nodding, cylindrical (about 2' long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an 
entire edge; a handsomer tree than No. 1, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. — 
Northern New England and New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 

§2. Hemlock-Spruce. (Tsuga, Endl.) Cones hanging on the end of declined 
branches of the preceding year, persistent, small ; the scales persistent on the axis : 
sterile catkins small, of a few capitate anthers, their short confluent cells opening 
transversely : pollen-grains simple: leaves flat, whitened beneath, petioled, spread- 
ing in two directions so as to seem 1-rankcd. 

3. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.) Leaves short-linear, 
obtuse (^' long) ; cones oval (6" - 8" long), of few thin scales much longer 
than the bracts. — Hilly or rocky woods : very common northward, and rare 
southward in the Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful 
of Spruces, with a light and spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright greer. 
above, silvery underneath. Timber coarse-grained and poor. 

J 3. Fir. (Abies of Pliny. Picea, L., not of Link.) Cones erect on the upper 
side of spreading branches ; their scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous from 
the persistent axis at maturity : seeds and bark of tree with balsam-bearing vesu 
cles : anthers tipped with a 1 - 2-pointed appendage, their cells opening by lacer- 
ation ; pollen nearly as in Pine : leaves flat, with midrib prominent on the whitenea 
lower face, mostly sessile, on horizontal branches more or less spreading In two efc 
rections, so as to seem 2-ranked. 

4. A. balsamea, Marshall. (Balsam Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear, 
cones cylindrical, large (2 '-4' long, V thick), violet-colored; the bracts obovate, 
serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, 'included or slightly projecting. — 
Cold damp woods and swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and north- 



472 CONIFERS. (pine family.) 

ward. — A slender tree, of no value as timber, when young very handsome, 
but short-lived. Leaves 6" -10" in length, narrower and lighter green above 
than those of the European Silver Fir. Also called Balm-of-Gilead Fir. Canada 
balsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species. — A sub- 
alpine state on the Green Mountains, &c, has shorter or oblong, stunted cones, 
and approaches the next. 

5. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Fraser's or Southern Balsam Fir.) Cones 
small (1'- 2' long), oblong-ovate; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, the short-pointed 
upper part much projecting and reflexed. (A. balsamifera, Michx. Ft.) — Moun- 
tains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. — Foliage, 
&c. nearly as in the last. 

3. LARIX, Tourn. Larch. 

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on the branches of the preceding 
year, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; 
the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pol- 
len-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves 
needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed 
in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the 
developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The 
ancient name.) 

1. L. Americana, Michx. (American or Black Larch. Tamarack. 
Hackmatack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6" -9" long), of few rounded 
scales, arranged in f order. (Pinus pendula, Ait. P. microcarpa, Lambert.) — 
Swamps, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A 
slender tree, with heavy, close-grained wood, horizontal branches, and more 
slender and usually shorter leaves than the European Larch; — which is a 
handsomer tree, and has the scales of its larger cones arranged in the order -£j. 

4. T HIT J A, Tourn. Arbor Vit^e. 

Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid 
catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther' 
cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 
2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small ever- 
green trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appressed 
persistent leaves are closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or 
successive branchlets ; the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and 
adnate to the branch. (Guuz, Ova, or Gueta, the ancient name of some resin- 
bearing evergreen.) 

1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (American Arbor Vit^e.) Leaves appressed- 
imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless , 
seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks : common 
from Penn. northward, where it forms extensive " cedar-swamps/' and is called 
White Cedar : rare southward along the Alleghanies. May, June. — Tree 
20° - 50° high, yielding a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, but very durable. 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 473 

5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile 
catkins composed of shield- shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells 
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales bear- 
ing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but open- 
ing at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few ox 
several seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — 
Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl- 
phaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, and exceedingly durable wood. 
(The classical name.) 

1. C. thyoides, L. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or 
triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated 
in 4 rows ; anther-cells 2 under each scale ; cones small (3'' - 5'' in diameter) ; 
seeds slightly winged. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia, and 
southward. May. — Tree 30° - 70° high ; the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, 
as well as the foliage, much as in Arbor Vitas ; but the spray more slender, the 
leaves finer and glaucous-green. 

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. Bald Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious, the two .kinds on the same branches. Sterile catkins 
spiked-panicled, of few stamens : filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2 - 
5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of 
ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick 
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. 
Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous 
leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in 
autumn. (Name compounded of Ta£oy, the Yew, and ei'Sos, resemblance, the 
leaves being Yew-like 

1. T. distiehum, Richard. (American Bald Cypress.) Leaves linear 
and spreading ; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. 
— Swamps, Delaware, to S. Illinois, and southward, where it is a very large 
and valuable tree. March, April. 

7. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. 

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. 
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile 
catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy coalescent scales, each one-ovuled, in fruit forming 
a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, black with white bloom. 
Seeds 1-3, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with 
awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical 
name.) 

§ 1. Leaves all in ivhorls and linear-awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, free, articulated witn 
the stem, with a midrib and rib-like margins. 

1. J. commimis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, with slen- 
der prickly point, spreading, bright green except the glaucous- white upper face, 
L&M— 40 



474 CONIFERS. (pine family.) 

6" -9" long; berries large. — Dry sterile hills: common. May, June. — Lotf 
shrub, ascending or spreading on the ground. (Eu.) 

Var. alpina, L. (J. nana, Willd.), is a prostrate state, with shorter and less 
tapering, mostly ascending or incurved leaves. — Shores of upper Great Lakes, 
Maine, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Leaves small, mostly opposite, not articulated but connate-decurrent on the stem 
of two somewhat different forms, i. e. awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and 
oppressed-imbricated, the latter fattened and often with a resinferous gland on 
the back, and no distinct nerve or midrib. 

2. J. Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) Scale-shaped leaves 
ucute or acutish ; fruit small, erect on the short supporting branchlet. — Dry, 
mostly sterile or rocky soil : common. May. — Shrub, small tree, or westward 
often a large tree, 60° - 90° high ; with most durable, compact, reddish and odor- 
ous wood. 

3. J. Sabina, L., var. proctimbens, Pursh. Scale-shaped leaves ob- 
tuse or acutish, strongly appressed ; fruit larger, nodding on the recurved peduncle- 
like branchlet ; stems procumbent or prostrate, sometimes extensively creeping. 
(J. Virginiana, var. humilis, Ed. 2.) — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, &c. x 
Maine to Wisconsin along and near the Great Lakes, and northward. May, 
June. (Eu.) 

8. TAXTJS, Tourn. Yew. 

Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds ; 
the sterile in small globular catkins formed of a few naked stamens : anther- 
cells 3-8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers 
solitary, scaly-bracted at the base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule ; 
with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base, and at 
length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, and nearly enclosing the nut- 
like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 
2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from to£ov, a bow; the wood anciently 
used for bows. ) 

1. T. baceata, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Ground 
Hemlock.) Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. 
Canadensis, Willd. ) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the 
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward mainly along 
the Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate 
bush, never forming an erect trunk like that of Europe and of Northwest 
America. (Eu.) 



arace^e. (arum family.) 475 



Class II. MON C OT YLED ONOU S or EN- 
DOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and 
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads 
which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue : peren- 
nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly paral- 
lel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom sepa- 
rating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered 
and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. 
Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plu- 
mule alternate. 

Order 107. ABACEJE. (Arum Family.) 

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, 
and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a. spaihe. 
— Floral envelopes none, or of 4 - G sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds 
with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the large fleshy embryo in 
Nos. 2, 4, and 5. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding 
in slender rhaphides. — The genuine Aracese have no floral envelopes, and 
are almost all monoecious or dioecious : but the genera of the second section 
with more highly developed flowers are not to be separated. 

# Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix : flowers naked ; i. e. without perianth. 

1. Arissema. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. 

2. Peltandra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix ; anthers above, ovaries below. 

3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix. 

Spathe open and spreading. 
* * Spathe surrounding the spadix in No. 4, none or imperfect in the rest : flowers with a 
calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix. 

4. Symplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless. 

5. Orontium. Spadix'narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. 

6. Acorns. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. 

1. ARISiEMA, Martius. Indian Turnip. Dk agon-Arum. 

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or 
by abortion dioecious, covering- only the base of the spadix, which is elongated 
and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, 
each of a cluster of almost sessile 2 - 4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks 
at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1 -celled ovary, tipped with a 
depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base 



476 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 

of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albu« 
men. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a 
simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves, 
as if coalescent. (A play upon Arum, the ancient name; probably formed of 
upov, Arum, and arjpa, a sign or mark.) 

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Indian Turnip.) Leaves mostly 2, divided 
into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix mostly dioecious, club-shaped, obtuse, 
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the 
summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods: common. May. — Corm 
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with 
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish 
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed. 

2. A. Dracontium, Schott. (Green Dragon. Dragon-root.) Leaf 
usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ; 
spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong 
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along 
streams. June. — Corms clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than 
the peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point. 

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum. 

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the 
apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix 
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the 
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick 
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at 
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous or nearly orthotropous 
ovules at the base : stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy utricle, 
1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, 
the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo ; no albumen. — 
A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from the root of 
thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the 
spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the 
globular cluster of fruit. (Name composed of TreXrr}, a target, and dvrjp, for 
stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 

1. P. Virginiea, Raf. (P. undulata, Raf. Arum Virginicum, L. Le- 
contia, Torr. Renssekeria, Beck.) — In shallow water: common. June. — 
Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have 
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as 
in Symplocarpus.) 

3 . CALLA, L. Water Arum. 

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white;, 
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and 
6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments 
slender : anthers 2-cclled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-9 erect 
anatropous ovules : stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. 



ARACF^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 477 

Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard 
albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping 
rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An 
ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 

J . C. pallistris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and 
common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. 

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. 
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers, which are 
thickly crowded and their (1-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in 
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with 
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length- 
wise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped : stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, 
anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and 
spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is 
roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds 
filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or 
several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary ; albumen none. — 
Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat 
alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse 
fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded 
in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the 
ground. (Name from avfXTrXoic^ connection, and Kapnos, fruit, in allusion to 
the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) 

1. S. fcetidus, Salisb. (Ictbdes, Bigel.) — Bogs and moist grounds : com- 
mon. — Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, l°-2° long when grown, short-petioled. 
— Spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. 
Fruit ripe in September, forming a roughened globular mass 2' -3' in diameter, 
in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4" - 6" in diameter, and filled 
with the singular solid fleshy embryo. 

5. ORONTIUM, L. Golden-club. 

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part 
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flow 
ers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect : the lower with 6 concave 
sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened : anthers 2- 
celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous 
ovule : stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. 
Embryo thick and fleshy, " with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the 
plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Torr.) — An aquatic perennial, 
with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating 
leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape ; its rather club-shaped 
emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.) 

1. O. aquaticum, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, 
and southward. May. 



478 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 

6. ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus. 

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged 
scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 
6, concave. Stamens 6 : filaments linear - anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -eel led, 
opening across. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules 
in each cell : stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 - few- 
seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially 
the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged 
sword-like leaves, and scapes similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; 
the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of 
open spathe. (The ancient name, from a privative, and Kopn, the pupil of the 
eye, having been used as a remedy for sore eyes.) 

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel- 
lowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. Probably truly in- 
digenous northward. June. (Eu.) 

Order 108. EEMlVACEiE. (Duckweed Family.) 

Minute stem less plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem 
and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers 
from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from under- 
neath : ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a I- 7 -seeded utricle. 
Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat separable as 
an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, &c.) Embryo straight, surrounded by 
fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen — The simplest, and some of them 
the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a 
new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remain- 
ing connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the 
form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise 
and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some 
species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous ; the upper sur- 
face furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as a sort of 
very simplified Araceas. 

Arranged from notes contributed by C. F. Austin, Esq., who is pre- 
paring a monograph of the American Lemnacese. 

1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat. 

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to- 
gether surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen 
only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a 
single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender : anther 2-celled, didy- 
mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely : pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate. 
Fert. FL Ovary 1-celled : style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. 
Ovules and seeds 1-7. — Fronds producing rootlets underneath, proliferous 



LEMNACEiE. (DUCKWKED FAMILY.) 479 

from a cleft in the margin towards the base, and at length stipitate ; the tissue 
abounding with bundles of acicular rhaphides, as in Araceas. (An old Greek 
name, of uncertain meaning.) 

§ 1 . LEMNA, Schleiden. Root single : ovule one, half-anatropous or orthotropous. 

1. L. trisiilca, L. Fronds oblong -lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, dentic- 
ulate at the tip (j'-f long), proliferous from one or both sides; seed half-ana- 
tropous. — Ponds and springy places ; immersed and living through the winter, 
usually several generations remaining connected. Flowers found, for the first 
time in this country, by C. M. Booth, Rochester, New York. (Eu.) 

2. L. Torreyi, Austin, n. sp. Fronds oblong or obovate-oblong , usually some- 
what falcate. (l"-24" long), thin, faintly 1 -nerved, cavernous to the apex, pale 
green both sides, commonly in groups of 4 - 8 ; utricle elongated-ovate, pointed by 
the long style, flattish, usually half the length of the frond ; seed oblong and rather 
abruptly expanded below the middle, unequally cordate at the base, orthotropous, 
very obtuse, partly striate when dry ; testa fleshy, loosely adhering to the thick- 
ish and solid inner coat; operculum distinctly apiculate ; albumen very scanty (a sin- 
gle layer of cells). — Pools, New Jersey (fertile) to Missouri and southward. 

3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, oblique ( I " - l£" 
long), obscurely 3-nerved, grouped in circular patches (of 4 -8) ; utricle ovate 
and at length oblique, tipped with a rather long eccentric style ; seed ovate or oval, 
obtuse, oblique in the utricle, orthotropous, delicately many-striate when dry ; testa 
coriaceous, solid, firmly attached to the very thin inner coat ; operculum scarcely 
apiculate ; albumen abundant. — New York to Wisconsin and southward : often 
fertile. — Var. trinervis, Austin. Fronds larger, distinctly 3-nerved, thin ; utricle 
ovate, pointed with a rather long style ; seed ovate, acutish, mostly straight, 
unequally cordate. — New York and Penn. (fertile) to Wisconsin. 

4. L. minor, L. Fronds obovate or elliptical-olovate, thickish (V- 2" long), 
often grouped and short-stalked, obscurely 3-nerved ; utricle short-urn-shaped and 
tipped with a short style ; seed oval or ovate, half-anatropous, horizontal, parallel with 
the margin of the frond. — Stagnant waters : common : rare in flower. (Eu.) 

Var. obscura, Austin. Fronds obovate, convex on both surfaces, often 
purple underneath. — New York to Virginia : sterile. 

Var. orbicillata, Austin. Fronds nearly orbicular, flat above, convex and 
dark purple underneath, proliferous on very short included stalks. — New York 
to Wisconsin and southward : sterile. — This and the preceding variety have been 
taken for L. gibba by American authors. 

§ 2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. Roots several in a cluster: ovules 2, anatropous. 

5. L. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds round-obovate (2" -4" long), thick, purple 
and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. — 
Very common in ponds and pools ; not found here in blossom. (Eu.) 

§3. TELMAT6PHACE, Schleiden. Roots single: ovules and seeds 2 - 7 , ana- 
tropous : albumen hardly any in the mature seed. 

6. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate or almost orbicular (\^"-3" long), 
nearly flat above, much thickened and cavernous-spongy underneath (almost 
hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom 



480 TYPHACE.E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 

more than 2 or 3 in connection. — Occurs in Arizona and southward : but tha 
true plant seems not to have been detected within our limits. (Eu.) 

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel, Schleiden. 
Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in some 
foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2 ; one consisting of a single 
stamen with a one-celled 2-valved anther ; the other of a globular ovary, tipped 
with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather 
oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds rootless, prolif- 
erous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soom 
detached : no rhaphides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, from 
£"- §" long (a new African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains 
on the water. (Named for John Fred. Wolff, who wrote on Lemna in 1801.) 

1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Globose or globular, \" -§" long, very 
loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1 - 6 ; the opening at 
the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface 
of stagnant waters, nearDutcher's Bridge, Salisbury, Connecticut (Robbins, 1829), 
Orange Co., N. Y. (Austin), Lake Ontario (Paine), Detroit (J. M. Bigelow), Illi- 
nois (E. Hall, Engelmann, fertile), and Louisiana (Riddell). 

2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, 
flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, brown- 
dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base cucular. — Growing with 
the last from Lake Ontario to Illinois, floating on the surface. (Char, of both 
by 67. Engelmann.) 

Order 109. TYPHACEtE. (Cat-tail Family.) 

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoz- 
cious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. 
Ovary tapering into a style and (usually elongated) 1 -sided stigma. 
Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, 
anatropous : embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. 

1 . TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag. 

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the 
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs, and inserted 
directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded 
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets 
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root- 
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, 
erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Name from rl(f)os, a fen.) 

1. T. latifolia, L. (Common Cat-tail or Reed-mace.) Leaves flat: 
staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate. Common. (Eu.) 

2. T. angUStifdlia, L. (Narrow t -leaved or Small C.) Leaves chan- 
nelled towards the base, narrowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike 
usually separated by an iuterval. A rarer and smaller plant. (Eu.) 



TYPHACE.E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 481 

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Pur-reed. 

Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which 
are scattered along the summit of the stem ; the upper ones sterile, consisting 
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer- 
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 - 6 scales 
much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Roots tocks creeping 
and stoloniferous : roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed below 
by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. (Name from 
andpyavov, aji/.let, from the ribbon-like leaves.) By Dr. G. Engelmann. 

* Erect, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as long as the surround- 

ing truncate scales, attenuated into a short style bearing one or often two elongated 
Stigmas: nuts sessile, ivedge-shaped, angular: leases for the greater part flat and 
merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides. 

1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Fruit many-angled' (3^"- 4 "long) when 
fully ripe, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (2^" -3£" wide) ab- 
ruptly tipped in the centre ; fruit heads 1' wide. (S. ramosum, in part, of most 
American botanists.) — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, from New England 
and Pennsylvania northward and westward. — Stems stout, 2° -4° high ; heads 
2 to 6 or more : the largest species known. 

(S. ram6sum, Hudson, of Europe, has not yet been found on this continent- 
it is distinguished by smaller heads, and smaller, few-angled, usually 1-seeded 
fruit, with a conical and long-pointed summit.) 

# * Erect or rarely floating, with simple (or rarely branched) inflorescence of numer- 

ous heads ; the conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate scales : stig- 
mas always single, linear or oblong: nuts attenuated at both ends, and with a 
stalked base, nearly terete: stems rather slender : leaves (unless floating) triangu- 
lar with flat sides in the lower half. 

2. S. simplex, Hudson, genuinum. Erect (9' -15' high), slender; in- 
florescence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or commonly pedun- 
cled (7" -8" wide); stigma linear, equal to the style; fruit more or less con- 
tracted in the middle. — New England and northward. (Eu.) 

Var. Nuttallii. Like the last or type, but heads axillary ; stigma linear- 
oblong, shorter than the style; fruitless contracted. (S. Americanum, Nutt.) 
— From Pennsylvania and New England northward and northwestward. — In- 
florescence rarely branched ; heads 8" - 9" wide. 

Var. androcladum. Stouter (l^°-3° high) ; inflorescence branched be- 
low; branches bearing numerous sterile (rarely also 1 or even 2 fertile) heads; 
stigma linear, as long as the style; fruit larger, not contracted, long-tapering 
upwards and downwards. (S. ramosum, in part, of American authors.) — From 
New England southward and especially westward. — Heads 10" -12" wide. 

Var. fluitans. Leaves floating ; inflorescence branched ; branches bearing 
fertile heads below ; stigma oval, shorter than the style ; fruit somewhat con- 
tracted and with a short stipe. (S. fluitans, Fries.) — Ponds at the base of the 
White Mountains, Oahes. — Heads 6" - 7" wide. (Eu.) 

Var. angustif61ium. Leaves floating, longer and narrower than in the 
GM 21 



482 NAIAD AC E^E. ( POND WE ED FAMILY.) 

last ; inflorescence simple ; lower fertile heads usually supra-axillary, sessile or 
peduncled ; stigma linear, about the length of the style ; fruit smaller, short- 
stiped, contracted in the middle. (S. angustifolium, Michx. 3. affiue, Schnitz- 
lein; said to be the true S. natans of Linnasus.) — Mountain lakes and slow 
streams, New York, New England, and northward. — Heads 5" -7" wide. 
Dwarf states, growing nearly out of water, have shorter erect leaves. (Eu.) 

* * * Usually floating, with very slender stems and delicate always flat and narrow 
leaves : inflorescence simple, of few small heads : stigma oval, about as long as 
the short style, scarcely surpassing the oval or obovate denticulate scales: nuts oval, 
with a very short stipe and short point. 
3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Eries. Fertile heads solitary or usually 2, ax- 
illary, sessile or the lower one peduncled, fruit heads 4" -5" in diameter; nuts 
somewhat triangular, the lower third tisually contracted ; stems when out of 
water only 5' -6' high ; when submersed longer. (S. natans, of older authors, 
but not of Linnaeus, according to Eries. S. angustifolium, Ed. 2.) — Northern 
New England to Wisconsin and northward. (Eu.) 

Order 110. NAIADACE2E. (Pondv> t eed Family.) 

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within 
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous flowers, which 
are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx : the ovaries solitary or 2-4 
and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed without albumen, filled by the large 
embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usually bursting from a spathe, 
sometimes on a spadix. 

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous. 

1. Naias. Pistils solitary and naked. Stigmas 2 or 4 

2. Zanaicliellia. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath. 

3. Zostera. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in two rows on one side of a linear spadix 

enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2. 

* * Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered. 

4. fttippia. Flowers naked (no perianth), each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries. 
6. Potamogeton. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4. 

1. NAIAS, L. Naiad. 

Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary and sessile ; the sterile con 
listing of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe : anther at 
first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting 
of a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped : ovule 
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separa- 
ble membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downwards. — 
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves, 
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at the base. 
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the 
axils; in summer. (Naias, water-nymph; an ill-chosen name for these insig- 
nificant water-weeds.) 



NAIAD AC RJE. (PONDWEED FAMILY,) 483 

1 N. major, All. Leaves linear, rather broad, strongly repand-toothed, 
the back as well as the stem more or less beset with little spines, the sheathing 
base entire or nearly so; flowers dioecious; anther 4-celled, 4-valved. — New 
York, Onondaga Lake, G. W. Clinton ; Lake Ontario, near Rochester, C. M. 
Booth: recent discoveries. (Eu.) 

2. N. flexilis, Rostk. Leaves very narrowly linear and minutely serrate, 
as is their abrupt rounded sheathing base ; flowers monoecious ? (N. Canadensis, 
Michx. Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. (Eu.) 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheii; Horned Pondweed. 

Flowers moaoecims, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil; 
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2— 4- 
celled anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup- 
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short 
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. 
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled up. 
— Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite or alternate 
long and linear thread form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. 
(Named in honor of Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.) 

1. Z. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat- 
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back 
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. pedunculata, both 
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduneled. — Ponds and slow 
streams : rather rare. July. (Eu.) 

3. ZOSTEEA, L. Grass-wrack. Eel-grass. 

Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged 
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid- 
den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consist- 
ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaiies, and 
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single 
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- 
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long 
an.l bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong 
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- 
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which 
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing 
wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the 
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves 
(whence the name, from &ott]p, a band). 

1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common in bays 
along the coast, in water of 5°- 15° deep. Aug. (Eu.) 

4. E, UP PI A, L. Ditch-grass. 

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at first 
enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute of floral 



484 NA1ADACE.E. (-POND WEED FAMILY.) 

envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate an- 
ther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended 
ovule: stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes, 
each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; the spadix itself 
also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a 
short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyle- 
don.— Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking 
stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base 
Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to H. B 
Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century.) 

1. It. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect; 
fruiting peduncles capillary (£' - 1' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast : 
also Onondaga Lake (near salt springs), New York, J. A. Paine. Chiefly a 
narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, approaching K. rostellata, 
Koch. June -Sept. (Eu.) 

5. PO TAMO GET ON, Tourn. Pondweed. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo- 
site the sepals : anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), 
with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short style. 
Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed : endocarp (nutlet) crus- 
taceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing 
downwards. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed 
mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or im- 
perfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated, 
and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheath- 
ing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to 
the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of 7roTajj.6s, a river, and 
yeiraw, a neighbor, from their place of growth.) 

The following account of the genus is contributed by Dr. J. W. Bobbins, of 
Uxbridge, Mass. — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; 
by nutlet, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except 
No. 15 flower in summer: the month mentioned indicates the season of the 
maturation of the fruit, which, especially, should be collected. 
§ 1. Diversifolii. Leaves oftivo sorts; the floating ones coriaceous, and different 

in form from the more delicate submersed ones. 
* Submersed leaves mostly with no distinction of blade and petiole, being in fact blade- 
less more or less flattened petioles, or phyllod/a, sessile, grass-like, narrowly linear, 
or so attenuated as to become filiform or capillary. 
«- Stems rather stout: stipules free from the leaves : spikes all emersed, cylindrical and 
densely fruited : fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate : embryo coiled into less 
or scarcely more than one turn. 

1. P. natans, L. Stem simple or sparingly branched ; floating leaves all 
hong-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a 
blunt point, 21 -29-nerved ; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, 
the lower (later in the season) very slender (3' -7' long, barely a line wide} ; 



NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 48*5 

upper stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stem ; spikes V —2? 
long ; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo 
coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Var. PROii xus, Koch. More slen- 
der ; upper leaves lanceolate, frequently submersed, acute ; stem (6° - 12°), 
submersed leaves (sometimes 21') and stipules very long. — Common in ponds 
and ditches : the var. in deep flowing water. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. P. Qakesi&nus, Robbins, n. sp. Stem more slender, much branched ; 
floating leaves smaller (1' - 1^-' long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer- 
(17-23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only i"-J" wide), 
continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter (|'-1' long), on pe* 
duncles much thicker than the stem ; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the tur* 
gid nutlet not at all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex 
directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant 
ditches, not rare in E. Massachusetts. Aug. 

3. P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Stems compressed, often simple from the 
creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (l'-l£' long), 11- 17- 
nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing and 
passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate, 
2-ranked, linear (2' -5' long, and l"-24" wide), 5-nerved, the lateral nerves 
slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular- 
reticulated ; stipules very obtuse ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thick- 
ened peduncle ; fruit round-obocate, flattish, 3-keeled when dry ; nutlet distinctly 
impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. Nuttallii, 
Chamisso?) — Still or flowing water, and even in small streams: common.— 
Perfectly distinct, and peculiar in the reticulation of the ceutre of the delicate 
grass-like submersed leaves. July, Aug. 

-*- +- Characters of the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate 
as in the next, or as in No. 20 (and like it propagated by autumn buds), but ivith 
coriaceous floating leaves. 

4. P. Vaseyi, Robbins, n. sp. Very delicate ; stem almost capillary ; 
floating leaves obovate (3" -5" long) and about the length of their filiform 
petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; sub- 
mersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (I'- 2' long, \"-\" wide) and 
acute ; stipules not adnate, scarious ; spikes all emersed and similar, few, inter- 
rupted-oblong, 3 - 5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique round- 
obovate (§" long) compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct 
Securved style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo 
circularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Illinois, near Ringwood, 
McHenry Co., Dr. G. Vasey. Apparently also in Quinsigamond Lake, Mass. 
•*-•<--»- Stems slender or filiform and much branched : floating leaves sometimes 

wanting : stipules adnate to the base of the leaf: spikes of two kinds : one emersed, 
cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped peduncle ; the other submersed, 
globular and few-flowered: fruit flat, cochleate, with thin or scarcely any flesh 
and a thin nutlet : embryo spiral. 

5. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Floating leaves varying from oval to 
lance-oblong and lanceolate (the largest 10" long and 4" wide), usually obtuse 



486 naiadace^e. (pondweed family.) 

about equalling the rather dilated petioles, with 5 - many nerves beneath deeply 
impressed ; upper submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong of 
broad-linear proper blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering 
towards the obtuse apex {%' -\^' long, j"-§" wide) ; stipules early lacerate; 
submersed flowers usually solitary on very short erect peduncles ; shell-shaped fruit with 
the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire ; embryo 
coiled 1 % turns. — Rivers, and even far up small streams, in company with the 
No. 3, or rarely with the following, Maine (J. Blake) to Lake Superior and 
Virginia. June -Aug. — Stem less slender than the next. 

6. P. hy'brid.US, Michx. Floating leaves varying from oval to lance- 
oblong; (the largest 10" long and 6" wide), often acute, longer than the filiform 
petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very 
numerous, almost setaceous, (l'-3' long, very rarely £" wide) ; stipules obtuse; 
submersed spikes 1 -4-rlowered, their peduncles (of their own length) frequently 
recurved; fruit minute, about 8-toothed on the margin; embryo coiled 1| turns. (P. 
diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh.) — Shallow stagnant waters. June - 
Aug. — Emersed spikes 4" to (in var. spicatus, Engelm.) 7" long. 

* * Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, membranaceous. 

7. P. rufescens, Schrader. Stem simple, floating leaves (often wanting, 
P. obrutus, Wood) rather thin, wedge-oblanceolate, narrovjed into a short petiole, 11- 
1 7-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth 
on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones 
acuminate ; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute 
margin and pointed with the rather long style ; embryo incompletely annular. 
— Rivers and streams, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and especially 
northward. — Aug. - Sept. — Spike often somewhat compound ! (Eu.) 

8. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem often branching below ; floating 
leaves thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-pelioled, 17 -23- 
nerved; submersed leaves very long (3'- 12', by 2" -12" wide), lanceolate and 
lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened 
upwards ; fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh and distinctly 
so when dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow 
indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style ; 
nutlet with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circuLirly 
incurved. (P. Americanus, Chamisso?) — Rivers and ponds, New England to 
Illinois. Aug., Sept. — More slender than the very similar P. fluitans of 
Europe, its leaves longer petioled, the floating ones more abrupt at the base ; 
stipules not bicarinate. Chamisso's name of this and No. 3 merely provisional. 

9. P. pulcher, Tuckerman. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three 
kinds ; floating ones becoming very large (4^' by 3±') roundish-ovate and cordate 
or ovate-oblong, 25 -37 -nerved; all alternate; tipper submersed ones (3-5) usually 
lanceolate, acute at the base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, 
cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the 
base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate- 
oblong, on longer petioles ; stipules rather short and obtuse ; peduncles thicker 
than the stem ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed with the 



NAIADACEJE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 487 

style, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; nutlet marked on 
the back by two deep furrows and in front by a sinus below the angle ; sides 
flat ; upper portion of the embryo circularly much incurved. — Ponds ; found as 
yet only in Eastern Massachusetts and " in ponds on hills north of St. Louis," 
Missouri, Engelmann : also Georgia, Le Conte. — July, Aug. 

10. P. amplif61ius, Tuckerman. Stems simple, of very variable length; 
floating leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong or lance-ovate, sometimes slightly 
cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30 - 50-nerved, on rather long petioles ; sub- 
mersed leaves often very large (reaching 7' by 2'), lanceolate or oval, acute at 
each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules 
very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened up- 
ward, in deep water much elongated ; fruit rather obliquely obovate, the back 
rounded and bluntly keeled ; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides ; upper 
portion of the embryo incurved into a ring. — Ponds and large rivers : not rare. 

— Aug., Sept. — In very shallow water sometimes without membranaceous 
leaves, and in deep water it may have those only. — (Leaves on a radical 
shoot in one specimen with adnate stipules !) 

11. P. gramineilS, L. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves 
mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-15-nerved; submersed 
ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed 
towards the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ; 
upper ones petioled, lower sessile; stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat 
thickened upwards; fruit small, roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled ; upper 
portion of the embryo annular. (P. heterophyllus, Schreber.) — Still or flowing 
water : common. — Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, and 
otherwise. The ordinary forms are: — Var. graminif6lius, Fries. Sub- 
mersed leaves lance-linear, attenuate at each end, flaccid, sometimes more 
than 4' long by 3" wide ; stem elongated. — Var. heterophyllus, Pries. 
Lower leaves shorter, lanceolate, more rigid : the commonest form. The follow- 
ing are doubtfully referred to this species. (Eu.) 

Var.'? spathulsefdrmis. (P. spathseformis, Tuckerman, in herb.) Branches 
scattered ; floating leaves obovate or oblong, with a larger point ; submersed 
ones spatulate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes recurved ; spikes large and 
densely flowered. — Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman. The fruit is lacking 
to prove its rank. 

Var. ? myrioph^llus. Sending up from running rootstocks many short 
repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slender ; 
floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles ; sub- 
mersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green) 
linear-oblanceol ate, very small (|'-l'long), acute, sometimes minutely serru- 
late ; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the thickened peduncle. 

— Apponaug Pond, Rhode Island, without fruit. 

§ 2. Conformifolii. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membrana- 
ceous and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval. (Stipides obtuse, becoming loose.) 

12. P. lticens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; leaves 
more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, frequmtlg 



488 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 

shining ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, slightly keeled ; em- 
bryo circularly incurved above. — Ponds-, not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 

Var. minor, Nolte. Smaller ; upper leaves distinctly petioled and sometimes 
emersed, the others subsessile, all usually numerous, undulate and shining. 

Var. 1 Connectieutensis. Stem flexuous ; leaves all submersed, nearly 
sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, crisped, not shining ; fruit larger, distinctly keeled; 
nutlet thick and hard. — Saltonstall's pond, East Haven, Connecticut, 1850. 

13. P. prselongUS, Wulfen. Stem very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves 
lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes V long), half -clasping, obtuse with a boai- 
siaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ; stipules scarious, 
very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered; peduncles very long (sometimes reach- 
ing 20') ; fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sharply keeled when dry ; style ter- 
minating the nearly straight face ; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. — 
Ponds and large rivers, E. New England, and along the Great Lakes to Lake 
Superior. Sept., Oct. — Stem white: foliage bright green. (Eu.) 

14. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem branching ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo- 
late from a cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate ; 
peduncles short, cylindrical ; fruit irregularly obovate, obtusely margined; embryo 
incurved in an oval. — Ponds and slow streams : common. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) 

Var. lanceol&tUS. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-clasping 
base and acuminate, wavy, 3' to sometimes 4^' long ; peduncles thickened upwards. 
— Along the Great Lakes. — This form seems peculiarly American. 

15. P. crisp US, L. Stem compressed ; leaves linear -oblong, half-clasping, ob- 
tuse, serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved ; fruit long-beaked; upper portion of the em- 
bryo incurved in a large circle. — Plowing and stagnant waters, Delaware, 
Penn., and New Jersey, Tatnall, Porter, Meehan. June, July. (Eu.) 

§3. Angustifolii. Leaves all submersed and similar , mostly membranaceous and 
sessile, linear or setaceous. (No. 16, 17, and 20 are often gemmiparous, propa- 
gating by narrow terminal buds detached in autumn.) 

* Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf. 

16. P. compressus, L. (ex Fries.) Stem branching, wing-fattened; leaves 
linear and grass-like (commonly 4' by If), abruptly pointed, with many fine and 
3 larger nerves; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12- 
15-flowered, not half as long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovate, somewhat 
keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arch- 
ing and terminated by the short style; summit of the large embryo lying transverse 
to the fruit. (P. zostersefolius, Schumacher.) — Still and slow-flowing waters, 
New England to Penn. and Wisconsin: not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 

17. P. obtusifblius, Mertens & Koch. Stem fattened, very branching, 
leaves linear, tapering towards the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, 3- 
(rarely 5-) nerved; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike ovate, continuous, 5-8- 
flowered, about the length of the peduncle ; fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not 
keeled when fresh, upper portion, of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to 
the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds : very rare : Dillerville swamp, near Lan- 
caster, Penn., Prof Porter. Swamp of Beaver pond, near Central mine, and 
floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Michigan. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) 



NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 489 

18. P. K"iagar6nsiS, Tuckerman. Stem flattened, very branching; leaves 
linear, very acute, mucronate and much attenuate at the nearly sessile base, 3-5- 
nerved, scarcely veiny (1^'- 3' long and at most 1" wide) ; midrib below dilated; 
stipules acutish (sometimes 8" long), the numerous nerves early becoming bristles; 
peduncles short, club-shaped, compressed ; spikes few, capitate, 8- \2-flowered; 
fruit roundish, compressed, with a winged and toothed keel and angled face; " seed 
convolute-uncinate." — Rapids above Niagara Falls, Tuckerman. Aug. 

19. P. pauciflorilS, Bursh. Stem filiform, flattish and very branching, 
leaves narrow linear (1'- 2' long and seldom |" wide), acute, obscurely 3-nerved; 
stipules obtuse ; spikes capitate, 1-4- usually 2-flowered, on short club-shaped pedun- 
cles ; fruit roundish-lenticular ; the back more or less crested; upper portion of the 
embryo incurved in a circle. — Still or stagnant waters : common. Aug., 
Sept. — Its largest forms are approached by the preceding. 

20. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, branching ; 
leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear, obtuse or acute, furnished with translucent glands 
on each side at the base ; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate, 
2 - 8-flowered, on rather long peduncles ; fruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ; 
apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downwards. — Fools and ditches-, 
rather common, especially southward. — The principal forms are 

Var. major, Fries. Stem less branching; leaves broader (almost 1" wide), 
often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted. (P. mucronatus, Schruder.) — This hardly 
passes into the following forms : rather rare. July. (Eu.) 

Var. vulgaris, Fries. Slender, very branching ; leaves 3-nerved, often ob- 
tuse ; spikes cylindrical and interrupted, or capitate and then but 1 -3-flowered. 
— A rare form (E. Mass.) has sometimes lanceolate floating leaves of the length 
of the petioles, with 5 nerves impressed beneath, as in P. hybridus. A Swedish 
specimen in Fries. Herb. Norm exhibits the same in the following variety, though 
in a slighter degree. July, Aug. (Eu.) 

Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch. Stem very slender and much 
branched; leaves almost setaceous, acute or cuspidate, obsolete/y 3-nerved; spikes 
interrupted or capitate. — New England and New York : rather rare. July, 
Aug. — All three are rather sparingly furnished with reproductive buds : also 
the last two fruit freely, — the reverse of the fact in the following. 

Var. ? gemmiparus. Stem filiform and very branching, leaves thicker, 
perfectly setaceous and usually exceedingly attenuate to the finest point, scarcely 
with a proper midrib; stipules long (£'-1'), obtuse; spikes very few, always 
interrupted, 3 - 6-flowcred, long-peduncled , propagating buds very numerous; fruit 
wanting. (P. gemmiparus, Robbins in herb.) — Pools and slow-flowing waters: 
outlet of Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman ; valley of the Blackstone from 
Worcester to Providence. — This plant is annual, propagated exclusively by its 
gemma?, the fruit not maturing. 

21. P. Tuckermaili, Bobbins. Very slender and delicate from a creeping 
rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several Short and repeatedly 
dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves thin and flat, but setaceous and taper* 
ing to near the fineness of a hair (1' -4' long and %" extreme width), obscurely 1 - 
3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations ; stipules rather persistent below, £' 
long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickening upward ; spike 4 - 8- 



490 ALISMACE^E. (WATEU-PLANTAIN FAMILY). 

flowered, in fruit continuous, oblong ; fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled; nutlet 
slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick and hard; embryo nearly annular. — 
Cold ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, to Penn. June, July. 
* * Stipules united With the sheathing base of the leaf. 

22. P. peetinatUS, L. Stem filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves se- 
taceous, attenuate to the apex, l-nerved with a few transverse veins; spikes inter- 
rupted, on long filiform peduncles ; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed, 
bluntly keeled ; shell of nutlet very thick ; embryo nearly annular. — Lak* 
Champlain to Lake Superior, and along the coast, both in fresh and salt water. 
Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 

23. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very 
branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks, 
recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear (3' -5' long and 2" -3" wide), 
acuminate, ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse 
when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, loosely few- 
flowered, on short peduncles. A single, rather immature fruit in Professor 
Tuckerman's herbarium, from Prof. Eaton, is obliquely obovate, acutish at the 
base, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, much arched on the thinner 
face, compressed and impressed on the sides, and apiculate with the rather long 
style ; superior portion of the large embryo circularly incurved and pointing 
obliquely downwards. — Oozy bottoms of ponds and slow streams : common in 
New England : also in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Flowering in June 
and July. Mature fruit not yet seen. 

(P. densus, L. The plant upon which Schweinitz introduced this 
European species into the U. S. flora proves to be Anacharis Canadensis.) 

Order 111. ALI8MACEJE. (Water-Plantain Family.) 

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monoecious 
flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and 
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united 
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed 
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 
from 6 to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. 
— Comprises two very distinct suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. JUNCA«I1VE^E. Arrow-grass Family. 
Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Carpels more or less 
united. Seed anatropous, with a straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, 
without a blade. (Flowers perfect.) 

1. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, united to the apex into one, but separating in fruit. 

2. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, almowt distinct, forming diverging pods in fruit. 

Suborder II. ALJSMEiE. Water-PlantAin Family. 
Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Ovaries nu- 
merous, distinct. Seed campy lotropous : embryo bent double or hook- 



ALISMACE^E. (WATER-P LAN TAIN FAxMILY.) 491 

shaped. Leaves or some of them commonly furnished with a blade, 
(Flowers perfect, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious.) 

8. Alisma. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels flattened, whorled. 
4 Kchinodorus. Flowers perfect, with 6 - many stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed. 
6. Sagittaria. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, with indefinite, rarely few stamens. 
Carpels capitate, flattened, winged. 

1. TSIGLOCHIN, L. Abbow grass. 

Sepals and petals much alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Stamen 
3 - 6 : anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-celled 
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe 
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. — Perennials, 
with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-like naked 
and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name 
composed of rpfis, three, and yXco^iV, point, from the three points of the ripe 
fruit in No. 1 when dehiscent.) 

1. T. palustre, L. Scape (6' -18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear- 
club-shaped; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards leaving a 
triangular axis, awl-pointed at the base. — Marshes, both fresh and brackish, New 
York to Illinois, and northward. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. T. maritimum, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thickish, fleshy, 
fruit ovate or oblong, acutish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base 
and slightly grooved on the back; the edges acute. — Salt marshes along the coast, 
also salt springs in the interior, shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. — 
Var. elAtum (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from W. New 
York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the angles of the carpels sharper, 
or almost Avinged. (Eu.) 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Scheuchzeria. 

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the 
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, 
slightly united at the base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit 
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. — 
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending 
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con- 
duplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheath- 
ing bracts. (Named for John and John Jacob Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss 
botanists early in the 18th century.) 

I. S. palustris, L. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, 
and northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

3. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. 

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. 
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori- 
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2 - 3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous 



492 ALISMACE.E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with 
whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The 
Greek name; of uncertain derivation.) 

1. A. PlantagO, L., var. Amerieanum. Root perennial; leaves long- 
petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped 
at the base, 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2 & 
long) ; carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whori in frui* 
(A. trivialis and parviflbra, Pursh.) — Shallow water. July- Sept. (Eu.) 

4. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann. 

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more 
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming thick and ribbed 
achenia in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit inter- 
mediate between the preceding genus and the following. El. summer and 
autumn. (Name from e^ti/ooS/yy, prickly, or from e^os, an( ^ Sopos, a leathern 
bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent 
style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.) 

Genus elaborated for this work by Dr. Engelmann, 

1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (g-'-ltj' long, 
including the petiole); shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (l'-3' 
high) bearing a 2-8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9; 
styles much shorter than the ovary ; uchmia beakless, many-ribbed ; root annual. — 
In mud, Cambridge, Mass. James, and Michigan to 111. &c. — Flower 3" broad. 

2. E. rostratUS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved (1'- 
3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a 
branched panicle of proliferous umbels ; stamens 12 ; styles longer than the ovary ; 
achenia beaked, many-ribbed ; root annual. ( Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Swamps 
and ditches, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" 
wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide. 

3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncately broadly heart- 
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad, long-petioled) ; stems or scapes prostrate, 
creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens 
about 91 ; styles shorter than tlie ovary ; achenia short-beaked, the keeled back 
denticulate. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Illinois and southward. — 
Flowers 6" -9" in diameter. 

5. SAGITTABIA, L. Arrow-head. 

1 Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2, and polygamous in No. 3. 
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, 
crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular 
receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or 
aquatic, perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the 
scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which 
the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved, and desti- 
tute of any proper blade (i. c. arc phyllodia) : when present the blade is arrow- 
shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers 



ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 493 

produced all summer, mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; 
the sterile above. (Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of 
the leaves. ) 

Genus newly elaborated for this edition by Dr. Engelmann. 
* Filaments narrow, as long as the linear-oblong anthers: scape simple or branched. 

1. S. laneifolia, L. Scape 2°- 5° high, with several of the lower whorls 
fertile ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely 
shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenia obovate-falcate, 
pointed with an incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, 
all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6'- 18' long and on a long and 
stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick 
midrib. (S. falcata, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward to 
the West Indies. 

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (\°- 4° high) angled, with one or more 
of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts mostly pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers 
about half the length of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; filaments 
glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia broadly obovate, with 
a long and curved beak \ - £ its length ; leaves very various, almost always 
sagittate. (S. sagittifolia Amer. auth. etc. — The European species has the 
fertile pedicels only £ or $ the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple- 
tinged ; filaments not longer than the anthers ; achenia almost orbicular, very 
broadly winged and with a short and straight beak.) — In water or wet places : 
very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the following are the 
leading forms. — Var. obtusa (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large and dioecious; the 
broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, 6' -12' long. — Var. latif6lia (S. latifolia, 
Willd. ) is large, monoecious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. 
hastAta is the ordinary form, with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves 
(including S. hastata, Pursh). — Var. diversif6lia, with some leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. angustif6lia 
has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes. — Var. gracilis 
(S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and 
lobes. — Var. pubescens (S. pubescens, Muhl.) : upper part of petiole and of 
scape and especially the orbicular ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or 
woolly; leaves obtuse or acute; beak of fruit (as also sometimes in some of the 
other forms) horizontal, so that the fruit-head appears compact and smoothish, 
while usually it has a squarrose surface, from the protruding and recurved beak, 
New Jersey and southward. — A state with double flowers has been found in 
Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

3. S. ealycina, Engelm. Scape weak (3' -9' high), at length mostly 
procumbent ; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long as 
those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit ; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely 
pointed ; calyx appressed to the fruit-head and partly covering it ; filaments slightly 
rough, as long as the anthers; achenia obovate with a short horizontal style; 
leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide spreading lobes, 
often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear phyllodia. 
— Maine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and southward. — Var. spongiosa, with a 
loose or spongy texture and linear bladeless leaves submersed, occurs eastward ; 



494 HYDROCHARIDACE.E. (FROG's-BIT FAMILY.) 

Var. flItitaxs, with lance-linear floating leaves, has been found in Missouri and 
westward; and Yar. granihs, with leaves 9"- 12 "wide and 9 long, branched 
scape, and fruit-heads 9" diameter, grows farther south. — This species shows 
9-12 stamens in the fertile, and some sterile pistils in the sterile flowers; and 
thus connects with Echinodorus. 
* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base: scape more simple. 

4. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak (3' -2° high), at length pro- 
cumbent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and al- 
most sessile; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-pubescent; ache- 
nia narrowly obovate with a long erect beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, 
entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. — Rather common, 
at least southward. — Var. elliptica has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long 
and 5' wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. rigida 
(S. rigida, Pursh, on the Niagara and along the Great Lakes), the tallest form, 
has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. — 
Var. angustif6lia has nearly linear leaves. 

5. S. graminea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect (3' -2° high); the 
lower whorls fertile ; bracts rather obtuse and usually connate ; pedicels all 
slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; filaments glandular-pubescent ; 
achenia small, narrowly obovate, almost beakless ; leaves varying from ovate- 
lanceolate to linear or reduced to broad and acute phyllcdia (when it is S. 
acutifolia, Pursh) ; scarcely ever sagittate. (S. simplex of Amer. authors; not 
of Pursh, whose plant of this name is a dioecious form of S. variabilis.) — Rather 
common, especially southward. — Flowers and fruit-heads smaller than in any 
of the foregoing; except in the var. platyphylla, which is found farther 
south, and has leaves 6' -9' long and 3' -4' wide ; flowers 1' wide, on pedi- 
cels 1^' -2' long. 

6. S. pusilla, Nutt. Scape (l'-3' high) weak, reclining in fruit; bract 
single, clasping ; one or two Avhorls only, of which but a single flower is fertile, 
recurved in fruit ; stamens about 7, with glabrous filaments; achenia obovate, 
with an erect beak and three notched dor-al ridges. (Alisma subulata, Pursh.) 
— Inundated shores, from Eastern New Jersey ( C. F. Austin) and Philadelphia 
southward near the coast. 

S. natans, Michx., closely allied to the last, is only found farther south-, 
it is a larger plant with long phyllodia, or oval floating leaves, glabrous fila- 
ments, and obovate short-beaked achenia, with 5-9 crenate angles, — by which 
structure it is nearly connected with Echinodorus. 

Order 112. HYMiOCHARIDACE^. (Fkog's-bit Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like 
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the 
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 - 3-celled ovary. 
Stamens 3- 12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 
or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds as- 
cending, without albumen : embryo straight. 



HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 495 

Tribe I. STRATIOTIDE^l. Ovary 6- 9-celled : stigmas 6-9, 

1. Xiimuobium. Filaments 6-12, unequally united in the sterile flowers : anthers linear. 
Tribe II. YALLISIVERIEiE. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae: stigmas 8. 

2. A n a char is. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers thread-form. 

3. Vallisneria. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the ovary. 

1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. American Frog's-bit. 

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled 
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ; 
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or 
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united 
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there 
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9- 
celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry 
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules ortho- 
tropous, Torr.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, pro- 
liferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which 
are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Ster- 
ile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger ; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals 
white? (Name from \ip.vo(3ios, living in pools.) 

1. L. Sp6ngia, Richard. (Hydrocharis Spongia, Bosc. H. cordifolia, 
Nutt.) — Lake Ontario (Dr. Bradley, Dr. Sartwell), Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and in 
the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves 1'- 2' long, faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle 
of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like; of the fertile, only I', stout. 

2. ANACHARIS (and Elodea), Richard. Water-weed. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2- 
cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute; with 3 sepals, barely 
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and 
monadelphous at the base, or none; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers either 
pistillate or apparently perfect : perianth extended into an extremely long and 
capillary tube; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate, 
spreading. Stamens 3-9, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without 
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong anthers Ovary 1-celled, 
with 3 parietal placentas, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary 
style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, 
exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, grow- 
ing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid 
and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flow- 
ers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on 
the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the 
fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx- 
tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of 
cu>, throughout, and adapts, without charms, being rather homely water- weeds.) 

1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower 
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in 



496 BURMANXIACE.E. (bUKMANNJA FAMILY.) 

the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the perfect flowers. (Elodea 
Canadensis, Miclix., and E. latifolia, Caspary, who has recently well illustrated 
this and the two related genera ; all perhaps to be reduced to one, Hydrilla. 
Udora Canadensis, Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington), Nuttallii, and 
Canadensis, also Apalanthe Schweimtzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams and ponds : 
common. July. — Nat. in England, where it is very troublesome by its rapid 
increase, filling navigable waters ; but no inconvenience of the sort is complained 
of here in its native country. 

3. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. Eel-grass. 

Elowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a 
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne 
on a very short scape : stameus mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in 
a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (calyx) 
3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 
1 -celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3 
linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- 
merous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, 
berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing 
entirely under water. The staimnate clusters being confined to the bottom of 
the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously 
break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they 
expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised 
to the surface at this time: afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet 
long, according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit 
under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vullisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 

1 . V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like ( 1 ° - 2° long), 
obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in 
slow waters. Aug. (Eu.) 

Order 113. BURHIAWWlACE^:. (Burmaxxia Family.) 

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the 
root grass-like; the flowers perfect, ivith a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the 
tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or S-celled ovary : stamens 3 and dis- 
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds 
very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family, of which only one species is 
found within our borders. 

1. BURMANNIA, L. (Tripterella, Michx.) 

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. 
Style slender : stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for 
/. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 

1. B. bifldra, L. Stem low and slender (2'-4' high), 2-flowered at the 
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged. 
(Tripterella caerulea, Michx.) —Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497 

Order 114. ORCHIDACEJE. (Orchis Family.) 

Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous 
perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal 
placental, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering 
in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds, 
appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer 
{sepals') mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 
inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc- 
tion, &c. from the rest, and is called the labellum or lip ; only the other 
two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is 
really the upper or posterior petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a 
twist of the ovary of half a turn it more commonly is directed forward, as 
if anterior, i. e. is next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, 
is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two sta- 
mens and a sterile rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne 
on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; the anther 2-celled ; each cell con- 
taining one or more masses of pollen (pollinia or pollen-masses). Stigma a 
broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Perennials, often tuber- 
bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all 
alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, 
racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, — in all arranged for 
fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertili- 
zation, (See articles on- Fertilization of Orchids, in Sill. Jour. 1862, 
1863, &c.) — A vast family, but few in the United States. 
I. Anther only one. (The 2 cells should not be mistaken for anthers !) 

Tribe I. OPHRYDEH. Anther (of 2 separate cells) borne on and entirely adnate to 
the face of the stigma, erect or reclined. Pollen cohering into a great number of coarse 
grains, which are all fastened by elastic and cobwebby tis-ue into one large mass, and to 
a stalk that connects it with a gland or disk which was oiigiualh a part of the stigma. 
Flower in our species ringent, the lip with a spur beneath : one distinct gland to each 
pollen-mass- 

1. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch. 

2. Habenaria. The two glands or disks naked (without any pouch or covering), either 

approximate or widely separated. 
Tribe II. NEOTTIEiE. Anther dorsal and erect or inclined, attached by its base 
only or by a short filament to the back or summit of the column, persistent. Pollen in 
our genera loosely cohering (mostly b some delicate elastic threads) in 2 or 4 soft masses, 
and soon attached directly to a viscous gland on ihe beak of the stigma. 

3. Goodyera. Lip entire, free from the column, without callosities at the base. 

4. Spirant lies. Lip ascending and embracing the column below, 2 callosities at the base. 
5- Listera. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex. 

Tribe III. ARETHUSEjE, MALAXIDEffi, &c. Anther terminal and in- 
verted (except in No 12 ' like a lid over the stigma, deciduous. 

* Pollen powdery or pulpy, in 2 or 4 delicate masses : no gland 
u. Arethusa. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4. 
7. Pogonia. Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2 
L & M— 41 



403 ORCHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

8. Calopogon. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses i, 

* * Pollen in 4-8 smooth waxy masses, 
••- Without stalks, attached directly to a large gland. 

9. Calypso. Lip inflated and sac-like. Column winged and petal-like. Stem 1-flowered 

4_ +_ With stalks to the 2 or 4 pollen-masses, connecting them with a gland. 

10. Tipularia. Lip short, flat, long-spurred beneath Raceme many-flowered. 

H-. ^ h_ With stalks to the 8 pollen-masses, but no gland. 

11. Bletia. Lip hooded, crested, spurless. Scape several-flowered. 

+- +- -K- -h- Without either stalks or glands to the 4 pollen-masses. 
++ Plants green and with ordinary leaves. Sepals spreading. 

12. Microsty lis. Column minute, round : anther erect 

13. Liparis. Column elongated, margined at the apex : anther lid-like. 

++ ++ Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only. 
14 Corallorhiza. Perianth gibbous at base, or with a spur adherent to the ovary. 

15. Aplectrum. Perianth not gibbous nor spurred at base. A green autumnal leaf. 

II. Anthers two, or very rarely three. 
Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEjE. The stamen which bears the anther in the rest ot 
the order here usually forms a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. Pollen not iu 
masses : no stalks nor gland. 

16. Cypripedium. Lip an inflated sac. Anthers 2, one each side of the column 

1. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. 

Flower ringenS; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them (in om 
species) converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned down- 
wards, coalescing with the base of the column, bearing a nectariferous spur at 
the base underneath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering 
in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic 
tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, 
the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two 
glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the 
orifice of the spur or nectary. Flowers showy, in a spike. — These glands stick 
fast to the proboscis of a butterfly or some such insect introduced into the 
nectar-bearing spur: when it flies to another flower, it drags out of the anther 
and carries with it the pollen-masses, and applies them to the stigma of the 
second or of several succeeding flowers, thus effecting cross-fertilization 
(*Opxis, the ancient name.) 

1. O. spectclbilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Root of thick fleshy fibres r 
producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3' -5' long), and a few-flowered 4- 
angled scape (4' -7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all 
lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate un- 
divided lip white. — Rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially) 
northward, May. 

2, HABENARIA, Willd., R. Br. Rein-Orchis. 

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and 
exposed, separate, sometimes widely separated (becoming attached, some to the 
proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the 



ORCHIDACE.E. ( ORCHIS FAMILY.) 499 

spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) : otherwise nearly as 
in true Orchis : the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from 
habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some 
species.) — Platanthera, named primarily for the species with the glands 
and bases of the anther-cells widely divergent, and Gymnadenia, where 
these are approximate, are found to afford no wholly fixed or clear practical 
distinctions. Accordingly, in this edition, our species are restored to the 
older genus. 

§ 1. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. Cells of the anther parallel, and approximate., 
their glands therefore contiguous. [Appendages of tlie stigma in our species two 
or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.) 

1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6'- 12' high), with a single 
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts 
above ; spike 6- 12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small ; lip 
wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth at the apex ; the slender and slightly 
club shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. (Orchis tridentata, 
Muhl. Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl.) — Wet woods : common northward and 
along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Eoot of few fleshy fibres. Appendages 
of the stigma (sterile stamens?) three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each 
orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their 
cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated 
by pollen-tubes ! 

2. H. Integra, Spreng. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower 
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and 
bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yel- 
low, small ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl- 
shaped descending spur. (Orchis Integra & flava, Nutt. H. Ellidttii, Beck. 
Gymnadenia flava, Lindl.) — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and 
southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. 
Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy : rostellum or middle 
appendage narrow. 

§ 2, PERTH/ARIA, Lindl. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, separated by a 
broadish connective, narrowed towards the base, the margins of which are ex- 
tended so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity (more than semi- 
circular in cross-section), which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland, 
(Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.) 
■ 3. H. Virescens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate 
the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of thw 
elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth 
on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, 
truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slen- 
der club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, L.l but the flowers are not yellow. O. 
virescens, Muhl., Willd. O. fusce'scens, Pursh., not of L. O. herbiala, Pursh. 
O. bidentata, Ell. 0. scutellata, Nutt. H. herbiola, R. Br. H. flava, Gray. 
Platanthera flava, Gray. ) — Wet places : common. June, July. — Stem 10' - 20' 
high ; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length 



500 ORCHID ACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers; which 

arc quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish, — The 

Siberian H. (Perularia) fuscescens is clearly distinct. 

§ 3. PL AT ANT HERA, Richard. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more torn- 
rnonhj divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or 
less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.) 

* Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike : spur not longer than the 

entire or merely notched narrow lip : anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate : 
stem leafy. 
•!- Spur short and sac-like: the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect: glands small, 
rather widely separated. (Peristylus, Lindl.) 

4. H. viridis, P. Br., var. braeteata, Reichenbach. Lower leaves obo- 
vate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4 
times the length of the green flowers; spike I0-30-flowered; lip oblong-linear 
or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than 
twice the length of the spur. (H. braeteata, R. Br.) — Stem 6- -12' high. 
According to Mr. Darwin, in the common European H. viridis each gland is 
protected by a minute pouch : this is not yet verified in ours. — Damp woods, 
especially northward. (Eu.) 

-i- +r Spur slender, incurved, about as long as the entire lip : lateral sepals spreading. 

5. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6' -2° high) leaves lanao- 
late, erect; spike dense (2' -15' long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the 
(greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading 
from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; 
glands orbicular; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. (P. hyper- 
borea, Huronensis, &c, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods : common north- 
ward. June, July. (Eu.) 

6. H. dilatata, Gray. (That of Hook, Exot. Fl. is the preceding.) Re- 
sembles No. 5, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves ; 
flowers white ; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the 
bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading ; anther-cells 
almost parallel ; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long 
as the pollen mass and its short flat stalk together ; stigma narrow ; a trowel- 
shaped conspicuous beak (rostellum) between the bases of the anther-cells. 
(Orchis dilatata, Pursh.) — Cold bogs : common northward. June, July. 

* * Flowers greenish or white and purple, few or several (5-15) in a loose spike, 

rather large for the size of the plant: scape or stem naked above, \-leaced at the 
base (5' -9' high) : spur not longer than the lip: anther-cells wholly adnate. 

7. H. rotundifblia, Richardson. Leaf varying from almost orbicular to 
oblong (!§' - 3' long) ; flowers rose-purple ; or the Up white and spotted with pur- 
ple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and2-lobed or strongly notched at the 
summit (4"- 6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the 
slender depending spur; anther-cells contiguous and parallel. (0. rotundifolia, 
Pursh.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine, Mr. Goodrich; Warren, Herkimer 
Co., New York, J. A. Paine: shore of L. Michigan in Wisconsin, Lewis Foote, 
and northwaid. June. 



ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 501 

8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers 
greenish-white; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals 
lance-oblong ; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3" long), about the length 
of the tapering and curving spur; anther-cells arcuate and widely separated. (O, 
obtusata, Pursh.) — Cold peat-bogs, &c., northeastern coast of Maine, and on 
mountains of New England and N. New York to Lake Superior (chiefly sub- 
alpine), and northward. June. (Eu.) 

# * # Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved 

at the base : spur longer than the narrow entire lip : anther-cells widely diverging, 
their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forwards : base of the stalk of the pollen- 
mass laterally affixed by a short intermediate body to the back of the orbicular 
gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward (the space between the two 
broad enough to receive the head of a butterfly). 

9. H. Hookeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad); scape 
mostly naked (j°-l° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flow- 
ers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, 
longer than the lance-awl-shnped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the 
ovary (nearly 1' long). (H. orbiculata, Hook.) — Woods, Rhode Island to Pcnn., 
Wisconsin and northward. June. — Var. oblongifolia, J. A. Paine. Leaves 
oblong (3' - 5' by 1 ^' - 2'). Little Falls, New York, ./. A. Paine. 

10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4'- 8' wide), orbicular, 
spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, bearing many spreading greenish- 
white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lip nar- 
rowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the 
oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals ; spur curved, slender (about 1 %' long), 
gradually thickened towards the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary; anther- 
cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly \' apart). 
(H. macrophylla, Hook. Orchis orbiculata, Pursh.) — Rich woods, especially 
of Coniferas, Maine to Pennsylvania and Lake Superior, and southward along 
the Alleghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth, shining above, silvery under- 
neath. Scape 1 ° - 2° high . 

* * * * (Fringed Orchis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, with 

mostly foliaceous bracts: stem (rather tall) leafy: spur thread-shaped or scarcely 
club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip : anther -cells widely sep- 
arated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms 
of the stigma, strongly projecting forwards or partly upwards : base of the stalk of 
the pollen-mass mostly affixed more or less laterally to the gland. 

*- Lip pectinate! y fringed but undivided: floivers golden yellow or white: anther-cells 
widely divergent and beak-pointed, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle 
much projecting forwards or slightly inwards : ovary long, tapering to the summit. 

11. H. cristata, R.Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper 
gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded (yellow) 
flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a 
lacerate fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which 
.is not half the length of the ovary. — (O. cristata, Michx.) — Bogs, Penn. 
(Pursh) to Virginia and southward. July. — Flowers only a quarter as large 
as in the next. 



502 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (Yellow Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves oblong or 
lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the ova- 
ries ; spike oblong, rather closely many -flowered ; flowers bright orawjt-ytllow ; 
lateral sepal rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex ; lip oblong 3 
about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe. 
(0. ciliaris, L.) — Wet sandy places, New England to Michigan, and especially 
southward : rare north of New Jersey. July - Sept. — Our handsomest species, 
l£°-2° high, with a short spike of very showy flowers ; the lip i' long, the con- 
spicuous fringe fully £' long on each side. 

13. H. blephariglottis, Hook. (White Fringed Orchis.) Leaves, 
&c. as in the last; flowers white; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the 
apex ; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of 
the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur. — 
Var. holopetala (Platanthera holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with 
the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of 
ponds, with the preceding, commonly taking its place in the northward. July. 
— A foot high, the flowers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. 

*•- +- (Greenish Fringed-Orchis.) Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the 
divisions cut into capillary fringes: flowers greenish- or yellowish-white : anther- 
cells not very divergent, the beaked bases, supported on the upper edge of the broad 
arms of the stigma, projecting forwards ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, trans- 
verse, nearly facing each other : ovary short -tapering at the summit : the long spurs 
gradually thickened downward. 

14. H. leueophsea. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the bracts similar, rather 
shorter than the (large) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obn- 
vate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, 
many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary 
(l'-l£' long); glands transversely oval. (Orchis leueophsea, Nutt.) — Moist 
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and south west ward. July.— Stem 2° -4° high. 
Lip 7" -10" long. 

15. H. lacera, R.Br. (Ragged Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves oblong or 
lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; petals oblong -linear, entire; divisions 
of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the 
length of the ovary ; glauds lanceolate, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass. 
(0. psycodes, MuhL, &c., not of L. Platanthera psychodes, Lindl. O. lacera. 
Michx.) — Bogs and moist thickets : common. July. 

+- 4- ■»- (Purple Fringed-Orchis.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk- 
like base, the dilated divisions erosely fringed : flowers purple : anther-cells tot del y 
separated, but little divergent, their tapering bases (supported as in the preceding) 
strongly projecting, the orbicular glands looking obi iquely forwards and downwards : 
ovary contracted only at the summit. : the long curving spur somewhat thickened 
downward. 

16. H. psyeddes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost 
passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many -flowered ; 
lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above ; di- 
visions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 503 

(0. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. O. incisa and O. fissa, Muhl. 
in Wiild. Platan thera fimbriata, Lindl.) — Wet meadows and bogs: common. 
July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4'- 10' in length, 
small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely ^' broad and not 
so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply 
cleft as the lateral ones. 

17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, 
passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or raceme oblong, loosely -flowered ; lower sep- 
als ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down the sides ; divisions of the pendent 
large lip fan-shaped, more fringed. (0. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. 
Fl. &c. 0. grandiflora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, New England to Penn. 
and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple), 
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding ; the more ample dilated 
lip I' to 1' broad, with a deeper and almost capillary crowded fringe, different- 
shaped petals, &c. 

18. H. peramcena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo- 
late ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; 
petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadly 
wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral 
ones truncate, the middle one2-lohed. (Platanthera peramoena, Ed. 2. P. fissa, 
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and bunks, Penn. to 
Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Flowers large and 
showy, violet-purple; the lip paler and very ample, 8"- 10" long: its divisions 
minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the terminal edge, but 
not fringed. 

3. GOODYERA, R.Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain. 

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at the base. Otherwise 
as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, 
bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. 
Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. 
(Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist.) 

§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip : anther 
short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt: 
gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short. 

1. G. repens, R. Br. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, 
more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose 1-sided 
spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens : 
common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. G. pubescens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; 
scape 6'- 12' high ; the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular 
lip very short : otherwise like the preceding, and too near it. — Rich woods, east- 
ward and southward. July, Aug. 

§ 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above : anther ovate and 
long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short proper column, which is continued 
above the stigma into a conspicuous long tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak. 



504 ORCHIDACE-ffi. (OKCHIS FAMILY.; 

Aspect of Goody era : structure of the flower nearly of Spiranthes, but the lip 

without caf/usities. 
3. G. Meiizi^sii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2' -3' long), less 
white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9'- 12' high ; 
flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1 -sided spike; flower-buds less pubes- 
cent, elongated-ovate and pointed ; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower por- 
tion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. (Spiran- 
thes decipiens, Hook.) — Woods, Western New York to Michigan (confounded 
with G. pubescens), Lake Superior, and far westward. July. 

4. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses. 

Flower somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the sepals and petals all 
narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together more 
or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short-stalked or 
sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuber- 
ance on each side of the base ; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or re- 
curved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, 
bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly 
acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in 
each cell), ovate, each 2-parted from the base (or even again divided) into thin 
and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, their summits 
together soon adhering to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland of the stigma, 
which is set in the slender or tapering thin process or beak terminating the 
column, and is carried away on the proboscis of insects visiting the flower, 
with the pollen, to be deposited upon the stigma of another flower. After the 
removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. — Roots 
clustered-tuberous : stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the 
base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1-3- 
ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the 
name, from o-neipa, a coil or curl, and uv 60s, flower.) 

* Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike. (Leaves at the root and base of th\ 
stem present at the flowering season.) 

1. S. Iatif61ia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4' -9' high, smooth; 
leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong ( 1 ' - 3' long, 6" - 8" wide), 3 - 5-nerved, 
contracted into a sheathing base ; spike narrow (l'-2' long), flowers small ; lip 
quadrate-oblong, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the 
small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ; 
gland and beak of the stigma short. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. FL, not 
of Lindl S. aestivalis, Oakes, Cat.) — Moist banks, Vermont and N. New York 
to Michigan, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter), and Delaware, W. M. Canby. 
June. — Perianth 2" -3" long; lip yellowish on the face, not contracted in the 
middle nor the margins involute. 

2. S. Romanzoviana, Chamisso. Stem leafy below, and leafy -bractea 
nbove (5' -15' high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; 
spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1'- 4' long) ; perianth curved and the sum- 
mit manifestly ringent, the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 505 

galea ; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded ivavy-crenulate much re* 
curved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth ; 
gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short. ( S. gemmipara, 
Lindl. (Neottia, Smith.) S. cernua, in part, Hook. & Ed. 2.) — High and cool 
bogs, New York, from Herkimer and Otsego Co., to Lake Superior, and north- 
westward. July, Aug. — Perianth about 4" long, pure white, smooth or 
smoothish. (Eu. Bantry Bay, Ireland, only.) 

3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy bracted above (6' -20' 
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4' - 12' long, 2" -4" wide) ; 
spike cylindrical, rather dense (2' -5' long) and with the flowers either pubes- 
cent or nearly smooth ; perianth horizontal or recurving, the lower sepals not 
upturned or connivent with the upper ; lip oblong and very obtuse when out- 
spread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the 
middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at 
the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear, 
in a long and very slender beak. — Common in wet places, especially eastward 
and southward. Sept., Oct. — Very variable in size, foliage, &c. : the commoner 
form, with pure white sweet-scented flowers, often nearly losing its root-leaves 
at flowering-time : a variety in dry ground has greenish-cream colored stronger- 
scented flowers, and retains its root-leaves. Perianth 4" -5" long. 

* * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank. 

t- Stem bearing towards and at the base elongated leaves, which mostly persist during 

the flowering season. 

4. S. graminea, Lindl., Var. Walteri. Stem 9'- 2° high ; lower and 
root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3' -8' long, 2" -4" wide) gradually tapering 
to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2' -5' 
long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, &c. downy-pubeseent; bracts 
ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing 
the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with 
rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded apex ; anther and beak 
of the stigma very acute. (Limodorum prascox, Walt. Neottia tdrtilis, Pursh, 
Barton, FL, &c. S. tortilis, Chapm.) — Wet, grassy places, S. New England to 
Virginia, and southward. July, Aug., at the north. — Root of fleshy or some- 
what tuberous thickened fibres. Perianth 3" long. — The original, West Indian 
S. tortilis (Swartz), Richard, has a smoother much less twisted spike, smaller 
bracts, and more leafless scape, the root-leaves seldom present at flowering-time : 
it is very like S. brevifolia, Chapm.. (S. longilabris, Lindl. 1). Our plant has a 
more acute tip to the anther and stigma than the Mexican. 

•*- •*- Scape very slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster 
at the ground, ovale or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly wither- 
ing away at or before flowering -.flowers small, and whole plant gabrous or nearly 
so : bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the pod. 

5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened; scape 8' -18' 
high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; lip oval when 
outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin 
white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities 

GM 22 



506 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

at the base nipple-shaped. (Also S. Beckii, Lind!., at least as to the Northern 
plant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July -Oct. — Perianth 
barely l£"-2"long. 

6. S. simplex, n. sp. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber; nc 
leaves at flowering time; scape 5' -9' high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1- 
sided) spike of very short flowers (perianth 1"-1|-" long) ; lip thin, white, obovaie- 
oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. — Dry, 
sandy soil, E. Mass. (Nantucket, Dr. Robbins), New Jersey (C. F. Austin, frc), 
and Delaware, Wm. M. Canby. Aug., Sept. — Spike l'-3' long. 

5. LISTERA, R. Brown. Twayblade. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, 
longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a 
rounded beak. Anther borne on the buck of the column at the summit, erect, 
ovate: pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. 
Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or ra- 
ceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister* 
an early and celebrated British naturalist.) 

* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed : pAants delicate, 4' - 8' high.) 

1. L. COrdata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped 
{j'-l' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than 
the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side at the 
base, 2-cleft. — Damp cold woods; from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; flowers 
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip 
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous. 
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June. 

* * Column longer, arching or straightish. 

3. L. COnvallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes 
a little heart-shaped (l'-l^' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on slen- 
der pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on 
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread- 
ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp 
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., also Maine to 
Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high. 

6. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Arethusa. 

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the 
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved spread- 
ing towards the summit. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated 
at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells : pollen-masses 
powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed 
scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-pur- 
ple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, 
protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.) 



OUCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 5U7 

1. A. foulbdsa, L. Flower single, erect, with an entire lip recurved at the 

apex and bearded-crested down the face. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wis- 
consin, and northward : rather scarce or local. May. — Flower 1' - 2' long, very 
handsome, bright rose-purple ; very rarely a pair of flowers. 

7. POGONIA, Juss. Pogonia. 

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. 
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, 
stalked : pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular, (lltaywi/tas, 
bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) 

§ 1 . Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white. 

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6' -9' high) 
bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or 
bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in their 
axil ; lip spatulate below, appressed to the column, beard-crested and fringed. — 
In bogs. June, July. — Flower 1' long, sweet-scented. — An interesting mon- 
ster of this, with two additional lips, and some other petaloid parts, was found in 
Herkimer Co., New York, by J. A. Paine. 

2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3' -8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 
to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3" -6") leaves, the upper 1-4 with 
drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3- 
lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless. (Triphora pendula, Nutt.) — Damp 
woods : rather scarce. Aug. — Perianth \' long, narrow. 

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or con- 
nivent petals : lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless : flowers 
solitary {or rarely a pair), terminal: root a cluster of fibres. 

3. P. divarieata, R. Br. Stem ( 1° - 2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the 
middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the 
sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spat- 
ulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about l'-U' long. — Wet pine- 
barrens, Quaker Bridge, New Jersey ( W. H. Leggett), Virginia, and southward. 
June, July. 

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6' - 12' high), naked, except some small 
scales at the base, and a whorl, of mostly 5 ohomte or obovate-oblonq sessile leaces at 
th^ summit; flower dusky purplish, on a, peduncle longer than the ovary and pod ; 
sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a 
mostly erect base (l£'-2' long) ; lip with a narrow crest down the middle. — 
Low woods : rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. — Glaucous when 
young. Stalk of pod about 1^' long, more than half the length of the leaves. 

5. P. affmis, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Somewhat smaller than the preceding ; 
leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or 
greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and pod ; sepals not twice the length 
of the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the 
middle of the lobes. — With the last, which it nearly resembles, but is much 
rarer. Southern New York and Northern New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; and 
Connecticut, near New Haven, Edward Dana. 



508 ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

8 . CALOPOGON, R. Br. Calopogon. 

Flower with, the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the 
upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis- 
tinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or 
stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column 
free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen- 
masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate 
threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the 
grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name 
composed of koKos, beautiful, and rrcoycov, beard, from the bearded lip.) 

1. C. pulehellus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow- 
ered; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded towards the dilated 
summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs : common. 
June, July. — Flowers 1 ' broad, pink-purple. 

9. CALYPSO, Salisb. Calypso. 

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. 
Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9" long), 2-pointed 
underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing 
the lid-like anther just below the apex : pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, 
all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb ; the solid bulbs producing a 
single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in A plectrum, and a short 
(3' -5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated 
purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Cah/pso.) 

1. C. borealis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in 
moss, Northern New England to Michigan, and northward. May. — A very 
local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, 
woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.) 

10. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane-fly Orchis. 

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro- 
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length 
of the flower (9"- 12" long), 3-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as 
long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and 
wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con- 
nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. ■*— Herb with large 
solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct petiole, producing in autumn 
a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, tinged with purple 
beneath; and in summer a long and naked slender scape (10'- 18' high), with 
1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing a many-flowered raceme of small greenish 
flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers 
to insects of the genus Tipula.) 

1. T. discolor, Nutt. Lip blunt at the tip (which distinguishes it from 
a recently discovered Himalayan species). — Sandy woods, Massachusetts to 
Michigan and southward : very scarce. July. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 509 

11. BLBTIA, Ruiz&Pavon. Bletia. 

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, hinged as 
it were with the column, crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Col- 
umn half-cylindrical ; the fleshy anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 
8, in pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many- 
flowered from solid tubers. (Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.) 

I. B. aph^lla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l°-2° high) beset with purplish 
scales, the lower ones sheathing; flowers racemed, brownish-purple; lip not 
saccate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 

12. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's-Mouth. 

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or 
ovate at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, 
with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pol- 
len-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, 
without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Little herbs, from solid bulbs, produ- 
cing simple stems or scapes, which bear in our species a single leaf, and a raceme 
of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of fxiKpos, little, and ctvXls, a 
column or style.) 

1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf sheathing the 
base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; raceme spiked, long and slender; pedicels not 
longer than the flowers ; lip long-pointed. — Cold wet swamps, N. New England 
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, 
clasping; raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers ; lip 3- 
toothed at the summit. — Damp woods : more common southward. July. 

13. LIPARIS, Richard. Twatblade. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. 
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, 
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 4, in 
one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or 
gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low 
scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from 
~Ki7rap6s,fat or sinning, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 

1. L. liliifblia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; lip 
hrge (^' long) wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish. (Malaxis lilii- 
folia, Su-artz.) — Moist woodlands: commonest in the Middle States. June. 

2. L. Losselii, Richard. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ; 
lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear 
unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs, New England 
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. (Eu.) 

14. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. 

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at the 
base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the upper arching ; 



510 orchidace^e. (orchis family.) 

the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbos- 
ity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary : lip slightly 
adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of pro- 
jecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther 
terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft- waxy, free. 
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched 
and toothed coral -like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim- 
ple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-colored 
flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of KopdAAiov, coral, and pi£ a « 
root.) 

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary : flowers small : lip whitish 
or purplish, often mottled with crimson. 

1. C. innata, E. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3'- 
9' high), 5- 12-flowered ; pedicels very short; lip somewhat hastatehj 3-lobed above 
the base, the lamella? thick and rather short ; spur a very small protuberance ; 
pod oval or elliptical (3" -4'' long). (C. verna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp 
woods. May, June. — Perianth only 2'' or 1\'' long. (Eu.) 

2. C. Odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather 
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6 -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels 
rather slender ; lip entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, 
abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamella? a pair of short projections; 
the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the 
ovary; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval (4" long). (C. 
Wistariana, Conrad.) — Rich woods, New York to Michigan, and especially 
southward : rare northward. May, July. — Perianth about 3" long. 

3. C. multifldra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9'- 1 8' high), 10- 
30-nowered ; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent 
lamellae: spur manifest and protuberant; pod oblong (6" -9" long), short-ped- 
icelled- — Dry woods : common. July - Sept. — Perianth 2^" - 4" long. 

§ 2. -Spur none: the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base of the perianth wholly free 
from the ovary : flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding. 

4. C. Maersei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6' -16' high), bearing 15- 
25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval or obovate, 
perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1-3 short 
lamella? ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves ; pod oblong 
(9" long). — Woods, from near Lake Erie (Caledonia Springs, Canada, W. F. 
Macrae), MackinaAV, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof. Whitney, and westward to the 
Pacific. July. — Sepals, petals, and lip 6" or 7" long. — This is the Aplectrum 
aphyllum, Nutt. in herb. ; and from the range and the size of the flowers it can 
hardly be other than C. striata, Lindl., but it does not at all agree with the 
character as to the lip and spur. 

15. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve. 

Perianth neither gibbous, nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. 
Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and the scape (im'ested 
below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza. But, instead of a coral-like 



ORCHID AC EM. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 511 

root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb 
or conn, often 1' in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which 
sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green 
leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape, 
a foot or more high, is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. 
(Genus too near the last. The name composed of a privative and TrXrjKrpov, 
a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 

1. A. hyemale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould: rather rare or local. — 
Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizon- 
tally connected. Perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat 
speckled with purple, 5" - 6" long. 

16. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. Moccason-flower. 

Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into 
one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually nar- 
rower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile sta- 
men, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and 
pulpy or powdery-granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like 
but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and 
covers the summit of the style ; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, 
moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen 
in most of our species, especially in No. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face 
of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches 
it, carrying away some of the pollen. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves 
large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Plowers solitary or 
few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kim pis, Venus, and nodiov, a sock 
or buskin, i. e. Venus' s Slipper. ) 

§ 1. The three sepals separate. (Stem leafy, single-flowered.) 

1. C. arietinum, R. Brown. (Ram's-head L.) Upper sepal ovate- 
lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (green- 
ish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip, which is prolonged 
at the apex into a short conical deflexed point ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nearly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Cold swamps 
and damp woods, Maine to New York, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. 
— The smallest species : stem slender, 6'- 10' high : lip only 6" long. 

§ 2. Two of the sepals united into one piece under the lip. 

* Stem leafy to the top, 1 - ^-flowered : lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much inflated, 

horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice. 

-t- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the Up. 

2. C. eandidum, Muhl. (Small White Lady's Slipper.) Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ; lip ivhite, flattish laterally, convex above ; sterile stamen lanceo- 
late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Bogs, Central and W. New Yuik (rare) 
to Kentucky and Wisconsin. May, June. — Little larger than the foregoing 
species, slightly pubescent, 1 -flowered : petals and sepals greenish, not muck 
exceeding the lip, which is less than 1' long. 



512 AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 

3. G. parvifldrum, Salisb. (Smaller Yellow L.) Sepals ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish from above, bright yellow (I' or less long) : sterile sta- 
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Bogs and low woods ; rather common. 
May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flower fragrant: sepals and petals more 
brown-purple than in the next, into which, however, it seems to pass. 

4. C. pub6scens, Willd. (Larger Yellow L.) Sepals elongated-lanceo- 
late; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above ( 1^' — 2' long, scent- 
less, pale yellow. — Bogs and low woods : common northward and westward, 
and southward in the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as 
are the broadly oval acute leaves. 

>*- +- Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip. 

5. C. spectabile, Swartz. (Showy L.) Sepals round-ovate or orbicu- 
lar, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, white, pink purple in 
front (l£' long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Beat- bogs, Maine and W. New 
England to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — The most 
beautiful of the genus, downy, 2° high. Leaves ovate, p<. 'nted. 

* * Scape naked, 2-leavtd at the base, l-floioered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter 
than the drooping lip, which has a closed fissure down its whole length in front. 

6. C. acaule, Ait. (Stkmless L.) Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
nearly as long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely 
white), nearly 2' long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid; leaves oblong. (C. 
humile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens : common, especially 
northward. May, June. — Blant downy : the scape 8'- 12' high, with a green 
bract at the top. 

Order 115. AMARYE.L.IDACE^E. (Amaryllis Family.) 

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear- 
flat root-leaves, and regular {or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, 
the tube of the corolline ^-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary ; the 
lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled, 
several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight 
embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gar- 
dens by the Narcissus (N. poeticus), Jonquil (N. Jonquilla), and Daf- 
fodil (N. Pseudo-Narcissus), the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 
and the Snowflake (Lkucojum vernum), &c\, but with very few indige- 
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliacege 
chiefly in the inferior ovary. 

# Pod 3-valved, loculicidal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped. 
Z. Amaryllis. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated. 
% Pancratium. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes: a cUp-shaped 

crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated. 
b. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent , no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulboua. 

* # Pod iudehiscent ; anthers sagittate. 
4. Hypoxys. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid. 



AMARYLLIDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 513 

1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Amaryllis. 

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and 
similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers 
versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and scape from a coated 
bulb. Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.) 

I. A. Atamasco, L. (Atamasco Lily.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex; 
perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (Muhl.) Virginia, 
and southward. June. — Flower 3' long, on a scape 6' high. 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Pancratium. 

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes 
long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolline 
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers 
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 - 3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb- 
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an 
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of Trap, all, and 
Kparvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.) 

1. P. rotatum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (1° - 2° long); 
scape few-flowered; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading 
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno- 
callis rotata, Herbert. ) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and 
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather. 

3. AGAVE, L. American Aloe. 

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal, 
narrow. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, many-seeded. 
Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny 
teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous- 
rooted crown. (Named altered from ayavos, wonderful, not inappropiuate as 
applied to A.Americana, the Century-plant.) 

1. A. Virginiea, L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or den 
.iculate ; scape 3° - 6° high ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish- 
yellow, fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn.'? Virginia to Illinois (Mr. Lwn- 
mis), and southward. Sept. 

4. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth persistent, 6-partcd, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba' 
ccous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers sagittate, erect. Pod crowned with the 
withered on closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a 
crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent 
quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of 
lateral beak. Radicle inferior ! — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy 
linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (Name com- 
posed of vtto, beneath, and o£vs, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acute 
at the base.) 

33 



514 H^EMODORACE^. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 

1. H. ereeta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbelJately 
1 - 4-flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel- 
low within. — Meadows and open woods : common. June -Aug. 

Order 116. H^EMODOBACEiE. (Blood wort Family.) 

Herbs, withjibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3-6-androus 
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed 
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the 
3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ; 
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en- 
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded. 
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the 
Southern hemisphere. 

# Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous. 

1. Laclinaiitlxes. Stamens 3, exserted . anthers versatile. Leaves equitant. 

* * Ovary free except at the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous. 

2. ILophioIa. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant. 

3. A let ris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6 toothed 

perianth. Leaves flat. 

1. LACHNANTHES, L. Red-root. 

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, 
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear, 
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular. 
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — - 
Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered 
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated 
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence 
the name, from Aav^, wool, and avBos, blossom). 

1. L. tinctdria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey 
southward, near the coast. July - Sept. 

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Lofrioi-a. 

Perianth densely Avoolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading, 
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by 
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with 
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each 
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial 
herb, Avith creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi- 
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the 
summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in- 
side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft 
towards the base (whence the name from Xoc^eioi', a small crest.) 

1. L. atirea, Ker. ( Conds ty lis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine barrens, 
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug. 



IRIDACE.E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 515 

3. ALETRIS, L. Colic-root. Star-grass. 



Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by 
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below 
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at 
the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, 
3-cleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the 
roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren- 
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading 
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked 
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped, 
minute. ('AXerp/?, a female slave who grinds corn ; the name applied to these 
plants in allusion to the apparenCmealiness dusted over the blossoms.) 

1. A. farindsa, L. Plowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-ob- 
long. — Grassy or sandy woods : not rare. July, Aug. 

2 A. aurea, Walt. Flowers belbshaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ; lobes 
short-ovate. — Barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 

Order 117. BBOMEL1ACE.E. (Pine- Apple Family.) 

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi- 
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath- 
ing at the base, usually covered with scurf: Q-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth 
adherent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &e , or free from it in 

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss. 

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana- 
ceous ; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading 
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with 
the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig- 
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculieidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting 
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro- 
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. 
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. 
(Xamed for Prof. Ti/lands of Abo.) 

1. T. usneoides, L. (Common Long Moss or Black Moss.) Stems 
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1- 
flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward ; groAving on the branches 
of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern 
States, and barely coming within the limits of this work. 

Order 118. IRIDACEiE. (Iris Family.) 

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranlced leaves, and regular or irregular perfect 
flowers; the divisions of the Q-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud 
in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona- 
delphotis stamens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth and 



516 IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 

opposite the stigmas, with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 
or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite 
the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds 
anatropous : embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or 
corms mostly acrid. — Represented in gardens by Crocus, Gladiolus, 
Tigridia or Tiger-flower, and by three genera in the wild state. 

1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved ; the inner erect : stigmas petal-like. 

2. Pardaiithus. Perianth equally spreading : filaments nearly distinct: stigmas dilated 
S. Sisyrincliium. Perianth regular and equally spreading : filaments monadelphous t« 

the top : stigmas thread-like. 

1 . IRIS, L. Flo*ver-de-Luce. 

Perianth 6-cleft ; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary ; the 3 
outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner smaller and erect. Stamens 
distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like 
stigmas (or rather branches of the style* bearing the true stigma in the form of 
a thin lip or plate under their apex) : most of the style connate with the tube 
of the perianth. Pod 3 - 6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened. — 
Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours 
all with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. ('IptSi the rainbow 
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied 
colors of the blossoms.) 

* Stems leafy and rather tall (1° - 3° high), from thickened roof stocks, often branching : 

tube- of the perianth shoHer than the divisions, which are beardless and crestless, 
the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer. 
-t- Flowers violet-blue, variegated ivith greenish, yellowish or white, and purple-veined. 

1. I., versicolor, L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on 
one side ; leaves sword-shaped (%' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides 
flat; flowers (-2^' -3' long) short-peduncled," the funnel-form tube shorter than 
the ovary; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places: common. 
May, June. ' . 4 

2. I. Virginica, L. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very slender, terete ; 
leaves narrowly linear (2" -3" wide); flowers slender-peduncled (H'-2' long), 
the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved ; pod sharply 
triangular. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gracilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to 
Virginia and southward, near the coast. June. 

■*- •*- Flowers yellowish or dull reddish-brown. 

3. I. Cliprea, Pursh. Stem and leaves as No. 1 ; tube of the perianth 
cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary; petal-like branches of the style 
narrow. — Swamps near Cairo, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. May. 

* * Stems low (3' -6' high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there tuber- 

ous-thickened) rootstocks, 1 - 3-ftowered : tube of the perianth long and slender ; 
the violet-blue divisions nearly equal. 

4. I. verna, L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- 
cous ; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which 



IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 517 

are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the outer ones slightly hairy down 
the orange-yellow base, crestless ; pod obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides, 
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April. 

5. I. eristata, Ait. (Crested Dwarf Tris.) Leaves lanceolate (3' -5' 
long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread- 
like tube of the perianth ; which is 2' long and much longer than the light blue 
obovate short-clawed divisions^the outer ones crested but beardless ; pod sharply 
triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, v Kentucky, and southward. May. — 
Creeping rootstocks pungently acrift. 

6. I. lacustris, Nutt. (Lake* Dwarf Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather 
shorter than the divisions (yellowish, ^ -%' long), dilated upwards, not exceeding 
the spathe : otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes ; 
Huron and Michigan. May. • ; 

2. PARDANTHUS, Ker: Blackberry-Lilt. -\ tf 
Perianth 6-parted almost to. the ovary; the divisions widely and equally 

spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. - "Stamens mona- 
delphous only at the base : anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the nar- 
row divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Pod pear-shaped ; the valves 
at length falling away, leaving the xentral column covered with the globose 
black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). 

— Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, &c. of an Iris; the branching stems 
(3° -4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the oranjj^e-yellow perianth mottled above 
with crimson purple spots (whence the name from irapdos, a leopard, and avOos, 
a flower). ... 

1. P. Chinensis, Ker. ^Ixia Chinensis, L.) — Sparingly escaped, from 
gardens into waste places. *j*uly - Sept. (Adv. from China, &c.) 

3. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. 

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous^to 
the top. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low 
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch- 
ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers 
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of ads, a hog, and pi'-vyo^, snout, from 
a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up ) 

1. S. Bermudiana, L. Stem winged, naked, or 1 -2-leaved; leaves nar- 
row and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at 
the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal, 
shorter than the flowers.) — Var. Axceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged 
scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — 
Var. mucronAtum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and narrowly winged 
scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed and unequal, one of 
them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various intermediate forms. 

— Moist meadows, &c, among grass; common everywhere. June -Aug. — 
Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whitish ; or, in var. 
Albidum (S. albidum, Rqf.) pure white: Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. 



518 SMILACE^E. ^SMILAX FAMILY). 

Order 139. DIOSCOREACE^E. (Yam Family.) 

Plants ivith twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, 
and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and 
regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile 
plant to the S-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, 
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod. 
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly by 
the genus 

1. DIOSCOEEA, Plumier. Yam. 

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base 
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally 
3rvalved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, 
with a membranaceous wing, (dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.) 

1. D. villdsa, L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alter- 
nate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy underneath, 
heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9- 11 -ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yelloAv, 
the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes. — Thick- 
ets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — Stems 
slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods 8" - 10" 
long. — A bad name, for the plsmt is never villous, and often nearly smooth. 

. Order 120. SMIL.ACE.E. (Smilax Family.) 

Shrubby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing _ or supported by a pair of 
tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves ; with 
dioecious small flowers ; regular perianth of '6 (rarely more) similar greenish 
deciduous sepals, free from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals, with in- 
trorse l-celled anthers ; ovary with 3 (rarely 1 or 4 - 6) cells and as many 
elongated spreading sessile stigmas. Ovules one or a pair in each cell, 
suspended, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. Seed-coat close, firmly 
adherent to the hard horny albumen : embryo minute. — Order, as here 
limited, represented almost solely by the genus 

1 . SMILAX, Tourn. Greenbrier. Catbrier. 

Character as above. — Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, greenish or 
yellowish. Ster. Ft. Stamens inserted on the very base of the sepals : filaments 
linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, 2-loeellate. Fert. Fl. Fila- 
ments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile. (The 
ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) 

§ 1. Stems woody, often prickly : ovules solitary. [Ours all glabrous.) 

* Leaves ovate or roundish, Src, most of them rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 

and 5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. 



SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 519 

+- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, flattened ; leaves thickish, 
inclining to be evergreen, at least southward, green both sides. 

1. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the 
base or unarmed; leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3' -4' long); berries 
coral-red. (S.China, Walt.) — New Jersey, and southward. July. 

2. S. rotundifdlia, L. (Common Greenbrier.) Stem armed with 
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4- 
angular; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart- 
shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. 
(S. cadiica, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thick- 
ets : common, especially southward. June, July. — Plant yellowish-green, often 
high-climbing. — Passes into var. quadrangularis, with the branches, and 
especially the branchlets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — 
Penn. to Illinois, and southward. 

+- ■*- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole, flattened : leaves 
tardily deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom. 

3. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets 
armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate, 
glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young 
(about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsa- 
parilla, L., in part, but not as to the syn. of Bauhin, whence the name was taken. 
(S. cadiica, Willd. S. spinulosa, Smith ? Torr.fl.) —Dry thickets, S. New York 
to Kentucky and southward. July. 

4. S. tamnoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch- 
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart- 
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- 
berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins 
often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata Willd., 
S. pandurata, Pursh, &c, are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to 
Illinois, and (chiefly) southward. July. 

t- •<- i- Peduncles 2 -4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3' -5' long), 
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so. 

5. S. hispida, Muhl. Eootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing 
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering 
branchlets mostly naked; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, 
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn. 
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l^'-2' long. Sepals Ian, 
ceolate, almost 3" long. 

6. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed, 
or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets 
ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture ; 
peduncles flat (2' -3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and 
southward. July. 

* * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short 
petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many of them 



520 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 

without tendrils : peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels, terete ; the umbels 
sometimes panicled : branches terete, unarmed. 

7. S. laneeolata, L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate 
or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3 ; berries dull red, — Southeastern Virginia and south- 
ward. June. 

8. S. laurifdlia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from 
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2^-' - 5' long) ; stigma solitary ; berries black when ripe, 
1-seeded. — Pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug. 

§ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Tore. Stem herbaceous, never prickly: flowers 
carrion-scented: ovules mostly in /juirs in each cell: leaves long-petioled, mem- 
branaceous, mucrouate-tipped : berries bluish-black with a bloom. 

9. S. herbacea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem erect and recurving, 
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved, 
smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or 
sometimes even 6' -8', and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — 
Var. pdlverdlenta (S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has 
the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter-peduncled state 
of this appears to be S. lasioneuron, Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks : 
common. June. — Very variable, l°-3°, or even 6° -8° high: petioles l'-3' 
long. Seeds 6. 

10. S. tamnifblia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-halberd- 
shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tamnoides, 
Pursh, not of L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. — 
Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the 
apex. Berry 2 - 3-seeded. 

Order 121. IXlAkwm. (Lily Family.) 

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 
G-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3- 
celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in 
one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few - many-seeded pod or 
berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or 
amphitropous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer 
and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally 
similar, except in Trillium. — A large family, as here extended, the prin- 
cipal divisions commonly received as orders, but not well limited. For 
the present purpose they are best regarded as tribes. 

Tribe I. TRILLiTDE^. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. 
Fruit a several -many -seeded berry. Divisions or leaves of the periantb distinct, the 3 
outer often foliaceous. Simple stem from a rootstock, naked below ; leaves all in one or 
two whorls above, broad, more or less conspicuously netted-veined ! 

1. Trillium. Perianth of two sorts, 3 foliaceous persistent sepals and 3 colored petals. 

Anthers adnate, introrse. Leaves (3) in a single whorl. Flower single. 

2. Medeola. Perianth of 6 similar colored divisions, deciduous. Anthers fixed by the 

middle, extrorse. Leaves in two whorls. Flowers several. 



LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 521 

Tribe II. NELANTHIEJE. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. separate down to the ovary. 
Fruit a several - many-seeded pod. Seeds with a soft or loose coat. Anthers extrorse, 
except in No. 11. Perianth withering-persistent. Leaves parallel-veined and alternate- 
Flowers often polygamous, sometimes dioecious. 

♦ Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening: 

pod 3-horned, and septicidal: seeds flat, membranaceous-margined. 
•i- Sepals with one or two glands or spots on the upper face near the base. 
Sk Melantbium. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long 
claws bearing the stamens. 

4. Zygadenus. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals nearly free from the base of 

the ovary : stamens free. 

+- I- Sepals destitute of glands, and not raised on claws. 

5. Stenanthium. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo- 

late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Hacemes compound-panicled. 

6. Veratrum. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the 

stamens. Flowers panicled, polygamous. 

7. AmiautliiuMi. Perianth entirely free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the 

stamens. Flowers racemed, perfect. 

* # Anthers 2-celled, extrorse : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked. 
8- Xerophyllum. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves 

very slender. Seeds 2 in each cell. 
9. Helonias. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves 

lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous. 

10. Chamselirium. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy. 

# * * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal, many-seeded. 

11. Tofieldia. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant. 

Tribe III. UVDLARIEJI. Style 3-parted ; i. e. styles 3 united into one only at the 
base. Fruit a few-seeded pod. Seed-coat soft or loose. Anthers more or less extrorse. 
Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Stems from a rootstock or fibrous roots, leafy. Leave* 
alternate, broad, parallel-veined. 

12. Uvularia. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. 

Tribe IV. ASPARAGIIVE^E. Style 1, undivided (i.e. the 3 or rarely 2 styles united 
to the summit into one). Fruit a few-seeded berr . . Seeds with a close coat and horny 
albumen. Stems from a rootstock. Leaves parallel-veined, chiefly alternate. Pedicels 
often articulated with the flower or in the middle. 

* Plants with true leaves. Coat of the hard .-ted thin and membranous. 
+- Anthers extrorsely attached to the filament. Stamens hypog\ nous. Sepals distinct. 

13. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating the forked branches, 

on straight jointless pedicels. 

14. Streptnpus. Anthers arrow-shaped, pointed. Flowers lateral along the forked branches : 

pedicels bent about the middle. 

15. Clintonia. Anthers oblong, pointless. Flowers terniinatim: a naked s< ape. 

■t- -t- Anthers introrse. Filaments attached to the perianth. Stem simple 

16. Convallaria. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed, bearing the stamens Leaves all at the 

base of the naked scape, which bears the flowers in a simple raceme. 
17- Smilaciita. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Stem 
leafy. Flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme. 

18. Polygosiatum. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the middle. 

Stem leafy to the top. Flowers axillary. 

* * Plants with branching stems, their true leaves reduced to scales : leaf-like branchlets 

serving for foliage. Seed-coat hard and black. 

19. Asparagus. Perianth 6- parted. The apparent leaves very narrow or threai-like- 

L & M— 42 



522 liliace^:. (lily family.) 

Tribe V. LILIES. Style 1, undivided (i. e. the three united throughout into one), 
or rarely a sessile stigma. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. An- 
thers introrse or extrorse. Stem commonly from a coated or scaly bulb. 
* Leafy -stemmed from a scaly bulb. 

20. Lilium. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Pod oblong, many -seeded : seeds horizontal, flat. 
# # Scape naked or nearly so, from a coated or rarely scaly bulb. Seeds mostly globular. 

-t- Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate divisions or sepals. 

21. Erythronium. Flower single. Style club-shaped. Pod obovate. 

22. Ornithogalum. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided. 

23. Scilla. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like. 

24. Allium. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved. 

•*- ■*- Perianth globular or ovoid, 6-toothed. 

25. Muscari. Flowers in a dense raceme, numerous, small, mostly blue. 

* * * No bulb. Stem or scape several-flowered. Pod many-seeded. 
26 Hemerocallis. Perianth, large, funnel-shaped ; the sepals united in a narrow tube 
below. Stamens and long st le declined. Seeds globular, black. 

27. Yucca. Perianth large, of 6 separate broad divisions. Stigmas sessile. Stem woody 

and persistent : leaves persistent. Seeds flat, horizontal. Flowers panicled. 

28. Nartliecium. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions narrow, yellowish. Filaments woolly. 

Style slender. Flowers in a raceme. Leaves equitant. Seeds small, long-tailed at both 
ends. (Transition to Juncacese.) 

1. TRILLIUM, L. Three-leaved Nightshade. 

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, 
withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, in- 
trorse ; the cells opening down the margins. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl- 
shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the 
inner side. Ovary 3 - 6-angled. Berry ovate, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds 
horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and sim- 
ple stem rising from a short and prasmorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing 
at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed 
but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower ; in spring. (Name from 
trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with 
the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the 
flower increased in number. 

§ 1. Flower sessile in the bosom of the leaves, erect: petals varying from spatulate 
to lanceolate, 1' -2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent (stems 
4' -12' high). 

1. T. sessile, L. Leaves sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched 
or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying to green- 
ish). — Moist woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 

2. T. recurvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate, 
oblong, or obovate : sepals refexed, petals pointed, the base narrowed into a claw, 
dark purple. — Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward. 

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle : petals withering away after blossoming. 

* Peduncle slender, erect or inclined: leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly taper-pointed, 

sessile or nearly so by a wedge-shaped or acute base: petals plane. 

3. T. grandifibrum, Salisb. (Large White T. or Wake Robin.) 
Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, barely sessile; petals obovate, 



LILIACEjE. (LILY FAMILY.) 523 

spreading from an erect base, much larger than the sepals (2' - 2^' long), white, 
changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to IS. Penn., Kentucky, 
Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flower erect, on a peduncle 2' -3' long, 
very handsome. 

4. T. erectum, L. (Purple T. or Birthroot.) Leaves dilated-rhom- 
boidal, nearly as broad as long ; petals ovate, acutish, dark dull purple, spreading, 
little longer than the sepals (l'-l^'long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropur- 
pureum, Michx.) — Rich woods : common, especially northward. May. — 
Peduncle 1'- 3' long, usually rather inclined than erect. 

Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary 
mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form, 
especially from New York westward. 

Var. declinatum. Peduncle (fully half the length of the leaves) horizontal, 
or soon becoming so, or in fruit almost defiexed ; petals white, rarely pink. — 
Ohio to L. Superior (where it is the principal Trillium, Dr. Robbins), and 
northward. — Sometimes confounded with the next, if not passing into it. 

* * Peduncle from the first recurved under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves, 

scarcely if at all longer than the wavy recurved-spreading petals. 

5. T. c6rnuum, L. (Nodding T. or Wake-Robin.) Leaves broadly 
rhomboid, abruptly pointed ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, rather longer than 
the sepals (6" -9" long) ; styles distinct. — Moist woods, especially eastward. 

6. T. Stylosum, Nutt. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, more dis- 
tinctly ribbed ; petals tinged with rose-color, oblong, much longer and broader than 
the sepals ; styles united below the middle. — Virginia 1 and southward. 

* * * Peduncle erect or nearly so : leaves distinctly petioled from a rounded base •• 

petals merely spreading, longer than the sepals. 

7. T. nivale, Riddell. (Dwarf White T.) Small (2'-4' high) ; leaves 
oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, white, scarcely wavy, spreading from an 
erect base (as in No. 3), equalling the peduncle ; styles long and slender. — Rich 
woods, Ohio to Wisconsin. April. —Leaves l'-2', and petals 1' long. 

8. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (Painted T.) Leaves ovate, taper- 
pointed; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white 
painted with purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum, 
Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New England and Penn. to L. Superior 
and northward, and southward in the higher Alleghanies. May, June. 

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. 

Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish- 
yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the slender filaments, 
oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the 
closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles 
stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, long 
and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. 
— A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (l°-3° high, clothed with 
flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous white 



D'24: LILIACEJ5. (LILY FAMILY.) 

rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl 
of 5 - 9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed and 
neUed-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate 
ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named 
after the sorceress Medea., from the wholly imaginary notion that it possesses 
great medicinal virtues.) 

1. M. Virginica, L. (Gyrbmia, Nutt.)— Rich damp woods. June. 

3. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. Melanthium. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely 
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised 
on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or conflu- 
ent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the 
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Anthers 
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1 -celled, shield-shaped after opening, 
extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod 
ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, 
separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds 
flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous 
base, roughish-downy above, as Well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle 
(composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves 
lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of 
[xeXas, black, and civOos, flower, from the darker color which the persistent peri- 
anth assumes after blossoming; but the name is hardly warranted.) 

1. M. Virginicum, L. (Bunch-flower.) (M. Virginicum & race- 
mosum, Michx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virginicum & hybridum, 
Roem. $- Schu/t., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, from Southern New York to 
Illinois, and common southward. July. 

4. ZYGADEIUS, Michx. Zygadene. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading; 
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 -2-glandular next the more or less nar- 
rowed, but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent 
with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. 
Anthers, styles, and pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly 
winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems 
from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled 
greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of £vyos, a yoke, and 
ddrjv, a gland, the glands being in pairs.) 

* Glands on the perianth cons/nmous. 

1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stems l°-3° high from a creeping rootstock; 
leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point; 
panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals (£' long) 
ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the short claw-like 
base. — Grassy low grounds, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. 



LILIACE-ffi. (lilt family.) 525 

2. Z. glailCUS, Nutt. Stem l°-3°high from a coated bulb; leaves flat; 
panicle rather simple and few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the base 
of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate 
gland, (Anticlea glanca, Kunth.) — Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes 
(Bergen Swamp, Gennesee Co., New York, G. T. Fish) to N. Illinois : rare. 

* * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.) 

3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem 1°- 4° high from a somewhat bulbous base, 
slender; leaves narrowly linear; flowers small (4" in diameter) and numerous, 
in a few crowded panicled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base 
of the divisions of the free perianth. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Gray.) — 
Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey {Darand, Knieskern) and southward. 

5. STENANTHIUM, Gray ( under Veratrum ) . 

Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, 
tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent 
with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the 
short stamens. Anthers, pods, &c. nearly as in Nos. 4 and 6. Seeds nearly 
wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, 
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in 
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle ; in summer. (Name com- 
posed of crrevos, narrow, and avOos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles. ) 

1. S. angUStifolium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers (£' long), 
white, very short -pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged terminal one, 
and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh. He- 
lonias graminea, Bot. Mag.) — Low prairies and meadows, Penn. to Illinois and 
southward towards the mountains. — Stem slender, 2° -6° high. 

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate 
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the 
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the 
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as 
in Melanthium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a 
thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, 
and racemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers ; in summer. (Name formed of 
vere, truly, and ater, black.) 

1. V. viride, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.) 
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high); leaves broadly oval, pointed, 
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes 
spreading; perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps a^d low 
grounds: common. (Much too near V. album of Europe.) 

2. V. parvifldrum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), sparingly leafy 
below, naked above; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti- 
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal 
raceme wand-like, the lateral slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the flow- 



526 



LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 



ers; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2" -3' long), those of the 
sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt. 
Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.) — Mountains of Virginia and southward. 

3. V. Woodii, Bobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels 
( \Lii _ 3'/ long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals [3 ,f - 4^ n 
long) dingy green turning brownish purple within : otherwise much as in the last, 
of which it may be a variety • but the flowers are mostly double the size, and 
the panicle stouter. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly barrens, Green 
Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. 



7. AMlANTHIUM, Gray 



Fly-Poison. 



Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like 
(white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments 
capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, pods, &c, nearly as in 
Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, obiong or linear, with a loose 
coat, 1 -4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with simple steins from a bulbous base or 
coated bulb, scape-hke, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand- 
some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. 
(From dpiavTos, unspotted, and av6os, flower ; a name funned with more regard 
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 

1. A. mUSCSetOXicum, Gray. (Fly-Poison.) Leaves broadly linear, 
elongated, obtuse (j'-l' wide); raceme simple; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds 
oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (Helonias erythrosperma, Miclix.) — Open 
woods, New Jersey and Penn. to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 

8. XEROPHYLLUI, Michx. Xerophyllum. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval, 
distinct, without glands or claws, at length withering, about the length of the 
awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, 
stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular, 3-lobecl, obtuse (small), loculici- 
dal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-an- 
gled, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, 
l°-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy 
white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced 
to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, a 
foot or more long, 1' Avide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid 
(whence the name from ^npos, arid, and cfyvWov, leaf). 

1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx. 
Helonias asphodelioides, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward: also 
far westward. June. 



9. HELONIAS, L. Helonias. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent, 
turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, round- 
ish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Poi* 



LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 527 

dbcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. 
Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A 
smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate evergreen flat 
leaves, from a tuberous rootsiock, producing in early spring a hollow naked 
scape (l°-2° high;, sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by 
a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete : pedicels shorter than the 
flowers. (Name probably from eXos, a swamp, the place of growth.) 

1. H. bullata, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey and 
Pennsylvania to Virginia : rare and local. 

10. CHAM^LIRIUM, Willd Devil's-Bit. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, 
withering-persistent. Filaments and (white) anthers as in Helonias : fertile 
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along 
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 
3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each 
end. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt 
tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4' -9' long) 
of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves 
flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of 
%ap.ai, on the ground, and Xelpiov, lily ; of no obvious application.) 

1. C. luteum. (Blazing-Star.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum 
luteum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New 
England to Illinois and southward. June. 

11. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. False Asphodel. 

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri- 
anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or 
obovate, without claws. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or some- 
what introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 
3-partible or septicidal ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender perennials, 
mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bear- 
ing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, 
grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last century.) 
§ 1 . Flowers in a simple spike-like raceme or head : anthers introrse : seeds not 
appendaged : plant smooth and glabrous. 

1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (3' -6' high), slen- 
der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers ; 
leaves tufted, l'long. — IsleEoyale, &c, Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
§ 2. Flowers racemose, but developing from above doionwards : short pedicels in threes 

from a little involucre of as many bracts : anthers innate : seeds tail-pointed at 
both ends (as in many species of Juncus.) 

2. T. glutindsa, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very glutinous 
with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. 



528 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 

3. T. p&bens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with 
minute glands ; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to 
Virginia and southward. July. 

12. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. 

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the 6 distinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate, 
with a honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer 
than the stamens, which barely adhere to their base, deciduous. Anthers linear, 
much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the long and narrow 
cells opening nearly along the margin. Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stig- 
matic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved 
from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. 

— Stems rather low, from a rootstoek, naked or scaly at the base, forkiug 
above, bearing oblong sessile or clasping flat and membranaceous leaves, and 
yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary or rarely in pahs, on terminal 
peduncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from 
the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.") 

* Leaves clasping '-perfoliate : sepals pointed: pod truncate, 3-lobed: rootstoek short. 

1. U. grandifiora, Smith. Stems l°-2° high; flower 1^' long, pale 
greenish-yellow, the sepals nearly smooth within ; anthers blunt-pointed. — Rich 
woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southwestward. 

2. XJ. perfoliata, L. Smaller ; sepals granular-roughened within : anthers 
sharper tipped : otherwise as No. 1. — Common eastward and southward. 

3. XJ. flava, Smith. Flower bright yellow, 1' long ; sepals nearly smooth with- 
in ; anthers short-pointed. — New Jersey to Virginia: rare. 

# * Leaves sessile: pod triangular : stems low (6' -12') : rootstoek creeping. 

4. TJ. S8SSilifdlia, L. Leaves lance-oblong, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or 
partly clasping by a narrow base; sepals blunt (9" long) ; anthers pointless: 
the ovoid and sharply triangular pod stipitate. — Low woods : common. May. 

5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both sides 
and shining, oval, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not ex- 
ceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stipitate ; otherwise like the last. 

— Mountains, Virginia, and southward. 

13. PROSAETES, Don. Prosartes. 

Perianth bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous. Pilaments 
thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed 
by a point above the base, and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from 
the summit of each cell : style one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading, or some- 
times united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3 - 6-seeded, red. — 
Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and 
membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender termi- 
nal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from irpoaapTdco, to hang 
from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.) 

1. P. lanuginbsa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded 
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers 



LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 529 

solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (g long), soon spread- 
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth ; stigmas 3. (Strep- 
topus lanuginosus, Michx.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, 
Kentucky, and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 

14. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. 

Perianth recurved-spreading from a hell-shaped base ; the 6 distinct sepals 
lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled, deciduous. Anthers arrow-shaped, ex- 
trorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a 
slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: style 
and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — 
Herbs, with rather stout stems, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper- 
pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary 
flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are 
abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from OTpe7rro's, 
twisted, and 7vovs,foot or stalk.) 

1. S. amplexifdlius, DC. Leaves very smooth, ylaucous underneath, strongly 
clasping ; flower greenish-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above the mid- 
dle ; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate. (S. dis- 
tortus, Michx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods, from Penn. 
northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very 
smooth. Sepals £' long. — In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite 
the leaves, rather than truly axillary, and are bent round the clasping base under- 
neath them: they are rarely 2-flowered. (Eu.) 

2. S. rdseus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the branches 
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the 
length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2 -horned ; stigma 3-clefl. — Cold 
damp woods, northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May. 

15. CLINTONIA, Raf. Clintonia. 

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous ; the G stamens 
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear or ob- 
long, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down the 
margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-celled: style long: stigmas 2 or 3, or in 
ours united into one. Berry ovoid, blue, few - many-seeded. — Stemless peren- 
nials, with slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at 
the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers 
rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.) 

1. C. borealis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more. 
(Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and 
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 
5' -8' long. Perianth over ^' long, greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside. 

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Umbel many-flowered ; ovules 2 in each cell. (C. 
multifiora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx.) — Rich woods, S. W. New 
York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Flowers half the 
size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots. 

GM 23 



530 LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 

16. CONVALLAEIA, L. (in part). Lily of the Valley. 

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Sta- 
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers introrse. Ovary 
3-celled, tapering into a stout style: stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each 
cell. Berry few-seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with 
slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong 
leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to 
appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty 
and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from Li/ium convallium, the pop- 
ular name.) 

1. C. majalis, L. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. May. 
— Same as the European Lily of the Valley of the gardens. (Eu.) 

17. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens 
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short, introrse. 
Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell : style short and thick : stigma 
obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-secded. — Perennial herbs, with 
simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and 
white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme. 
(Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which, however, these plants bear little re- 
semblance.) 

§ 1. SMILACINA proper. Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and sta- 
mens 6, the latter longer: ovary 3-celled: ovules collateral: racemes crowded in 
a compound raceme or close panicle : icotstock stout, fleshy. 

1. S. racemdsa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy (2° high) ; 
leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly some- 
what petioled. — Moist copses: common. June. — Berries pale red, speckled 
With purple, aromatic. (S. ciliata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.) 

§2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance- 
olate, longer than the stamens: ovary 2 -3-celled: ovules one above the other: 
raceme single, 5 - 20-flowered : rootstock rather slender. 

2. S. Stellata, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves 
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. — Moist 
banks : common northward. May, June. — Plant 1°- 2° high. (Eu.) 

3. S. trifdlia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' - 6' high); leaves 3 (sometimes 
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New Eng- 
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. 

§ 3. MAlANTHEMUM, Desf. Divisions of the reflexed-spreading perianth (oval) 
and the stamems 4, of equal length: ovary 2-celled: ovules collateral: raceme 
single, many -flowered : creeping rootstocks slender. 

4. S. bif61ia, Ker. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low (3' -5' high); 
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (the var. 
Canadensis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist woods : 
very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.) 



LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 531 

18. POLYGONATUM. Tourn. Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or 
above the middle of the tube, included : anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 
2-6 ovules in each cell : style slender, deciduous by a joint : stigma obtuse or 
capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. 
— Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping 
thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half- 
clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers : pedicels jointed 
with the flower. (The ancient name, composed of ttoAu?, many, and yovv, knee, 
alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) — Ours are all al- 
ternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh. 

1. P. biflbrum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Glabrous, except 
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly 
minutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale 
or glaucous underneath; stem slender (l°-3° high) ; peduncles 1-3- but mostly 
2-fiowered; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the 
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. 
Polygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh. ) — Wooded 
banks: common. — Perianth ^' long, greenish. 

2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (Great S.) Glabrous throughout; stem 
stout and mostly tall, terete; leaves ovate, partly clasping (5' -8' long), or the 
upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several- (2 - 8-) flowered ; 
filaments smooth and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the 
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum 
canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commutatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks, in alluvial 
soil, 5° - 8° high ; in dry or less fertile soil 2° - 4°. June. (The stem not being 
at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to discard the earlier name of 
canaliculatum.) — Pedicels 4" -15" long: perianth 9" long. — Perhaps passes 
into the preceding. 

3. P. Iatif61ium, Desf. Upper part of the stem (2° -3° high), the 1 - 5- 
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly peti- 
oled leaves more or less pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Conval- 
laria hirta, Poir.) — Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg ! 

(P. multiflorum, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.) 

19. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparagus. 

• Perianth 6-parted, spreading above: the 6 stamens on its base : anthers 
Introrse. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled ; the cells 
2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted 
rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. 
The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets, act- 
ing as leaves, clustered in the axil of a little scale which is the true leaf. (The 
ancient Greek name.) 

1. A. officinalis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Herbaceous, tall, bushy- 
branched ; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste 
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 



632 LILIACEiE. (LILY FAMILY.) 

20. LILIUM, L. Lily. 

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or 
recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; the 6 sta- 
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely inserted 
towards the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first 
included, at length versatile ; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse 
line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, 
containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely 
packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with 
numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one 
to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin name, 
from the Greek Xeipcov.) 

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws. 

1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (Wild Orange-red Lily.) Leaves lin- 
ear-lanceolate ; the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to 8 ; flowers 1 - 3, open-bell-shaped, 
reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not recurved 
at the summit. — Dry or sandy ground: common. — Stem 2° -3° high: the 
flower 2^' long. 

2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. (Southern Red Lily.) Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, scatterred; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on 
the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and 
yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward. 

* * Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute. 

3. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Leaves remotely whorled, 
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long' 
peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle, 
orange, spotted inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs, especially 
northward. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Flower 2' - 3' long. 

4. L. SUp^rbum, L. (Turk's-cap Lily.) Lower leaves whorled, lan- 
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3-20 or 40) in a pyram- 
idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple 
spots inside. — Rich low grounds. — Stem 3° -7° high: sepals 3' long. L. 
Carolinian urn, Michx., apparently belongs to this* species, which also probably 
passes into the preceding. 

21. ERYTHRONIUM, L Dog's-tooth Violet. . 

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, 
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base, 
and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-linear, con- 
tinuing erect. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved, 
loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose, membranaceous tip. — 
Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into 
petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising 
from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (Name 
from epvdpos, red, which is inappropriate as respects the American species.) 



LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 533 

1. E. Amerieanum, Smith. (Yellow Adder's-tongue.) Leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled and commonly dotted with purplish 
and whitish ; perianth light yellow, often spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; 
stigmas united into one. — Low copses: common. May. — Scape 6' -9' high: 
flower 1' or more long. — E. bracteatum, Boott, from the Camel's Rump 
Mountain, Vermont, is probably only an accidental state, with a bract, such as 
the Western E. grandinorum often has. 

2. E. albiduin, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Leaves ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted, not dotted ; perianth bluish-white ; inner 
divisions toothless ; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 spreading 
stigmas. — Low thickets, New York (near Albany), and S. Penn. to Wisconsin 
and Illinois. — At Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins finds a plant like this but yellow- 
flowered, a transition towards E. granditlorum. 

22. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. Star-of-Bethlehem. 

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3- 7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, 
flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. 1'od membranous, 
roundish-angular; with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal. — 
Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, 
bracted. (An ancient whimsical name from opvis, a bird, and yaka, milk.) 

1. O. umbellatum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels; 
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gardens into moist 
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

23. SC1LLA, L. Squill. 

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous; 
the 6 awl-shaped tilaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, loc- 
ulicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and 
linear leaves from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. 
( The ancient name. ) 

1. S. Fraseri. (Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth. ) Leaves long 
and linear, keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ; 
stigma minutely 3-cleft; pod triangular, several-seeded. (Phalangium esculen- 
tum, Nutt. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia Fraseri, Ton:) — Moist prairies 
and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May. — Bulb onion- 
like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale 
blue, 3-nerved, 6" long. 

24. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Garlic. 

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the 
very base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent : 
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread- 
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid- 
kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — 
Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and scape from a 



•534 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 

coated bulb flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to 
bulblets ; spathe 1 - 2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) 

* Ovules and seeds sinyle in each cell : leaves broad and flat, appearing in early 

spring, and dying before the flowers are developed. 

1. A. tricoCCUm, Ait. (Wild Leek.) Scape naked (9 ; high from 
clustered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; leaves 
lance-oblong (5'- 9' long, l'-2' wide); sepals oblong (white), equalling the 
simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich woods, W. New England to 
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alleghanies. July. 

* # Ovules mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth : leaves long and narrow. 

■+- Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods. 

2. A. C^rnuum, Roth. (Wild Onion.) Scape naked, angular (l°-2° 
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel; 
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), 
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, Western New York 
to Wisconsin and southward. July, Aug. 

3. A. Stellatum, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel ; leaves 
flat; sepals equalling the stamens: otherwise resembling the last, but usually 
not so tall ; the pod more crested. Aug. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Engehnann), 
and northwestward. 

4. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (Chives.) Scape naked or leafy at the 
base (6'- 12' high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers; 
sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ; 
leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A. Sibiricum, 
L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

-i- ■*- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or to ithout flowers. 

5. A. vlneale, L. (Field Garlic.) Scape slender, clothed with the 
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high) ; leaves terete ana 
hollow, slender, channelled above ; fllaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-cle/l, 
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields : a vile weed 
eastward. June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Scape leafy only at the 
base (1° high); leaves narrowly linear, flattish ; umbel few-flowered ; fllaments 
simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color, 
pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place. 

* * * Ovules several, in each cell : leaves long and linear. (Nothdscordum, Kunth.) 

7. A. Striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on 
the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' - 12' long) , 
filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are 
white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4 - 7 in each cell. — Prairies and open woods, 
Virginia to Illinois and southward. May. 

25. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape-Hyacinth. 

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included : 
anthers short, introrse. Style short. Pod loculicidal, with 2 black angular 



LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 535 

seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb : the 
small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name). 

1. M. botryoides, Mill. Leaves linear ; flowers globular (1^" - 2" long), 
deep blue, appearing like minute grapes ; whence the popular name. — Escaped 
from gardens into copses and fence-rows, E. Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

26. HEMEEOCALLIS, L. Day-Lily. 

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread- 
ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lily, 
more or less extrorse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and 
ascending : stigma simple. Pod (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally 
3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy perennials, 
with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base 
of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and large yellow 
flowers : these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence 
the name, from 37/J.epa, a day, and koKXos, beauty). 

1. H. fulva, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Inner divisions (petals) of the 
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens, 
where it is common (as is also the bright yellow-flowered H. flava). July. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

2 7. YUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. Spanish Bayonet. 

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither- 
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, 
sessile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a 
partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. 
Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or 
rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear 
or sword-shaped leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy 
(often polygamous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.) 

1. Y. filameilt6sa, L. (Adam's Needle.) Trunk (from a running 
rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with the lanceolate 
unarmed coriaceous leaves (l°-2° long), which bear filaments on their margins; 
scape-like flower-stem 6° -8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and south- 
ward. July. 

28. NARTHECIUM, Mcehring. Bog-Asphodel. 

Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly: an- 
thers linear, introrse. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style 
and single stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end 
with a long bristle-form tail, as in many species of Juncus. — Rootstock creep- 
ing, bearing linear equitant leaves (as in Tofieldia), and a simple stem or 
scape, terminated by a simple dense raceme. (Name from vap6r)<iov, a rod, or 
a box for fragrant ointments, of obscure application.) 

1. N. OSSifragum, Huds. — Herb with scape about a foot high, longer 
than the leaves: pedicels mostly bracteolate. (Eu.) 



536 



JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 



Var. Amerie&num. (N. Americanum, Ker.) Flowers rather smaller 
(scarcely 3" long) and leaves narrower than the European plant, which is lim- 
ited to the Atlantic side of that continent, as is ours here: viz. in sandy bogs, 
on this side, where it is very local, in the pine barrens of New Jersey only. 
June, July. 

Order 122. JUJVCACEJE. (Rush Family.) 

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and liypogynous 
■persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with 
2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary 
either 3-celled or l-celled with 3 parietal placenta, forming a loculicidal 
S-valved pod. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the 
base of the fleshy albumen. — Rushes, with the flowe. s liliaceous in struc- 
ture, but sedge-like in aspect and texture, mainly represented by only 
two genera. 

1. LUZULA, DC. Wood-Rdsh. 

Pod l-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials, often 
nairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked- 
crowded or umbelled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian luciola, 
a glow-worm. ) 

* Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed. 

1. L. pilbsa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; umbel mostly simple; 
sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds with a curved appendage. — 
Woods and banks : common northward. May. — Plant 6' - 9' high. (Eu.) 

2. L. parvifldra, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves broadly linear; corymb decompound, loose; pedicels drooping ; sepals 
pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown pod. 
(L. melanocarpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine to Northern New York, and north- 
ward. July. (Eu.) 

* * Flowers crowded in spikps or close clusters. [Plants 6'- 12' high.) 

3. L. camp^Stris, DC. Leaves fiat, linear ; spikes 4-12, somewhat umbelled, 
ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ; sepals 
bristle-pointed, longerj;han the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appendage at 
she base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.) 

■*■. L. arcuata, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal 
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals 
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine 
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; flowers in 
sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle- 
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds merely with 
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv.? according 
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.) 



JUNCACEJL. (RUSH FAMILY.) 537 

2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-Rush. 

Pod many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1 -celled by the placentas not reaching the axis. 
Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and in wet 
soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and 
panicled or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. 
Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to the 
use of the stems for bands.) 

Contributed for this edition by Dr. Engelmann, who has recently published 
a monograph of the North American species in the Transactions of the St. 
Louis Academy of Science. 

§ I. True Junci ; with naked and simple scapes from matted running root stocks, 
many of them barren, furnished at base with sliort leafless or rarely leaf bearing 
sheaths : leaves, if any, terete, knotless and similar to the scape : flowers single 
or rarely clustered on the pedicels, in sessile panicles, produced apparently from 
the side of the scaj>e, the exterior sheath or involucral leaf being similar to and 
continuing the scape. Flowering in early summer. 
* Flowers single on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the panicle. 
•*- Sheaths at base of the stem leafless. 
** Stamens 3. 

1. J. effusus, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape soft and pliant 
(2° -4° high); inner sheaths awned; panicle diffusely much branched, many- 
flowered; flowers numerous, small ( 1 5'' long), greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very 
acute, as long as the triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown 
pod; anthers as long as filaments; style very short; seeds small (about 5" long) 
with short pale points, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Var. conglomerates 
(J. conglomerate, L.) has the scape more distinctly striate, the panicle closely 
crowded, and the pod short-pointed. — Marshy grounds : very common ; the var. 
in sphagnous swamps. (Eu.) 

++ ++ Stamens 6. 

2. J. filiformis, L. Scape very slender (l°-2°high), pliant; panicle 
few-flowered, almost simple; flowers (1^" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner a 
little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but short- 
pointed greenish pod ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seed 
(less than $" long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. — N. 
.New England and New York to Michigan and northward. (Eu.) 

3. J. Sniithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle few- 
flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (1£" long) ; outer sepals lanceolate and 
acute, inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather tri- 
angular acute and pointed deep chestnut-brown pod ; anthers as long as fila- 
ments ; style short, seeds large (£" or more long) obtuse, with short appendages 
at both ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. — Sphagnous swamps, on Broad 
Mountain, Pennsylvania, C. E. Smith. 

4. J. BaltiGUS, Dethard. Scape rigid (2° -3° high); panicle loose-, 
flowers larger (2" long), chestnut-brown with green; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather 
triangular obtuse and pointed deep brown pod ; anthers much longer than the 



538 JCNCACE.E. (RUSH family.) 

broad filaments ; style about the length of the ovary ; seeds rather large ($" oi 
more long), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Sandy shores of 
New England, the Great Lakes, and westward ; also in swamps, Lancaster Co., 
Penn., Prof. Porter. (Eu.) 

+- ■*- Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing : stamens 6. 

5. J. setaceus, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1°- 3° high) ; panicle loose, 
rather few-flowered ; flowers greenish (2" long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, 
especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as the nearly 
globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown pod ; anthers as long as filaments; 
style conspicuous; seeds (%" long) almost globose, ribbed and cross-lined. — 
Pennsylvania (Rostkovius), Virginia ? and North Carolina, southward near the 
coast. — Doubtful if in our district. 

* * Flowers in clusters, S-androus : innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing. 

6. J. Rcemerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2° -3° high), its 
apex as well as the leaves pungent ; panicle compound ; 3 - 6 greenish or light- 
brown flowers (1^" long) in a cluster; outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, 
longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular 
obtuse short-pointed brown pod ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ; 
styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (£" long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed. 
(J. maiitimus of Amer. authors.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), 
Virginia and southward. 

§ 2. Grass v-leaved Junci ; with simple or rarely branched stems, leafy at base 
or throughout : leaves flat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never 
knotted: panicle terminal. 

* Flowers crowded in heads (produced in late summer). 

■*- Leaves thread-like, hollow : stems simple : heads single or few : seeds large, the 

loose seed-coat produced into conspicuous tails : stamens 6. 

7. J. st#"gius, L. Stems slender (6' -16' high) from slender branching 
rootstocks, 1-3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3 - 4-flowers, 
about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; flowers pale and 
reddish (2^"-3" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, f the length of 
the oblong acuminate pod, as long as the slender stamens ; filaments many 
times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; 
seeds oblong, with a very loose slightly striated coat prolonged at both ends 
(l%" long). — Peat-bogs bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson County, New York. 
N. Maine, G. L. Goodale. (New Brunswick, Mr. Fowler. North shore of Lake 
Superior, Mr. Wheeler.) — Flowers larger and pod more abruptly pointed than in 
the European plant. (Eu.) 

8. J. trifldus, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, 
erect (5' -10' high), sheathed and mostly leafless at the base, 2-3-leaved at 
the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head of 1-4 
brown (l£" - 2" long) flowers ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather 
shorter than the ovate beak-pointed deep brown pod ; anthers much longer than 
the filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1" long), faintly striate, short-tailed. 
— Alpine summits of the mountains of New England, and N. New York, and 
high northward. (Eu.) 



JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 539 

•*- +r Leaves fiat and open, grass-like : stamens 3. 

9. J. margillcltUS, Rostkovius. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stolo- 
niferous base (1°- 3° high), flattened, leafy ; leaves long-linear ; heads 3-8- 
flowercd, panicled ; flowers purplish with green (1^'' long) ; sepals oblong, the 
3 outer acute and 'slightly awned, the inner longer and mostly obtuse and point- 
less, as long as the almost globular scarcely pointed pod; stamens exceeding 
the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter than filaments ; style very short ; seeds 
{?" _ h" long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. (J. aristulatus, 
Michx.) — Moist sandy places, S. New England to Illinois and southward. — 
Var. paucicapitatus has smaller and less flattened stems, narrower leaves, and 
few large 8- 15-flowered heads. Sandy coast of New Jersey and elsewhere. — 
Var. biflorus has numerous and small 2 -3-flowered heads, in much-branched 
panicles. (J. biflorus, Ell.) New Jersey to Illinois and southward. 

10. J. repens, Michx. Stems flattened, ascending (4' -6' high) from a 
fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of 
the stem nearly opposite and fascicled ; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3-12- 
flowered ; flowers green (3" long) ; sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed, 
the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse pod, the inner ones much 
longer; stamens as long as the outer sepals ; filaments many times longer than 
the oblong anther; seeds small (\" long), obovate, slightly pointed, very deli- 
cately ribbed and cross-lined. (Cephaldxys flabellata, Desv.) — Miry banks, 
Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward. 

* * Flowers single on the ultimate peduncles : stamens 6. 
+- Stem branched: root annual. 

11. J. buf6nius, L. Stems low and slender (3' -9' high) from a fibrous 
root, leafy, often branched from the base ; panicle spreading, mostly with one- 
sided dichotomous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2"-3|" long); sepals 
linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed, 3 outer ones much longer than the inner and 
than the oblong obtuse pod ; stamens short ; filaments scarcely longer than 
anthers ; seeds elliptical, obtuse {\" - \ n long), very delicately ribbed and cross- 
lined. — Low grounds by roadsides: common, but not everywhere. June- 
Sept. — Var. fasciculatus, with flowers crowded at tlie end of the branchlcts, 
is a southern form, which has been introduced about the Philadelphia Navy 
Yard. (Eu.) 

t- -*- Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below: root perennial (fi. early in summer). 

12. J. Gerardi, Loisel. (Black-Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid 
(l°-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow- 
ers chestnut-brown with green (l|"long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, 
as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate pod ; anthers much longer than the 
short filaments ; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly &" long) obovate, 
short pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes : 
common along the coast, especially northward; also in saline marshes 
of W. New York: rare along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) — The closely allied 
J. bulbosus, L. (to which this was referred in a former edition) has not yet 
been found in this country. 



540 JUNCACEJL. (RUSH FAMILY.) 

13. J. tenuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9' -18' high) ; leaves flat or channelled; 
panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded ; flowers green 
(2'' or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than 
the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green pod ; anthers nearly equal to the fila- 
ment ; style very short; seeds small (about |" long), white-pointed at both ends, 
delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Low grounds, fields, and roadsides. (Eu.) 
— Var. secundus is a smaller plant, with smaller one-sided flowers on the 
forked branches of the panicle. New England to Pennsylvania. 

14. J. diehotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (l|°-2° high) from a tumid 
base; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; panicle 
loose, often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral leaf; 
flowers greenish (2" or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading 
in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored pod; anthers 
nearly as long as filaments ; style short ; seeds small (\"-i" long), white-pointed 
at both ends, coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, New Jersey (C. F. 
Parker), Delaware {Prof. Leidy, Mr. Commons), and southward. 

15. J. G-reenii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2° high); leaves 
nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan- 
icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense ; the 
numerous crowded flowers often one-sided (1%" long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
light greenish-brown, appres^ed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish- 
brown pod; anthers as long as filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid, tail- 
pointed (£" - f " long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of New 
England, and on the Great Lakes near Detroit (Ho/zer, J. M. Bigelow). 

16. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1°- 2^° high) ; leaves nearly terete, 
very slightly channelled on the inner side ; panicle longer than the involucral 
leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2" or more 
long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse 
green-brown pod ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds 
slender, conspicuously tailed at both ends (j"-§" long), closely ribbed. — 
Michigan, with the last (near Detroit, Holzer, Bigelow) to N. Illinois {Vasey), 
and westward. June. 

§3. Knotty-leaved Junci ; stems leafy, simple or branching: leaves terete 
or sometimes laterally compressed, knotted by internal cross-partitions : panicle 
terminal, with flowers chiefly in heads. 

* Seeds barely pointed, without tails. 
*r Heads composed of 2 or sometimes only single %-an (Irons flowers. 

17. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Steins slender and erect from a slendei 
running rootstock (6' - 18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves, 
branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing in the forks and 
along one side of the branches single flowers or 2-flowered heads ; often with the 
flowers or in place of them are tufts of leaves ; flowers small (1"- l^'Nong), green- 
ish with red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the 
oblong taper-beaked 1-celled pod ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; style 
slender; seeds (i" long) obovate, short-pointed, delicately ribbed-reticulated 
ij. viviparus, Conrad. J. Conradi, Tuckerm.) — Sandy, wet or swampy places 



JUNCACEiE. (RUSH FAMILY.; 541 

Canada to Wisconsin, and from New England southward near the coast. 
July, Aug. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger than 
the fertile ones, with larger and more diffuse panicles. — Var. subtilis (J. flui- 
tans, Michx.), from Canada, is a small and creeping or floating form, mostly 
with single 2-flowered heads at the ends of the short stems, 
■t- 4- Heads numerous, of 3 - 12 flowers (rarely more in No. 21), in early summer. 
++ Stamens 6. 

18. J", articulatus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9'- 15' high), tufted 
from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle short, 
spreading; the crowded heads 3 - 8-rlowered ; (lowers brown, rarely pale (1$"- 
l£'' long) ; sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a 
little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed 
incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining pod ; anthers as 
long as filaments; ovary attenuated into a short style; seeds (less than £" long) 
obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above, ribbed-reticulated. (J. lam- 
pocarpus, Eluh.) — Wet grounds, New England to Western New York and 
Delaware. (Eu.) — Var. obtusatus. Panicle crowded, level-topped ; heads 
5-flowered, green; sepals obtuse, of equal length, the outer mucronate; pod 
obtuse, mucronate. — Petty's Island, near Philadelphia, Mr. Dijfbibuugh, Mr. 
Burke. 

19. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9 - 18' high) 
from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle meagre, with erect 
branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3 - 6 flowers 
(\{" -\^" long) ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspidate and 
usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long or shorter than the obtuse 
short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown pod ; anthers as long as fila- 
ments ; style short; seeds (\" or more in length) spindle-shaped, ribbed-reticu- 
lated. (J. pelocarpus, Ed. 1. J. articulatus, var. pelocarpus, Ed. 2.) — Wet 
sandy banks, from Lake Champlain (Robhins, Macrae,) and along the Great 
Lakes northward and westward. (Eu.) 

20. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -4° high) from a thick creeping 
rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (£°-3|° long) below the middle 
which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous, 
5-12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (1|" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the 
outer ones awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1- 
celled pod ; anthers longer than filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slender style , 
seeds (i"-£" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed, ribbed-reticulated. 
— In bogs and streams, Maine to Maryland. — Dr. Robbins finds that in flow- 
ing water, at Uxbridge, Mass., this bears numberless capillary submersed leaves, 
2° - 3° long, from the rootstock. 

++ ++ Stamens 3. 

21. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, bearing about 2 leaves 
and a loose spreading panicle ; heads few - many-flowered, greenish, at length 
straw-colored or darker; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal, as long 
as or shorter than the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled pod; anthers 
a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none; seeds small (\" - | w long). 



542 JUNCACE^E. (rush family.) 

acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated. (J. pallescens, E. Meyer, as to the N. 
American plant.) — Earlier than other species which are likely to be con- 
founded with it: May, June. — Avery variable plant, the following forms of 
which have the appearance of distinct species, but are connected by various 
intermediate states. 

Var. debilis. Stems slender (9 ; - 18' high) ; heads green, 3 - 6-flowered in a 
loose panicle ; flowers smaller ( \{" - 1^" long) ; pod longer than the sepals. (J. 
debilis, Gray, in former editions.) — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky 
and southward. — Stems sometimes decumbent and rooting. 

Var. robustUS. Stems stout, tall, (2° -4° high), bearing numerous 5-8- 
flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small 
(1"- 1^-" long) ; ovoid pod scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep swamps in 
the Mississippi Valley, from Illinois southward. 

Var. legitimus. Stems slender (l°-2° long), bearing fewer and larger 
heads in a very loose spreading panicle; flowers 5-12 and often more in a 
head (l|"-2" long); sepals as long as the straw-colored or light-brown pod. 
(J. acunrmatus, Miclix. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sub- 
verticillatus, Muhl. J. Pondii, Wood.) — Common in wet places from S. New 
England southward and westward. — Heads often proliferous in the autumn. 
■«- -s- -t- Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers. 
++ Stamens 6. 

22. J. noddsus, L. Stem erect (6' -15' high), slender from a creeping 
thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves; 
heads few or several, rarely single, 8 - 20-flowered (3^" -4" wide), overtopped 
by the involucral leaf: flowers brown (l£"-2" long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl- 
pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender trian- 
gular taper-pointed 1-celled pod ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filament ; style 
very short; seeds (about \" long) obovate, abruptly mucronate. (J. Rostkovii, 
E. Meyer.) — Swamps and gravelly banks, from New England and Pennsylvania 
north and northwestward. July, Aug. — A very tall form (2° high) occurs ou 
the islands above Niagara, G. W. Clinton. 

Var. megae^phalus, Torr. Stem stout (l°-3° high), with thick leaves, 
heads few and large (6" -8" wide) 30 - 80-flowercd ; flowers pale green (2|"- 
2|" long) ; outer sepals longer than the inner ones ; anthers linear, shorter than 
the filaments. — From Western New York west and southwestward. Aug. — 
An intermediate form, with numerous green heads in a compound panicle, occurs 
in Michigan and Northern Illinois. 

++ ++ Stamens 3. 

23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1°-2|° high), rigid from 
a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely 
flowered spherical heads (4" - 5" wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle 
much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance- 
linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled pod 
rather shorter, than the inner sepals; anthers much shorter than filaments; 
style very short; seeds (\" long) abruptly apiculate, ribbed-reticulated. — Moist 
places in open woods and prairies, Ohio to Michigan, Illinois and southward 
May, June. 



JUNCACI^E. (rush family.) 543 

24. J. SCirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (l°-3° high), rigid, from a thick 
white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves with wide and open sheaths, 
and a panicle of few or many densely -flowered pale-green spherical heads much 
longer than the involucral leaf; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the 
outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, nearly equalling the oblong-triangular 
taper-pointed 1-celled pod; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end, ribbed- 
reticulated. (J. polycephalus, Michx.) — The following forms belong here. 

Var. macrostemon. Rather slender; leaves terete; branches of the 
panicle erect and often elongated; heads smaller (3^" -4" wide), 15-40 flow- 
ered; flowers 1^'' — 1 2" long; outer sepals mostly longer than the inner, as long 
as the stamens ; anthers very small ; seeds \" long. (J. echinatus, Muhl. J. 
macrostemon, Gay.) — Wet sandy soil, from Staten Island (C.F. Austin) south- 
ward near the coast. 

Var. echinatus. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the compact panicle 
short; heads larger (5"-6" wide), 40 - 80-flowered ; flowers (l|"-2" long); 
sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the 
inner ones ; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and 
seeds rather smaller and more slender. (J. echinatus, Ell.) — From Maryland 
southward. 

Var. polycephalus. Much stouter,- leaves laterally flattened (3" -6" 
wide) ; panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as 
tnose of the foregoing form ; flowers 2" - 2|" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer; 
anthers about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (£" long). (J. poly- 
cephalus, Ell., Chapm.) — From North Carolina southward ; and may be 
looked for in Southern Virginia. 

* * Seeds tailed. - 
+- Stamens 3. 

25. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing 
2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3 
outer shorter than the inner ones, not much longer than the stamens, equal to 
or shorter than the triangular prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed 
pod ; style mostly short ; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, delicately 
many-ribbed. — Common in most districts. Aug., Sept. — One of the latest 
flowering species, and thus easily distinguished, even when quite immature, 
from the similar but early J. acuminatus. This very variable species comprises 
,the following forms. 

v . Var. longicaudatUS. Stem stout and rigid (l£°-3° high), bearing in a 
decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 - 50-flowered heads ; 
flowers greenish or light brown (1 J" - 2" long); sepals awl-pointed mostly 
shorter than the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds slender (§"-1" long), con- 
spicuously tail-pointed. (J. paradoxus, Ed. 1 & 2, Chapman, frc.) — From 
S. New England southward along the coast, and westward to Wisconsin and 
Northern Illinois. 

Var. subcaudatus. Stem slender, often decumbent (l°-2°high), bear- 
ing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 - 20-flowered heads; flowers greenish, 
as large as last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; pod mostly tapering ; seeda 



544 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEIIEL-WEED FAMILY.) 

large (£"-§" long), with short white membranaceous appendages. — From S. 
New England southward, especially in New Jersey. — Often confouuded with 
forms of No. 21, from which it is readily distinguished by the large, delicately 
ribbed and not reticulated, appendaged seeds, and by the proportion of the inner 
and outer sepals. 

Var. brachycephalus. Stem slender (1^°- 2^° high), bearing numer- 
ous small and 3-5-fio\vered heads in a large and spreading panicle; flowers 
greenish or light brown (li"-l£" long) ; sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than 
the brown abruptly short-pointed pod ; style longer than in other forms ; seeds 
smaller (}"-£" long), slender, with rather short appendages. — From Penn- 
sylvania northwestward to Illinois and Wisconsin. — Sometimes confounded 
with No. 18, and with small-flowered forms of No. 21. 

Var. COarctatUS. Stem slender, shorter (9' - 18' high), bearing fewer deep- 
brown 3 - 5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ; flowers as 
large as in the last; sepals acute, or rarely obtusisb, much shorter than the 
prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown pod ; seeds as in the last, (J. acuminatus, 
Ed. 2, and of most American authors, but not of Michaux). — New England 
to Wisconsin and northward, southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania. 

-t— -t- Stamens 6. 

26. J. asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2° -3° high), terete, stout, 
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading 
branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with 
brown (2-^" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly 
nerved, the outer much shorter than inner ones, these a little shorter than the 
triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown pod ; ovary tapering into 
a conspicuous style ; seeds large, oblong, delicately many-ribbed, with white 
or often reddish appendages (l^'long). — Sphagnous swamps, New Jersey, 
Pickering, C. E. Smith. August. 



Order 123. PONTEDEBIACEi:. (Pickerel-weed Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; 
the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6 
mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with 
the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole 
together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, 
or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. 
Ovules anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a per- 
fectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded 
utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen. 

1. Pontederia. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. 

Stamens 6. Spike many-flowered. 

2. Heteranthera. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded. 

Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1- few-flowered. 
8- Sctiollcra. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike. Spathe i-fiowered. 



PONTEDKKIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 545 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickebel-weed. 

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- 
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower 
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base : 
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its 
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior 
exserted on elongated filaments ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with 
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 
3-celled; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Uteri--' 
cle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, 
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart- 
shaped leaves, and a 1-leaved stem or scape, terminated by a spike of violet- 
blue ephemeral flowers. Boot-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. 
(Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 

1. P. COl'data, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt; spike dense, from 
a spathe-like bract. — Var. angustif6lta (P. angustifblia, Pursh) has triangu- 
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common. • 
July -Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe 
of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots. 

2. HETEEANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-Plantain. 

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, 
ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 posterior filaments 
thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other longer, 
bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (greenish) anther. Pod incompletely 
3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, in mud or shallow 
water, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered spathe 
bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white, 
in summer. (Name from ire pa, different, and dvSrjpd, anther.) 

1. H. reniformis, Ruiz & Pav. leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3-5- 
flowered ; flowers white. — Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. 

2. H. limdsa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; 
spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to 
Illinois, and southward. 

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber (1789). Water Star-grass. 

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear divisions on a very long 
thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or 
rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod 
oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled with 3 projecting parietal 
placentas, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly 
under water, only the (small pale-yellow) flowers reaching the surface ; the 
slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and 
bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe : in summer. (Named after one Schuller, 
a German botanist.) 

1. S. graminea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In streams: common. 
L&M— 43 



546 COMMELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 

Order 124. COMMELYMACE^;. (Spiderwort Family.) 

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branch' 
ing leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, of en irregular flowers, 
with the perianth free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx 
and corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, 
ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them 
often sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. 
Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds ortho- 
tropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression 
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel- 
veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and 
forming a kind of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here 
represented only by two genera. 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Dat-floweb. 

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly 
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney- 
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer- 
tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect 
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded,. 
the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root- 
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the 
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe 
enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved 
on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer. 
Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints. 
(Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commelyn.) 

1. C. ereeta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large 
(3' -7' long, l'-2' wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins 
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles ; spathes crowded and nearly 
sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others but smaller, round- 
ovate raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. (C. Virginica, Ed. 1. A hairy form is 
C. hirtella, Vaht.) — Alluvial and shaded river-banks, Penn. to Illinois and 
southward. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe. 

2. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards 
the base ; leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary or scattered, 
peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit some- 
what hood-like ; odd petal usually inconspicuous and nearly sessile ; pod 2-celied. 
(C. Virginica, L., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnasus's detailed 
description apparently pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name 
which he took from Dillenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifblia. 
Michx., is a narrow-leaved form.) — Damp rich woods and banks, S. New York 
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 

3. C. Cayennensis, Richard. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate- 
oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse, small (l'-2' long); spathes heart-ovate when ex- 



XYRIDACE^E. (YELLO W-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) 547 

panded, peduncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3 -4-flowered ; the 
odd petal round-ovate, nearly sessile. (C. agraria, Kunth.) — Alluvial banks, 
Illinois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species. 

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta* 
mens all fertile : filaments bearded. Foci 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — 
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves 
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro- 
duced through the summer: floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for 
the elder Tradeacant, gardener to Charles the First.) 

* Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves. 

1. T. Virginiea, L. (Common Spiderwort.) Leaves lance-linear, 
elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less 
open; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to 
Wisconsin, and southward : also commonly cultivated. — Plant either smooth or 
hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purple or Avhite. 

2. T. pildsa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base, 
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; umbels many-flowered, in 
very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy. 
( T. flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. — Stem stout, 
smooth below, 2° -3° high, often branched, zigzag above, forming a close clus- 
ter of small (8" -9" broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils. 

* * Umbels long-pcduncled, naked. 

3. T. rbsea, Vent. Small, slender (6'- 10' high), smooth; leaves linear, 
grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or a pair; flowers (6" wide) rose- 
color. — Sandy woods, Pennsylvania (?) to Kentucky, and southward. 

Order 125. XYBIDACE^E. (Yellow-eyed-grass Family.) 

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, 
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse an- 
thers, glumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla ; the 3-valved mostly 
1-celled pod containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute 
embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen : — represented by Xyris. — But the 
anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, 
intermediate in character between this family and the last, may be intro- 
duced here. 

1. MAYACA, Aublet. (Syena, Schreber.) 

Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her- 
baceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the 
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentas: style filiform: 
6tigma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, creeping 
* floating in shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile 



548 XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY). 

1-nerved, pellucid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed 
at the base. (An aboriginal name.) 

1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding tht 
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white.. (Syena fiuviatilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Vir- 
ginia, and southward. July. 

2. XYE-IS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely 
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled 
and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the 
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere 
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of 
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species 
plumose or bearded at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1 -celled, 
with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flow- 
ers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. (Avp'ts, an 
ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vpov, a razor.) 

1. X. flexuosa, Muhl., Chapm. Scape slender (10' - 16' high), barely flat- 
tened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than 
the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish- 
ovoid (3'' -4" long); lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scarious on the 
narrow wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex, 
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. 
bulbosa, Kunth, & Ed. 2. ) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from E. Massachusetts south- 
ward near the coast ; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. 

Var. pusilla. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2' -9' high, the 
base not bulbous. (X. brevifolia, Muhl., in part, &c, not of Michx.) — From 
New Jersey and Pennsylvania northward to the base of the White Mountains 
and Lake Superior. — Head 2" -3" long. 

2. X. torta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9' - 20' high, 
from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming spirally 
twisted; head ovoid becoming spindle-shaped and acute (5"- 9'' long); sepals 
exceeding the bract ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the middle. 
— Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the Southern 
States : in dry sand. 

3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-angled below, 2-edged at the 
summit, smooth, 1°- 2° high, the base hardly bulbous; leaves linear-sword-shaped, 
fiat; head globular-ovoid (5"- 7" long) ; lateral sepals obscurely laceratefringed 
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, 
Michx. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy swamps, &c, Rhode Island to Virginia and 
southward, near the coast. 

4. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough 
(2° high), rather longer than the iinear-sword- shaped or strap-shaped leaves, 
the base not bulbous; head oblong (6"- 10" long) ; lateral sepals lanceolate-lin- 
ear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the 
wing-margined keel, and even plumose at ihe summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey 
to Virginia, and southward. 



ERTOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY-) 549 

Order 126. ERIOCAIHLOIVACEJE. (Pipewort Family.) 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short- stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous 
roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and 
naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or 
rarely dioecious small 2 - S-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious 
bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse; the 
fruit a 2-3-celled 2-S-seeded pod: the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in 
the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temper- 
ate regions. 

1. Erioeaul on. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate 

flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled. 

2. Psepalantlius. Perianth as in the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the 

inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled. 
8. liachnocauloia. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An- 
thers 1-celled. 

1. ERIOCAITLON, L. Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either 
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious. 
Stcr. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or 
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 -3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black 
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted 
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus : anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi- 
mentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest 
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla 
of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often sta!ked ; .2-3- 
lobed, 2-3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3, 
slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cel- 
lular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a 
single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty wacts. Flowers, also 
the tips of the bracts, &c, usually white-bearded or woolly. (Name compounded 
of epiov, wool, and xauAoj, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and 
leaves of the original species. Excepting this and the flowers, our species ara 
wholly glabrous.) — The North American species are all stemless, with $ 
depressed head, and have the parts of the flowers in twos, the stamens 4. 

1. E. decangulare, L. (syn. Pluk. &c.) Leaves obtuse, varying from 
linear-lanceolate to linear-awl-shaped, rather rigid ; scapes 10-12-ribbed (1°- 
3° high; head hemispherical, becoming globular (2" -7" wide); scales of the 
involucre acutish, straw-color or light brown ; chaff (bracts among the flowers) 
pointed. (E. serotinum, Walt.) — Pine-barren swamps (New Jersey ?) Virginia, 
and southward. July - Sept. 

2. E. gnaphal6d.es, Michx. Leaves spreading (2' -5' long), grassy-awl- 
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a 
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the \0-ribbed scape; scales of the 
involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color; chaff obtuse. (E. decangulare, L., in 



55'* CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

part, viz. as to pi. Clayt. E. compressum, Lam.) — Pine-barren swamps, New 
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug. 

3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (l ? -3'long), awl-shaped, 
pellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 1 -striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when 
submersed becoming l°-6° long, according to the depth of the water; chaff 
acutish. (E. pelliicidum, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders, from New 
Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" -3" broad; 
the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu. Coast of 
Ireland, &c. only.) 

2. PUPALANTHUS, Mart. ( Sp. of Eriocaulon of authors. ) 

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of 
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary 
thi-oughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from nanrakr), dust 
or flour, and avdos, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and 
flowers of many South American species.) 

1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristle-awl-shaped 
(1' long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5- 
angled; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flow- 
ers mostly obsolete'; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers 
linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. (Eriocaulon flavidum, McAx.) — Low pine 
barrens, S. Virginia and southward. 

3. LACHNOCAXJLON, Kunth. Hairy Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious, &c, as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none ! 
Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped tube around 
the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers 1 -celled ! Fert. 
Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stig- 
mas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, simple, 
bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the name from Xd)(vos, wool, 
and Kavkos, stalk). 

1. L. Mich.atl.xii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low pine 
barrens, Virginia (Pu7sh), and southward. 

Order 127. CYPERACEiE. (Sedge Family.) 

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems (culms), 
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of eacn 
of the glume-like imbricated brads (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth, 
or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovary with a 
single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft 
when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular. 
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves 
when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family. (See Plates 
1-6.) 



CYPERACE^E. (sedge family.) 551 

Tribe I. SCIRPINEiE. Flowers normally perfect and alike, rarely some of them with 
stamens or pistil abortive : spikes all of one sort. 

Subtribe 1. Cyperese. Scales of the spike strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled 
(in all our species). Spikes usually aggregated into clusters, heads, umbels, spikes, &c. 

* Flower destitute of any bristles, also of any beak to the achenium. 

1. Cyperus. Spikes few -many -flowered, usually elongated or slender. 

2. Ky llingia. Spi<tes 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head. 

* Flower furnished with bristles : achenium beaked by the persistent base of the style. 

3. Dulicbium. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle. 

.Subtribe 3. Scirpese. Scales of the spike or head imbricated all round, convex or 
open, all or nearly all of ttiem with a perfect flower in the axil. 

* Flower with one or more inner scales (either bractlets or perianth). 

4. Fuirena. Scales of the spike awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked 

petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles. 

5. Lipocarpba. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis and the other next 

the awnLess scale of the spike. No bristles. 

6. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute inner and thin scale next the axis 

of the spike : no bristles. 

* * Flower without inner scales, either wholly naked or with some bristles (perianth). 

m- Bristles generally present. 

7. Eleocharis. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous 

persistent base of the style, t^pike solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm. 

8. Scirpus. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of 

the style. Culms often leafy at the base or apex. Spikes one or more. 

9. Eriophorum. Achenium, &c, as in Scirpus. Bristles after flowering exceedingly 

lengthened into cottony hairs. 

«- -i- Bristles always none. 
6. Hemicarpha will be looked for here when the minute inner scale is overlooked. 

10. Fimbristylis. Style bulbous at the base, or constricted at the junction, deciduous 

from the achenium (with or rarely without the jointed bulb). Culms leafy at the base, 
and bracted at the summit, bearing usually several spikes. 

Subtribe 3. Rhynchosporese. Scales of the spike or head imbricated in few or 
several ranks, some of the lower commonly empty, and of the upper subtending abortive 
or staminate flowers. No inner scales. 

11. Dichromena. Spikes crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the 

scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Achenium crowned with a beak or tubercle 
formed of the enlarged persistent base of the style. No bristles. 

12. Rhynehospora. Spikes terete or flattish, the scales convex, and either loosely 

enwrapping or regularly imbricated. Achenium crowned with a persistent tubercle 
or beak, and at the base commonly surrounded by bristles. 
13 Clailinm. Spikes terete, few-flowered, the scales, &c. as in the preceding. Achenium 
destitute of tubercle. No bristles. 

Tribe II. SCLERINEiE. Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate in the 
same or in different clustered spikes. Achenium naked, bony or crustaceous, supported 
on a hardened disk. 

14. Scleria. Spikes few -flowered: lower scales empty. No bristles, &c. 

Tribe lit. C ARICINEiE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in sepa- 
rate spikes, or sometimes dioecious. Achenium enclosed in a sac (petigynium'), which 
answers to a single or a pair of inner scales or bractlets. 

15. Carex. No bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac which encloses the 

achenium. 



0.32 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

1. CYPERUS, L. Galingale. (PI. 1.) 

Spikes many - few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in clusters 
or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound terminal 
umbel. Scales 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled (their decurrent base below 
often forming margins or wings to the hollow of the joint of the axis next 
below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1-3. No bristles or inner scales. Style 
2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular, naked at the 
apex. — Culms mostly triangular, simple, leafy at the base, and with one or 
more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel. Peduncles 
unequal, sheathed at the base. All flowering in late summer or autumn. 
( Kvne ipos, the ancient name.) 

§ 1. PYCREUS, Beauv. Style 2-cleft: achenium flattened : spikes flat, many-flow- 
ered: only the lowest scale empty. {Ours all annuals.) 

1. C. flaveseens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus- 
tered on the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles); scales obtuse, straw-yellow; 
achenium shining, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast. — Culms 
4'- 10' high; spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre 3-leaved, very unequal. (Eu.) 

2. C. diandrilS, Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3 ; spikes lance-oblong, 
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse, 
purvle-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong-obovate : 
otherwise much like the last. — Yar. castaneus, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bit/el.) 
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds : common. 

3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Stamens 2 ; spikes lance-linear, acute and very 
flat (§•' - 1' long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays ; 
scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose ; achenium obi ong-obo note, very blunt, dull. 
— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Culms 
4' -12' high. — C. minimus'? Nutt. (C. Cleaveri, Torr.) is a depauperate form 
of this, with a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two spikes ! 

4. C. flavicomus, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4'' -9" long), 
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed 
umbel, spreading ; scales oi:al, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- 
(whitish-) margined; achenium obovate, muc.ronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3° 
high); leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long. — Low grounds, Virginia and 
southward. 

§2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. Style 3-clefl: achenium triangular: stamens $ 
spikes many-flowered: the scarious wmged margins of the joints of the axis 
early separating down to the base in the form of a pair of free scales, which 
are persistent after the proper scale falls away : otherwise as in § 3. ( Ours 
annual.) 

5. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (3' -3° high); 
umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 4-5-leaved, very long; involucels 
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical nearly 
sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontally, linear, flattish (3" -6" long), 
bright chestnut-colored ; scales lanceolate, mucronulate. — Alluvial banks, Penn c 
to Wisconsin 1 Illinois, and common southward. — Root fibrous, red. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 553 

§3. CYPERUS proper. Style 3-clefl: achenium triangular: spikes many-flow- 
ered, flat or almost terete; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints of the axis wing- 
margined or naked. 

* Stamen only one: spikes short and small (2" -3", or becoming 4" -5" long), col- 

lected in globtdar heads, ovate or linear-oblong, compactly many -flowered : the 
scales merely ascending on the naked marginless axis. 

*- Low annuals.: involucre 2 - 3-lcaved : heads flew: scales pointed. 
6. C. in£L6xUS, Muhl. Dwarf (1'- 5' high); spikes oblong becoming linear, 
7 - 13-flowered, in 1-5 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pedun- 
cled) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ; achenium obovate, obtuse. 
— Sandy wet shores: common. — Sweet-scented in drying. 

7 C. acuminatUS, Torr. Slender (3' -12' high); spikes ovate, becoming 
oblong, 1 6 - 30-flowered, pale; scales obscurely 3-?ierved, short-tipped; achenium 
cblong, pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and southwestward. 

-»- +- Tall perennial (1° - 4° high) : heads many, greenish: scales pointless. 

8. C. virens, Michx. Culm either sharply or obtusely triangular; leaves 
and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikes ovate 
or oblong; achenium oblong or linear; scales acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C. 
vegetus, Torr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward. 

* * Stamens 3 : spikes 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the culm or of each ray of 

an umbel, flat, oblong or linear, the crowded scales ascending, strongly keeled, 
ovate, with abruptly sharp-pointed slightly-spreading tips: achenium broadly 
obovate, sharply triangular. 

9. C. COmpressilS, L. Low annual (3' -9' high), with a single sessile or 
a few umbellate clusters of linear green spikes (of 6" - 10" long, 1 5 -30-flowered), 
the axis naked. — Sterile fields, Somerset Co., Maryland, W. M. Canby (also 
adventive near Philadelphia Navy Yard), and southward. 

10. C. dentatUS, Torr. Perennial, with running rootstocks (6' - 12' high) ; 
clusters several or many in a simple or twice or thrice compound umbel ; spikes 
ovate-oblong and rather few-flowered, or when well-developed linear and 1 5 - 30- 
flowered (3" -5" long); the scales reddish-brown with green back; joints of the 
axis wing-margined. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Northern New York 
(J. A. Paine), and southward. — Spikes often abortive and changed into leafy 
tufts as in Juncus. 

* * * Stamens 3 : spikes narrowly linear, flat, scattered along the upper part of the 

rays of an open simple or somewhat compound umbel : scales appressed, pointless: 
joints of the spike wing-margined : perennial by slender running rootstocks, which 
bear small nut-like tubers, by which the plants multiply pestiferously in cultivated 
grounds. 

11. C. rotlindus, L., var. Hydra. (Nut-Grass.) Culm slender 
(|°-1^° high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, 
about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple 
12-40-flowered acute spikes (5"- 9'' long) ; scales ovate, closely appressed, nerveless 
except on the keel. ( C. Hydra, Michx. ) — Sandy fields, Virginia and southward : 
and adventive near Philadelphia, C. F. Parker. (Eu.) 

GM 24 



554 CYPERACEJ2. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

12. C. phymatodes, Muhl. Culm (l°-2£° high) equalling the leaves; 
umbel often compound, 4- 7 -rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes 
numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12 - 30-flowered (4" - 7" long) ; scales 
oblong, narrowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achenium 
oblong. (C. repens, Ell.) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c, Vermont to 
Wisconsin, and common southward. 

♦ * * * Stamens 3 : spikes narrowly linear or slender-awl-shaped, numerous and 

densely crowded or spiked on the summit of the rays of the open simple or sometimes 
compound umbel, spreading or sometimes refiexed : scales erect -oppressed, condu- 
plicate or keeled, pointless: joints of the axis of the spike, with scaly-winged mar- 
gins partly embracing the achenium : involucre of 3 to several long leaves : annuals 
with fibrous roots, or sometimes apparently more or Itss perennial from a tuberous 
or bulbous thickened base : no running rootstocks. 
t- Spikes flat, becoming straw-color (|-'- l' long) ; the scales strongly conduplicate. 

13. C. StrigOSUS, L. Culm mostly stout (1°- 3° high); most of the rays 
of the umbel elongated (I' - 5'), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes 10 - 25-flowered, 
scales oblong-lanceolate, several-nerved, much longer than the oblong-lineai 
achenium. — Damp or fertile soil: very common, especially southward. (C. 
stendlepis, Torr., is of this group and nearly related.) 

*- -1- Spikes slender and rather awl-shaped, almost terete, at least when mature ; th* 
scales less conduplicate and more oppressed to the axis. 

14. C. Miehauxianus, Schultes. Culm stout, mostly low (5' - 20' high) -, 
rays of the umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikes 10 - 20-flowered, yellowish- 
brown at maturity (3" -7" long), the short joints of its axis winged with very 
broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate triangular ach-nium ; the scales ovate, 
obtusish, imbricately overlapping. — Low grounds and sandy banks : common. — 
Root truly annual : stem seldom bulbous-thickened at the base. 

15. C. Engelmanni, Steud. Resembles the foregoing; but the spikes 
more slender and terete, somewhat, remotely 5 - lb-flowered, the zigzag joints of the 
axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious scales 
proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the succes- 
sive sades not reaching the base of the one above on the same side ; achenium oblong- 
linear, very small. (C. tenuior, Engelm.) — Low grounds and sandy banks, 
Virginia to Wisconsin and southward : also adventive at the Philadelphia Navy 
Yard. 

* * * * * Stamens 3: spikes loosely or somewhat remotely 6-12-flowered, flatti&h 

and greenish, several crowded together in one sessile or in a few peduncled heads 
or dense clusters ; their scales ovate, convex on the back, jnany-nerved, applied 
to and little longer than the ovate or obovate and sharply triangular achenium : 
perennials, propagating from the hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the 
base of the culms. 

16. C. Sehweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (l°-2° high); 
leaves linear ; umbel simple, 4 - %-rayed ; spikes crowded along the upper part of the 
mostly elongated rays, erect, loose (4" -6" long) ; scales awl-pointed ; joints of 
the axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores and ridges, from Lake Ontario 
to Ohio, Illinois, and northwestward. — Flowers rather large. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 555 

17. C. Gr&yii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6' -12' high;-, leaves 
almost bristle-shaped, channelled ; umbel simple, 4-6-rayed; spikes 5-10 in a loose 
head, spreading ; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, greenish-chestnut- 
color. — Barren sands, Plymouth, Mass., to New Jersey, near the coast. 

18. C, filictilmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8'- 15' 
high); leaves linear (l"-2" wide); spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile 
dense head, or in 1-7 additional looser heads on spreading rays of an irregular 
umbel; joints of the axis naked; scales blunt, greenish. (C. mariscoides, Ell.) — 
Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. 

§4. MAIifSCUS, Vahl. Style 3-clefi: the achenium triangular: stamens 3: 
spikes 1 -few-fowered, narrow or awl-shaped, with 2 lower scales short and 
empty, and inclined to persist on the common axis when the rest of the spike dis- 
articulates and falls, crowded in dense heads : otherwise nearly as in the penul- 
timate division of§3. ( Perennials with clustered small tubers at base of the culms, 
as in the preceding division : spikes green, merely tawny with age. ) 

19. C. Lancastriensis, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Culm (l°-2° high) trian- 
gular ; leaves rather broadly linear; umbel of 6 - 9 mostly elongated rays ; spikes 
very numerous in short-oblong or globular dense heads, soon reflexed, 3-6- 
fowered, linear-awl-shaped ; the joints of the axis broadly winged ; scales oblong, 
obtuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong achenium. — Rich soil, banks of the 
Susquehanna near Lancaster, Penn., Prof Porter. — Most like the Southern 
C. Baldwinii, Torr.; but twice the size; the more numerous spikes 4" -5" long, 
more linear, less pointed, on a setaceous-bracted axis of 6" or 7 r in length, 
with longer scales and achenium, &c. 

20. C. OVUlaris, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6'- 12' high); umbel 
1 - 6-rayed ; spikes (50 - 100) in a globular very dense head, 2-4-fowered, oblong, 
blunt (l^"-2" long); joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, obtuse, a little 
longer than the obovate-oblong achenium. — Sandy dry soil, S. New York to 
Illinois and southward. 

21. C. retrofraetus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy 
and rough on the obtusish angles (l°-3° high); umbel many-rayed; spikes 
slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the 
elongated rays, soon reflexed, 1 -2-flowered in the middle (3" -5" long) ; scales 
usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed, 
the uppermost involute-awl-shaped; achenium linear. (Scirpus retrofraetus, L.) 
— Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

2. KYLLINGIA, Rottboll. Kyllingia. (PI. 1.) 

Spikes of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1 - 1 ^-flowered ; the 2 lower scales minute 
and empty, as in Cyperus, § 4, but style oftener 2-cloft, and achenium lenticular : 
the spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre 
3-leaved. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century. ,, 

1. K. pumila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (about 
4" broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the 
keel ; stamens and styles 2 ; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois 
and southward. Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high : root annual. 



556 CYPERACEJR, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

3. DUXiiCHITJM, Richard. Dulichium. (PL 1.) 

Spikes many- (6 - 10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary 
solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves : scales 2-ranked, 
lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like mai'gins on the joint below. Peri* 
anth of 6 - 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above.— 
Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A 
perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed and leafy to the 
summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name of a Greek 
island ; its singular application to an American plant unexplained.) 

1. D. spathaceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds : common. July- Sept. 

4. PUIRENA, Rottboll. ILmbrella-Grass. (PI. 2.) 

Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. 
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri- 
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually 
with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium 
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren- 
nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.) 

1. F. squarr6sa, Michx. Stem (l°-2°high) leafy; leaves and sheaths 
hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (6'' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- 
ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate and awn-pointed, the interposed 
bristles minute. — Var. ptjmila, Torr., is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 
2-6 spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. — Sandy wet 
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward ; also Michigan : northward 
mostly the small variety. Aug. 

5. LIPOCARPHA, R.Br. Lipocabpha. (PI. 2.) 

Spikes terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster, which is involucrate 
by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks, 
awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to 
each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spike and the flower, one between 
the latter and the axis of the spike. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 
1 or 2. Style 2 -3-cleft. Achenium flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. — 
Culms leafy at the base. (Name formed of \iiro$,fat, and <dp(pos, chaff, from 
the thickness of the inner scales of some species.) 

1. L. maeulata, Torr. Annual; culm C4'-8' high) much longer than 
the linear concave leaves; spikes (1" -2" long) green and dark-spotted; inner 
scales delicate ; stamen one ; achenium oblong with a contracted base. — Petty's 
Island, Philadelphia, Prof. Leidy, Sj-c. Probably adventive from S. States. 

6. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Hemicarpha. (PI. 2.) 

Spike, flowers, &c. just as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute trans 
lucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spike. 
Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from 
nfii, half, and K<ip(pog, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.) 






CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 557 

1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (l'-5' high); 
involucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with 
another minute leaf; spikes 2-3 (barely 2" long) ; scales brown, tipped with a 
short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of 
ponds and rivers; often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July -Sept. — Var. 
Drummondii (H. Drummondii, Nees.) is a form with single and paler or green- 
ish heads : Illinois and southward. 

7. ELEOCHAEIS, R.Br. Spike-Rush. (PI. 3.) 

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales 
imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3- 12 (com- 
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- 
mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is 
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Leafless, 
chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creep- 
ing rootstocks : flowering in summer. (Name from e'Xos, a marsh, and ^mpo), 
to deligJd in; being marsh plants.) 

§ 1. Spike terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spong y -cellular culm ; the scales 
firmly persistent: style mostly 3-fIeft: bristles of the perianth 6 (rarely 7), firm 
or rigid, mostly barbed downwardly, and equalling or surpassing the triangular or 
double convex achenium. 

* Spike linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-fiower<d ; the scalts (only 3 - 9) few- 

ranked, convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, herba- 
ceous (green ) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scarious margins. 

1. E. Hobbilisii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather 
stout, erect (8'-2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or 
fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; achenium ob- 
long-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the 
bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from 
Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Robbins), to New Jersey (C. E. Smith, 
fyc), and southward. — Spike varying from 4" to 10'' long, by scarcely over a 
line wide ; the long scales rather remote and sheath-like. 

* * Spike cylindrical and many-flowered, V -2' long ; the scales regularly imbricated 

in several ranks, firm-coriaceous with a narrow scarious margin and no midrib, 
pale, nn-veleas or faintly striate : culms large and stout (2° -4° high) ; sheaths at 
the base often leaf-bearing. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 

2. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross 
partitions ; achenium smooth, with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, 
Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan (Houghton), Delaware, and southward. 

3. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culm continuous and sharply 4-angled ; 
achenium finely reticulated, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Shallow 
water, New York (outlet of Oneida Lake, A. H. Curtiss) to Michigan and 
southward : rare. 

§ 2. Spike terete and turgid-ovate, very much thicker than the slender culm ; the scalei 
thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous and persistent, ovate: style 3-clefl : bristle* 



558 CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

of the perianth stout, downwardly barbed, as long as the striated and pitted-retic- 
vJated triangular achenium and its tubercle; culms tufted from fibrous roots, 
about 1° high. 

4. E. tuberculdsa, R. Br. Culms flattish, striate; spike 3" -6" long, 
many-flowered ; tubercle flattish-cap-shapcd, as large as the body of the achenium. 
— Wet sandy soil, Mass. along the coast to Virginia and southward. 

5. E. simplex, Torr. Culrns sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when 
dry; spike 2" -3" long, few-flowered; conical-beaked tubercle much smaller than 
the achenium. (E. tdrtilis, Schultes.) —Eastern shore of Maryland {W.M.I 
Canby), and southward. 

§ 3. Spike terete, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered ; the scales imbricated 
in many or more than three ranks, thin-membranaceous or scarious in texture, with 
a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous at maturity. 
(Eleogenus, Nees.) 

* Achenium smooth and lenticular, and style 2-cleJl, or in No. 6 more commonly 
3-cleft : culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed. 

6. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from 
fibrous roots ; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, obtuse, rarely becoming acute 
(dull brown); the scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in 
many ranks; style 3- (rarely 2-) cleft; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-mar- 
gined, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles, crowned with a short and very 
broad flattened tubercle. — Muddy places : most common. 

7. E. Olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slender 
matted rootstocks (2' -4' high) ; spike ovate, acutish, 20 - 30 -flowered ; scales ovate, 
obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (purple with a green midrib and slightly scari- 
ous margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle, 
shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to New Jersey near the 
coast, and southward : also shore of Lake Ontario, J. A. Paine. 

8. E. paltistris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high), from 
running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate- 
oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and 
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest 
rounded and often enlarged ; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned 
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the us-iaUy 
4 bristles. — Var. glaucescens (S. glaucescens, Willd.l) : culms slender or fili- 
form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the 
achenium. — Var. calva (E. calva, Torr.) : bristles wanting; tubercle short, 
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York, 
Dr. Crawe). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; 
or in wet grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.) 

9. E. COmpressa, Sullivant. Culms flat, striate, erect (l°-2° high); 
spike ovate-oblong, or at length lanceolate, 20 - 30-flowered (4" -7" long); scales 
lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark purple Avith broad Avhite pellucid margins and sum- 
mit ; achenium obovate-pear- shaped, compressed, crowned with a small conical and 
pointed tubercle; bristles 1 -4, very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the 
achenium, sometimes none or a single rudiment.) — Wet places, N. New York 



CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 559 

to Ohio and Illinois. — Culms tufted on running rootstocks, strikingly flat, 
often spirally twisted in drying. 

* * Achenium triangular or turgid : style 3-cleft. 
+- Bristles equalling or surpassing the smooth achenium, downwardly barbed, persistent. 

10. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect 
(l°-2^° high), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous from the apex 
(l°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike spindle-shaped, 12-20- 
flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achenium obovate-triangulaij, 
narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the- 
4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), E. Massachusetts ( W. Boott), 
and Vermont (Tuckerman) to New Jersey (Dr. Allen), Alexandria, Virginia (A. 
H. Curtiss), Michigan and southward. 

11. E. intermedia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved, 
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6'- 12' long) ; 
spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 1 - 20-flowered (2" -3" long); scales oblong, 
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium obovoid with a nar- 
rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which 
nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth.!) — Wet slopes: common 
from New York and Penn. to Illinois and northward. 

12. E. microcarpa, Torr., var. filiculmis, Torr. Like the preceding, 
but more capillary and heads smaller (l^"-2" long), sometimes proliferous, the 
one or more short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists 
as an herbaceous bract ; achenium very much smaller, with sharper angles and a 
short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. — 
Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 

■+- ■*- Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium, slender and fragile, or none. 

13. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root- 
stocks, ^-angular and flattish (1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acut- 
ish, 20 - SO-flowered (3" long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad 
scarious margin and green keel ; achenium obooate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with 
a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales ; bristles half the 
length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptica, Kunth.!) — Wet meadows 
and bogs : common, early-flowering ; June. 

14. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'- 
18' high); spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered 
(3" -6" long) ; scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brown- 
ish with broad scarious margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely 
triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle, 
which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles shorter 
than the (soon blackish) achenium, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. 

15. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms flattish (l°-2° high); spike soon cylin- 
drical, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long, thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse, 
rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3 prominent 
thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle; 
bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and southward. 



560 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

§ 4. Spike more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or capillary culm, few - many- 
flowered ; the thin membranaceous scales somewhat 2-3-ranked: style 3-cleflt 
bristles of the perianth 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious. Small or delicate species, dif- 
fering from the last subdivision chiefly in theflattish spikes. (CH2ETOCYPERUS, 
Nees.) 

* Achenium tumid, obscurely triangxdar, many-ribbed on the sides. 
18. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long), more or 
less 4-angular ; spike 3 - 9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish 
with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and 2-3 
limes as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer than 
the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichbdes, 
Muhl., &c.) — Muddy shores : common. (Eu.) 

* * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 
17. B. pygmsea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (l'-2 f 
high) ; spike ovate, 3 - 8-flowered; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute ; 
achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute 
tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus, 
Vahl?) — Brackish marshes and brackish river-banks. 

8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush. (PI. 3.) 

Spikes several - many -flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which (except 
in No. 1) is subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre (this when simple often 
appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly 
imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed, 
the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers under all the scales, or all 
but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3-6 (straight or rarely 
tortuous) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, 
simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or 
point to the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base; 
the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8-9; flowering in 
summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) 

§ 1. SCIRPUS proper (including Isolepis, which simply wants the bristles). 
Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exser ted after flowering , 
mostly barbed downwards. 
* Spike solitary, few-flowered, small, often flat tish: achenium triangular, smooth. 
>- No involucral leaf or bract and no leaves below : base of style indurated and persist- 
ent, but continuous with the achenium. ( Transition to Eleocharis and Blysmus. ) 
1. S. paueifl6rus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, very slender 
(3' -9' high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, at the base with a 
short truncate sheath ; scales of the ovate spike evidently 2-ranked, chestnut- 
brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger ; bristles 3-6, down- 
wardly barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular 
achenium. (S. Baedthryon, Ehrh. Blysmus pauciflorus, Caruel.) — Very wet 
places, New York (Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe, & Herkimer Co., J. A. Paine) to 
N. Illinois 'l> Vasey), Michigan, and northwestward. (Eu.) 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 561 

■+- -*- Involucre a short awl-shaped bract : culms tufted (3-12' high), filiform. 

2. S. G8espit6sus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, in 
compact turfy tufts; the upper sheath bearing a very short aid-shaped leaf ; spike 
ovoid, rusty -color ; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling the lowest 
proper scale of the spike and scarcely surpassing it ; bristles 6, smooth, longer 
than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of 
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York, On Roan Mountain, N. Carolina. 
Also, away from mountains, Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., New York, G. W. 
Clinton, J. A Paine. N. Illinois, Dr. Vasey. (Eu.) 

3. S. Clintoniij Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like 
sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usu 
ally very much shorter) than the culm ; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly 
shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spike, which has pointless scales : other- 
wise as the next. (S. planifolius, var. brevifolius, Ton.) — Rather dry plains, 
New York, Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe; near Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. June. 

4. S. planifdlius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at the base ; the leaves 
linear, flat, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle- 
tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong chestnut-colored spike, the 
green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points ; bristles of the perianth up- 
wardly hairy, as long as the pointless achenium. — Dry or moist ground, New 
England to W. New York (G. W. Clinton), Penn., and Delaware. June. 

h- h- -t- One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm. 

5. S. SUbterminalis, Torr. Aquatic: culms (l°-3° long, thickish-fili- 
form) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular ; the 
filiform green bract 6'' - 12" long, much surpassing the oblong spike ; scales some- 
what pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly- 
pointed achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England 
to Michigan and westward. — Var. terrestris, Paine, Cat. Less tall ; stem 
and leaves firmer ; fully-fruiting spike more turgid : growing chiefly emersed, in 
a quaking morass, Litchfield, Herkimer Co., New York, J. A. Paine. 

*- * Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre, 
which resembles the naked culm, seeming to be a continuation of it. 

■*- Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootslorks : spikes many-flow- 
ered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at. base more or less leaf- 
bearing. ( Very rarely a second and smaller involucral leaf.) 

6. S. piingens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout ; culm sharply 
3-angled throughout (l°-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated 
(4'- 10' long), keeled and channelled ; spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, usually long 
overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft 
at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes ; anthers tipped with an 
awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-clefl (rarely 3-cleft) ; bristles 2 -6, 
shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S. 
triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh 
ponds and streams : very common. (Eu.) 

7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout 
(2° - 7° high), the upper sheath beariwj a short triangular leaf or none ; spikes 6-12, 

36 



562 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales 
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious 
apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-eleft ; bristles 
6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex and mucronate achenium. — 
Salt marshes, Martha's Vineyard (Oakes), and Rhode Island (Olney), to Dela- 
ware, and common southward. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-rayed, 
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. 
triqueter, which has similar anthers, and an abbreviated or almost abortive 
leaf; but its culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of 
them umbellate-stalked. 

8. S. Torreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is 
readily pulled up from the mud) ; culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slen- 
der (2° -4° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2 cr 3, more than half the length of the 
culm, triangular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute, 
distinct, pale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; 
scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate; style 3-cleft; bristles longer than 
the unequally triangular obovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucro- 
natus, Pursh?, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, 
New England to Penn. and Michigan. 

•»- +- Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootstocks : spikes many- 
flowered loosely umbellate or corymbed, involucdlate-br acted. 

9. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3° -5° high) 3-angled, usually sharply so 
above, obtusely below, the sheath at the base extended into a long and slender 
triangular and channelled leaf; the involucral leaf similar, continuing the 
culm; spikes oblong (4"- 6" long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 
together, nodding on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles 
or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ; 
scales of the spike loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scari- 
ous, with a greenish nerved back; bristles of the perianth 6, firm, furnished 
above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak 
of the obovate-triangular shining achenium. — In a mill-pond, near Salisbury, 
Maryland, A. Commons, W. M. Canby. — A remarkable species: leaf 2° -4° 
long: involucral leaf 4' -8' long: rays or peduncles l^'-3' long, each sub- 
tended by a single involucellate leaf or bract, the lowest like that of the involucre 
but short, the uppermost reduced to scale-like bracts. Achenium (1^", and its 
beak §/' long. 

+-•»--*- Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running rootstcx-k, naked : the 
sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or none : spikes numerous 
and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of 
which mostly surpass the involucral leaf: involucellate bracts small, scale-like and 
rusty-scarious : scales of the spike rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, with a salient 
midrib extended into a mucronate point. 

10. S. validus, Vahl. (Great Bulrush.) Culm 3° -9° high, ±'-1- 
thickatbase; spikes ovate-oblong (3" -4" long); scales mostly a little downy 
on the back and ciliate ; style 2-cleft ; achenium pale and dull, obovate with a nar- 
rowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pOinted, usually overtopped by the 4-6 slender 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 563 

downwardly barbed bristles. (S. aciitus, Midil. S. laciistris, of Amcr. authors and 
in former editions.) — Common everywhere in still fresh water. — Achenium 
(§" long, half the size of that of the European S. lacustris, also narrower, pale, 
not shining. — A slender variety with narrower heads, very smooth scales, 
and shorter or fragile hristles, was sparingly collected by Rev. J. W. Chickering 
at Havana, New York. 

11. S. riparius, Presl., which largely takes the place of the preceding 
southwestward, probably within our limits, is known by the 2-4 rather shorter 
and linear -plumose scales, rather than bristles, of the perianth. 

-^ — -• — -» — -* — Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely trian- 
gular, naked ; the sheaths at the base rarely extended into a short leaf: spikes 
few or several, sometimes solitary, in a sessile cluster, much overtopped by the 
involucral leaf: bristles of the perianth of en few or wanting. 

12. S. ddbilis, Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hol- 
lowed sides, l°-2° high, yellowish-green; spikes 3-12, capitate, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse (3" -4" long), chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at matu- 
rity ; scales roundish ; stamens 3 ; style 2 -3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly 
barbed, equalling or tAvo surpassing the obovate turgidly plano-convex (or 
bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed smoothish achenium. (S.juncoi- 
des, Roxburgh.) — Swamps, Mass. to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 

13. S. Smithii, n. sp. Culms terete, slender, 3' -12' high, often leaf-bear- 
ing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1-3 oblong-ovate acute spikes ; 
involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cleft; bristles 1 or 2 
minute rudiments or none ; achenium somewhat lenticular, smooth, deciduous 
with the scales. (S. debilis, Gray, Gram. $• Cyp. 135.) — Wet shores, Lake On- 
tario to Illinois and Delaware Bay (in tidal mud). July. — Named for C. E. 
Smith, who indicated and insisted on its distinctions. 

14. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii. Culms filiform, 5'- 12' high; upper 
fheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikes 1 - 7 in a sessile or sometimes gem- 
inately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish ; scales 
ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 
none ; achenium obovate-orbicu/ar, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled 
transversely. (S. Hallii, Gray, addend, ed. 2.) — Wet shores, Illinois, E. Hall, 
&c, and southwestward. — In Texas occurs the normal S. supinus, with 3-cleft 
style and triangular achenium, as in Europe, where it sometimes has short 
bristles, as in No. 13. (Eu.) 

* * * Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled 
clusters, many-flowered, terete : involucre of mostly several obvious and flat leaves: 
culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks ; triangular, leafy, sedge-like: style 
mostly 3-cleft. 

■*- Spikes large, 6"- 15" long : midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate 
or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn. 

15. S. maritimus, L. (Sea Club-Rush.) Leaves flat, linear, as long 
as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal ; 
spikes few- several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays 
bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty -brown) spikes; awns of the 



564 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

scales soon recurved ; achenium obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one side, con- 
vex or obtuse-angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1 -6 un- 
equal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. macrostachyos, 
Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh) is a larger form, with very thick oblong-cylindri- 
cal heads, becoming l'-l^'long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often 
1° long. — Salt marshes : common on the coast, and near salt springs in the 
interior (W. New York, &c). (Eu.) 

16. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (River C.) Leaves flat, broadly linear (%' or 
more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long 
involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved- 
spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; achenium 
obovaie, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equal- 
ling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. maritimus var.? fluviatilis, Ton:, excl. syn.) — 
Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin and 
Illinois. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° -5° high. Leaves roughish 
on the margin, like the last ; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1° - 2° long. 
Principal rays of the umbel 3' -4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads paler 
and duller than in the preceding ; the scales less lacerate, and their awns less 
recurved , the fruit larger and very different. 

h- •*- Spikes very numerous, small, V -5" long ; theh scales viucronaie-pointed or 
blunt : umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : culm 
2° -5° high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft, rough 
on the edges : bristles of the perianth very slender, often more or less tortuous and 
naked below: — transition to § Trichophorum. 

17. S. sylv&tiCUS, L. Spikes lead-colortd, clustered. 3-10 together at the 
end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle, ovoid 
or lance-ovate, 2" long ; scales bluntish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed through- 
out, rather exceeding the triangular short-pointed achenium ; style 3-cleft. — ■ 
Along brooks, E. Mass., W. Boott, to Albany, N. Y., C. H. Peck. (Eu.) 

18. S. microearpilS, Presl. Like No. 17, but earlier, and with rathef 
smaller heads, hlunter scales, 2 stamens, a 2-cleft style, 4 bristles, and obovate- 
lenticular achenium. (S. lenticularis, Ton.) — Near Boston, IV. Boott, to New 
Hampshire, Oukes, Src, and N. W. 

19. S. atrdvirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid ; spikes dull 
greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also 
usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed; bristlec 
Eparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly 
straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular 
achenium. (S. sylvaticus, var. atrovirens, Ed. 2., — Wet meadows and bogs, 
New England to Kentucky and northward : common. 

20. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy ; spikes yellow-brown, 
ovate, becoming cylindrical, clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short 
ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel; scales mucronate; bristles 6, 
usually twice bent, soft-baibrd towards the summit only, about twice the length of 
the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. bninneus, Muhl.) — Swamps and 
shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and common southward 



S o 



CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 565 

-.. TRICH6PH0RUM, Richard. Bristles capillary, naked, not barbed, elon- 
gating, becoming tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular achenium* 
when old mostly projecting beyond the rusty-colored scales : cuhn, leaves, frc. as in 
the preceding subdivision ; umbel-like cymose panicle decompound. 
21 S. lineatUS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3° high); leaves 
linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and some- 
times axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1-3-leaved involucre much 
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical 
(2" -4" long), on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely 
exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. 

— Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. 

22. S. Eriophorum, Michx. (Wool-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, very 
leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre 
3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length droop- 
ing ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral ones pedi- 
celled, woolly at maturity (l£"-3" long) ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer 
than the pointless scales ; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) 

— Var. cypekinus (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spikes 
conglomerate in small heads. — Var. lAxds (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the 
heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms 
occur; and the umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps •• 
common northward and southward. 

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass. (PI. 3.) 

Spikes, scales, achenium, &c. as in Scirpus. Bristles of the perianth of 
numerous (in one species few) flat and delicate capillary bristles, which lengthen 
greatly after flowering, much exceeding the scales, and forming of the capitate 
spike a (white or reddish) conspicuous cotton-like tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. 
Style 3-cleft. Perennials. (Name composed of eptov, wool or cotton, and (popd, 
bearing. ) 

* Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none. 

1. E. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running root- 
stock 6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold 
bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. (Eu.) 

* # Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit. 
•*- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none. 

2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the 
base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, 
triangular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at 
maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to mountains of Penn. 
{Prof. T. Green), Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May, June. (Eu.) 

(E. russeolum, Fries, with copper-colored wool, found in New Brunswick 
by Rev. J. Fowler, may be expected in N. E. Maine.) 

-f- ■«- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate. 

3. E. Virginieum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high) ; leaves very narrowly 
linear, elongated, flat; spikes nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or h&td; 



566 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

wool rusty or copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bog3 
and low meadows : common. July, Aug. 

Var. album, with the wool white. — Oswego and Jefferson Counties, New 
York, Dr. Crawe, A. H. Curtiss. 

4. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu- 
lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre 
2-3-leaved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- 
gated in fruit ; achenium obovate; wool white, very straight (1' long or more). 

— Var. angustifolium (E. angustifolium, Roth, and of European botanists, 
not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles. 

— Var. latifolium (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr.,) has 
rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common 
in bogs, northward ; often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating 
that the species should be left as Linnaeus founded it. June, July. (Eu.) 

5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular; 
leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale- 
like, mostly 1 -leaved ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti- 
cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, 
New England to Illinois, and northward. June- Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, 
when mature the copious white wool 6" -9" long. Scales brownish, several- 
nerved; or in our plant, var. paucinervium, Engelm., mostly light chestnut- 
color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.) 

10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (PI. 3.) 

Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all florifcrous, regularly im- 
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c ) none. Stamens 1-3. Style 
2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except in No. 
4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as 
in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the 
involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the 
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) 
§ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS proper. Style 2-cleft,flat and ciliate, falling away, base 

and all, from the lenticular achenium ; scabs of the many -flowered spike closely 

imbricated. 

1. F. spadieea, Vahl., var. castanea. Culms (1° -2^° high) tufted 
from a perennial root, rigid, as are the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves, 
smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" 
thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium very minutely striate and obscurely reticulated. 
(F. castanea, cylindrica, &c, Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast, New York 
to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — Spikes less dark-colored and scales 
mostly thinner than in the original Jamaica plant. 

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high) from an annual root, weak, 
grooved and flattish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes 
hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3 ; ' long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium conspicuously 6 - %-ribbed 
on each side, and with finer cross lines. (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, 
Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July- 
Sept. — Scales broader and less pointed than in F. annua. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 567 

§ 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style S-cleft and the achenium triangular: 
otherwise nearly as in § 1 : the spikes small and fewer-jinwered. 

3. F. autumnalis, Rcem. & Schult. Annual (3'- 16' high), in tufts; 
culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes 
oblong, acute (l"-2" long), single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo- 
late, mucronate; stamens 1-3. (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds, 
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 

§ 3. ONC6STYLIS, Martius. Style 3-clefl, slender, its thickish base more tardily 
deciduous from the apex of the triangular achenium. 

4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3' -9' high) ; culm 
and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short ; umbel compound or panicled ; 
spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled, very 
obtuse. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Sandy fields : common. Aug., Sept. 

(F. congesta, Torr., a diminutive Southern species, with the 2-cleft style 
not ciliate, has been detected in ballast-sand at Camden, New Jersey, opposite 
Philadelphia, by C. F. Parker: probably only a waif.) 

11. DICHROIENA, Richard. Dichromena. (PI. 4.) 

Spikes aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com- 
pressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive. 
Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat- 
shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, 
&c, none. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the per- 
sistent and broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping 
perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base 
(whence the name, from Si's, double, and XP^H-^ color). — Differs (too little) 
from the next genus in the involucrate bracts and flattened spikes. 

1. D. le^COCephala, Michx. Culm triangular (l°-2° high); leaves 
narrow ; those of the involucre 4 - 7 ; achenium truncate, not margined. — 
Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 

2. D. Jatifdlia, Baldwin. Culm stouter, nearly terete; leaves broadly 
linear, those of the involucre 8-9, tapering from base to apex ; achenium 
round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. — S. Vir- 
ginia 1 and southward. 

12. SHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rush. (PI. 4.) 

Spikes panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, 
terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat- 
shaped nor keeled) ; the lower ones commonly loosely imbricated and empty, 
the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of 
(mostly 6) bristles, or occasionally wanting. Achenium lenticular, globular, 
or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent 
and indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly peren- 
nials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the spikes in terminal and 
axillary clusters : flowering in summer. (Name composed of pvyxos, a snout, 
and o-iropd, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) 



568 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

§ 1. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes ovate, terete, the numerous scales all adkt 
and regularly imbricated; a perfect flower under each : stamens mostly 2: style 
2-cleft ; its base or the greater part of it enlarging and hardening to form the beak 
of the lenticular or tumid more or less cross-wrinkled achenium : bristles wholly 
wanting (whence the name). 

1. R. SCirpoides. Annual, 4' -10' high; leaves fiat; spikes in broad 
and open cymes, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; 
achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-shaped almost wholly per- 
sistent style, and somewhat margined. (Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. & Ed. 2.) 
— Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

(R. nitens (Scirpus nitens, Vahl. Psilocarya rhynchosporoides, Too.), like 
this, but with a more wrinkled and short-beaked achenium, takes its place in 
Southern States.) 

§2. EURHYNCHOSPORA. Spikes terete or biconvex, few -many-flowered ; 
some of the lower scales almost always empty : stamens mostly 3 : style conspicu- 
ously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle or beak of the mostly lenticular 
achenium : bristles of the perianth usually present, and merely rough or barbed- 
denticulate (not plumose). 
* Achenium transversely wrinkled: bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate. 

2. R. cymdsa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (|' wide) ; cymes 
corymbose; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the 
length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. — 
Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

3. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; 
cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicel! fd; achenium oblong- 
obovate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed- 
conical tubercle. — Swamps; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 

4. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly linear; 
spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, half 
the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate 
tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

* * Achenium smooth and even. 
-t- Bristles of the perianth 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate. 

5. R. flisca, Roem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes 
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1 -3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium 
obovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute 
tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, New Jersey 
to Maine and Lake Superior : rare. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.) 

6. R. gracilenta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4 
small clusters, the lateral long-ped uncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the 
bristles, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S. 
New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high. 

-t- ■*- Bristles none or 1-3 and minute: spikes pale, \-flowered. 

7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (l°-2° high) acutely triangular; 
leaves and spikes as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster, 
which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny; achenium obovatc-lenticular, 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 569 

tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle , the delicate bristles four 
or five times shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine barrens of New Jersey ( W. M. 
Canby, C. F. Parker), and in N. Carolina. 

H _ +- .!_ Bristles long, denticulate downwardly, or both ways in No. 12. 

+* Spikes white or whitish, becoming tawny icith age, perfecting only a single flower : 

stamens usually 2 : bristles 9-12, or even 20 

8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1°- 2° high), triangular above ; leaves 
narrowly linear or almost bristle-form ; spikes lanceolate, densely crowded in a 
head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones ; achenium ob- 
long-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl- 
shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, especially eastward. (Eu.) 
++ ++ Spikes chestnut-colored or darker in No. 11 and 12, few -several-flowered: 

stamens 3 : bristles usually 6. 

9. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal 
cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate 
(pale chestnut-color, 3" long); achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely 
wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the 
length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Penn. 
to N. Vermont, New York, and Michigan. — Culm 6' -9' high, slender. 

10. R. Kniesk&rnii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short; spikes numer- 
ous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (scarcely 1" long); achenium 
obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the bristles, twice the length of the trian- 
gular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron ore exclu- 
sively (Knieskern), and southward : rare. — Culms 6'- 18' high, slender. 

11. R. glomerata, Vahl. Leaves linear, flat; spikes numerous in distant 
clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong; 
achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl- 
shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles. 
— Low grounds : common, especially eastward. — Culm 1° - 3° high. — A state 
with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray. 

12. R. cephalailtha, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled; spikes 
very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads which are distant 
(and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achenium orbicular-obovate, 
margined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the 
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed downwards and sometimes also up- 
wards. — Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm 
stout, 2° - 3° high : the fruit larger than in the last, of which it may be only 
a marked variety. 

§ 3. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. Spikes spindle-shaped or lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, in fruit flatiish, large, cymose-panicled, producing only one perfect and 1 to 4 
staminate flowers ; their scales few, the lower mostly empty : stamens 3 : bristles of 
the perianth rigid, either short or slender, minutely scabrous upward: style simple 
or barely 2-toothed at the apex, fl/ifbrm and gradually thickened downwards, in 
fruit almost all of it persistent as a very long, exserted, slender-awl-shaped, 
upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth and flat obovate 
achenium : coarse perennials : spikes in flower 4", in fruit including the pro' 
L&M— 44 



570 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

jecting beak or style about V long. (This long beak gives the name, from 
nepas, a horn, and a"xpivoi, a rush.) 

13. R. eorniculata, Gray. (Hokned Rush.) Cymes decompound, dif- 
fuse; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, 
Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves about 6" wide. 

14. R. macrostachya, Torr. Cymes decompound, or in the northern 
form somewhut simple and smaller, and the spikes usually more clustered ; bristles 
capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of ponds, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, New Jersey, and southward: rare. — Perhaps it runs into the 
preceding. 

13. CLADITJM, P. Browne. Twig-Rush. (Plate 5.) 
Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the lower ones 
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal 
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2- 3-cleft, decid- 
uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, 
without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Name from 
kXoSo?, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the twice branching styles of 
some species.) 

1. C. mariseoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular 
(l°-2° high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes 
small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2 to 4 peduncles; style 
once 3-cleft. — Bogs, New England to Delaware, Illinois, and northward. July. 

14. SCLEEIA, L. Nut-Rush. (PI. 5.) 

Flowers monoecious ;• the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with 
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower 
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony, 
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. Perennials, with triangular 
leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks : flowering in summer: all in low 
ground or swamps. (Name o~Khnpia, hardness, from the indurated fruit.) 

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear 
leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, 
the lowermost peduncled ; stamens 3 ; achenium smooth and polished, on an obscure 
crustaceous ring or disk. — Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward. 

2 S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly 
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or the lower on short slen- 
der peduncles ; stamens 2 ; achenium globular, regularly pitted-reticulated, not hairy, 
resting on a double disk, each of three greenish appressed superposed calyx-like 
lobes, the inner larger. — Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and southward: 
rare northward. 

3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear; 
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping ; achenium globular, 
irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose, towards the base minutely hairy on the 
somewhat spiral wrinkles : otherwise as in the foregoing. — E. Massachusetts to 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southward. 



CYPERACE^E. (sedge family.) 571 

4. S. pau.cifl.6r a, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish •, culms slender 
(9'- 18' high) ; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral 
ones when present peduncled ; bracts eiliate ; stamens 3 ; achenium globose, papil- 
lose-roughened, white; the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles 
— S. New England to W. New York (rare), and more common southward. 

5. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4'- 12' high), 
terminated by an interrupted spike of 4 - 6 rather distant sessile and small 
clusters ; bracts minute ; leaves linear ; stamens 1 or 2 ; achenium rough-wrinkled, 
with short elevated ridges, globular-triangular ; the disk obsolete. — W. New 
York and Penn. to Michigan and southward: rare. —Plant faintly sweet- 
scented ; achenium small, % n long. 

15. CAKEX, L. Sedge. (PI. 5, 6.) 

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either borne together 
In the same spike (andrdgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very 
rarely on distinct plants (diazcious). Scales of the spikes equally imbricated 
around the axis, each subtending a single staminate or pistillate flower. Sta- 
mens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflated sac (composed of either one or 
two inner scales (bractlets) united by their margins), forming a rounded or an- 
gular bladdery sac (perigynium), which encloses the lenticular, plano-convex, or 
triangular achenium, tipped with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) 
base of the style. Stigmas 2 or 3, long, projecting from the narrow orifice of 
the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowering in spring and maturing in 
summer, frequently growing in wet places, often in dense tufts. Culms trian- 
gular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bracts, 
and terminal ; commonly with sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of 
the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually rough on the margins and keel. 
(A classical name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from careo, to 
want, the upper spikes being mostly sterile ; and by others from Keipa>, to cut, on 
account of the sharp leaves.) 

Contributed for the first edition of this work, and revised for the second, by 
John Cakey, Esq. ; with some present additions, from recent discoveries, and 
a few alterations, chiefly from the subsequent investigations of the late Dr. 
Francis Boott, published in his magnificent Illustrations of the genus Carex, 
and, from notes furnished by Wm. Boott, Esq. 

ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. 

A. Spike solitary and terminal, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and 

scale-like. — (This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, 
and combines species having no real natural affinity.) PSYLLOPHORvE, Loiseleur. 
§ 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-2. 
2 Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No. 3-6. 

Spike androgynous, staminate at the base. No. 36 and 138 may be sought here. 

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer- 

tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 7-9. 
C Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile, 
forming compact or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or decom- 
pound spikes. Stigmas 2. VIGNEA, Beauv. 



572 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

$ 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 10-12, 

2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 13-28. 

3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. No. 29-45. 

D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple 
spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- 
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers at base or apex ; the lower spikes 
all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 
3 (or only 2 in No. 46, 53, 65, 150, &c). CAREX proper. 

* Perigynia with merely a minute or short point, scarcely ever prolonged into a beak. 

§ 1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 55, 56;, smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a 
minute straight point, glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or 
tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 - 3, or the ter- 
minal spike androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No. 46-64. 

2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless, or with a straight or 
oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex- 
cept sometimes in No. 71) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 
65-81. 

3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 83 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute 
straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile. 
No. 82, 83. 

4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or 
recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green 
and leaf-like (except in No. 84). No. 84-91. 

5. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, 
white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal 
spike all staminate or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a 
few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green 
prolongation. No. 92, 93. • 

* * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged. 

6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana- 
ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice. Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender : leaves 
all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike solitary. No. 94-101. 

7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire 
or slightly notched orifice. Bracts long and leaf-like : culms tall and leafy. Staminate 
spike solitary (in No. 102 pistillate at the summit): fertile spike3 erect (except in No. 
102). No. 102, 103. 

8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a 
straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike 
solitary (often androgynous in No. 107) : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulou3 
stalks. No. 104-110. 

9. Perig.vnia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, 
terminating in 2 distinct membranaceous teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. 
Staminate spike solitary. No. 111-115. 

10. Perigynia slightly inflated, roush or pubescent, rarely smooth, with an abrupt straight 
beak. Staminate spikes usually two or more. No. 116-119. 

11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth or pubescent, conspicuously many-nerved, with 
a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 
1-5. No. 120-127. 

12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2- 
toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary No. 128-136. 

13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- 
rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- 
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. 
No. 137-138. 

14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a taper, 
mg and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 2-5- No. 139 -151. 



CYPEUACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 573 

A. Spike solitary, simple; its scales or bracts small and scarious or colored (never 
green or foliaceous) . Psyllophoka, Loiseleur. 
§ 1. Spike dioecious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate fowers at the base. 

1. C. gynocrates, Wormskiolcl. Culm and bristle-form radical leaves 
smooth, or minutely rough at the top ; sterile spike linear ; fertile spike ovoid, 
loosely flowered ; perigynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous 
obtusely 2-toothed apex, narrowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, 
spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale ; stig- 
mas 2. — Swamps, Wayne and Genesee Co., New York (Sartwell, &c), Michi- 
gan, and northward. (Eu.) 

2. C. seirpoidea, Michx. Leaves flat; spike narrowly cylindrical ; peri- 
gynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about 
the length of the pointed ciliate scale ; stigmas 3. ( C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. 
C. Miehauxii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and New 
Hampshire, Willoughby Mountain, Vennont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, 
Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. 
# Stigmas 2 : leaves bristle-form. 

3. O. capitata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip- 
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, 
longer than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
New Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. (Eu.) 

* * Stigmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. 

4. C. paucifldra, Lightfoot. Spike feAv-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2; 
perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, Ehrh.) — 
Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.) 

5. C. polytrichoid.es, Muhl. Culm capillary ; spike very small, few- 
flowered; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, 
slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. 
(C. leptalea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs: 
very common. 

* * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very (about 1') broad, longer than the naked culm. 

6. C. Fraseriana, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves without 
a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins 
(9'- 18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike 
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro- 
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse 
scale ; often enclosing a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich 
woods, mountains of Pennsylvania? Virginia, and southward : rare, and a most 
remarkable plant. 

B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and 
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest 
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri- 
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much 
exceeding the short almost radical culms.) Phyllostachys, Torr. & Gr. 



574 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

7. C. Willdendvii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4 - 8, closely imbricated ; peri' 
gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak; 
achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass. to 
N. Virginia and westward. 

8. C. Steudelii, Kunth. Sterile flowers it)- 15, rather loosely imbricated 
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike ; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth, 
with a long and abrupt rough beak : achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very 
minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hillsides, N 
New York to Illinois and Kentucky. 

9. C. Baekii, Boott. Sterile flowers 3, inconspicuous : perigynia 2-4, loose, 
globose-ovoid, with a conical beak, smooth throughout: achenium globose-pyriform. 
scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, 
Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. — 
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, 
than in the last two. 

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (rarely dioecious), sessile, forming a 
compact or more or less interrupted sometimes paniculate-compound inflores- 
cence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. Vignea, Beauv. 

§ 1. Spikes approximated, the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated : 
perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak : bracts 
light bi-own, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than 
the (at maturity) brown and chaffy spikes. — Siccat;e. 

10. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4- 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of 
the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a tapering 
point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style jointed 
at the base. — Swamps : common. — Slender, occasionally dioecious. 

11. C. siccata, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost and commonly 
1-3 of the lowest fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate; peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the 
length of the scale ; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer.) — Sandy 
plains, New England to Illinois, and northwestward. 

12. C. distieha, Huds. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper or mid- 
dle ones frequently almot all staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft 
on the outer side ; scale ovate, pointed, nearly the length of the perigynium. 
(C. intermedia, Good. C. Sartwe'Ilii, Dew., and former editions.) — Seneca Co., 
New York (Sartwell) to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. 
* Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly margined 
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity: 
spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana- 
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short 
bristly prolongation. — PanicuiAt^e. 

13. C. teretiliscula, Good. Spikes with short appressed branches, 
crowded in a slender spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short- 
stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-shaped 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 575 

base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid-pyriform, 
obtusely triangular. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl. ) — Swamps, especially 
northward. (En.) 

Var. major, Koch. Spikes more panicled ; perigynia rather narrower. 
(C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) — Bogs and low grounds, New 
England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

14. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous densely- 
crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un- 
equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each 
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom 
posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pennsylvania, Illinois, 
and south westward. 

* * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 

2-toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with 
numerous small very densely -flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, 
with the green keel prolonged into a rough point : bracts short and resem- 
bling them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle-shaped, and 
much exceeding the culm. — Multifl6r^e. 

15. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less 
interrupted (l^'-2^' long), of 8-10 crowded clusters; perigynia ovate from a 
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi- 
flora, Muhl. C. bracteosa and C. polymorpha, Schw. C. microsperma, Wahl.) 
— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more 
strongly serrulate. (C. setaoea, Dew.) — Low meadows : everywhere common. 

* * * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous, 

with a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, dis- 
tinctly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 19 and 20), widely spreading and 
yellow at maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decom- 
pound : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle- 
shaped, shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — Vulpin^e. 

16. C. crus-eorvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the 
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often 
2-toothed at the base ; perigynia attenuated from an ovate diluted and truncate base into 
a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base. 
(C. sicaefbrmis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and 
southwestward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, 
often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves 6" wide. 

17. C. stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower mostly 
distinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering 
from a truncate base, many-nerved, much exceeding the scale; style slightly tumid at 
the base. (C. vulpinoidea, Terr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Low grounds: com- 
mon. — Culm flaccid : spikes pale. 

18. C. COnjlincta, Boott. Resembles the preceding; but the spikes 
(6-12) more simple; perigynia ovate from a subcordate flat (not corky-tumid) 
base, short-beaked, fewer-nerved, longer and broader than the pointed scale ; 
style bulbous at the base. (C. vulpina of former editions; — from which it 



57G ctp'erace^c. (sedge family.) 

differs in its flaccid culm, transversely wrinkled sheaths, orbicular aehenium, 
&c.) — Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. 

19. C. alopeeoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-12 aggregated spikes, 
oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, nerveless or very obscurely nerved, ovate from 
a broad truncate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; 
aehenium pyriform; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima, 
Dew.) —Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Resembles the last, 
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the 
nearly nerveless perigynia, and the different aehenium and style. 

20. C. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid,, approximate but distinct, the 
lowermost sometimes a little remote; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com- 
pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the 
scale ; aehenium ovate ; base of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts 
(introduced'?), Ohio, and Kentucky: rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the 
last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.) 

* * * * Periipjnia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem- 
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 
2-toothcd beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes 
tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. — 
MuhlenbergiAn^:. 

21. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-12, ovoid; the upper ones aggre- 
gated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless, 
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ; 
aehenium roundish-ovate ; style short, merely tumid at the base. — Var. minor, 
Boott, is merely a reduced form. (C. cephalophora, var. Torr. C. muricata, 
var. cephaloidea, Dew. C. cephaloidea, Dew. in part.) — Low rich grounds. — 
A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; sometimes with 1-2 short 
branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C. 
divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough). 

22. C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part), Boott. Spikes 5 or 6, contiguous; 
the broadty ovate perigynia wing -margined, spongy at the base, shorter beaked, 
equalling or shorter than the cuspidate-tipped scale ; style bulbous at the base. — 
New York? Illinois ( Vasey). — Much resembles and has been confounded with 
the small form of the foregoing. 

23. C. Cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregated 
in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer 
side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; aehenium and style 
as in the last. (C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part.) — Var. angustifolia, Boott, 
is a narrow-leaved, smaller form. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods and 
fields : common. 

24. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Spikes 3-9, closely approximate, forming 
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular- ovate, with a very short beak, prominently many- 
nerved on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; aehe- 
nium orbicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields : rather common, especially 
southward. — Culms 12' -18' high, and with the leaves pale and rigid: com- 
monly with a bract to each spike. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 577 

Var. enervis, Boott. Scales sometimes pointless ; pe.rigy.nid nearly or wholly 
nerveless ; spikes often bractless. — Hudson River, New York, J. L. Russell. — 
Distinguished from C. cephaloidea by its rigid culm, narrower leaves, and 
firmer perigynium, spongy at the base. 

25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-8, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others all 
distinct, and the lowest often remote ; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each spike), 
narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the broadly 
ovate obtuse scale. — Var. minor, Boott, has the 4-6 spikes smaller and more 
separated, the scales less obtuse and with a rough mucronate point ; perigynia 
more erect; leaves narrower. — Var. radiata, Dew, is still more slender, 
almost capillary, and has only 3 or 4 remote and 3-4-flowered spikes. (C. 
neglecta, Tuckeinn.) — Moist woods and meadows: common. 

26. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 3-6, ail approximate, the 1 -2 lowest dis- 
tinct but not remote; perigynia (about 5 - 7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth on the mmgin and beak, not much exceeding -the ovate-lanceolate pointed 
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr., 
Cyp.) — Copses and moist meadows : less common th«u the last, from which it 
is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, 
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth perigynium. 

***** Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, 
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire 
or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri- 
gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown), 
the lowest with a prolonged point : rootstock creeping. — Cpiordorhiz^e. 

27. C. ch.Ordorh.iza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root- 
stock (4' -9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- 
pressed leaves ; spikes in an ovoid head : perigynia ovate, a little longer than the 
scale. — Cold bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

28. C. tenella, Schk. Spikes 2-6, very small, rather remote, or the upper 
approximate, with 2 or 3, rarely 4, fertile flowers ; perigynia ovate, twice as long 
as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk: suppl., not of L. C. disperma, Dew. 0. gra- 
cilis, Ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, 
and northward. — A slender species, 6'- 12' high, with long grassy leaves, 
growing in loose tufts. (Eu.) 

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. 

* Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely 
aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming 
ivhitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous; the bracts resembling 
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — Canescentes. 

■*- Perigynia mostly somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, and with a 
smooth or minutely serrulate shod point, entire or slightly notched at the apex. 

29. C. trisperma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile flow- 
ers, remote, the lowest with a long bract; perigynia oblong, with numerous slender 
nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on moun- 
tains, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. — Resembling the last, 
but larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, l°-2° long. 

d M 25 



578 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

30. C. tenuifl6ra, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated; 
perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold 
swamps, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

31. C. can^SCens, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about 
12-20-flowered), the upper approximated, the rest distinct, the lowermost remote; 
perigynia ovate, equalling the pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Ricbardi, 
Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows . common, especially northward. (Eu.) 

Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller 
and roundish 6 - 1 5-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and 
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var. 
sphserostachya, E(L 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries. 
C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphaerostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- 
tains, and high northward. (Eu.) 

32. C. Norv6gica, Schk. Pale ; stem 1° or less high, angled ; spikes 
2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate flowers 
below the numerous fertile ones, or the terminal one all staminate ; perigynia 
oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the 
obtuse scale. — Salt marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.) 

+- ■*- Perigynia thin, spongy -thickened at the base, scarcely nerved, 2-toothed. 

33. C. Deweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4; tbe 2 uppermost approximate, 
the others distinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, taper- 
ing into a rough serrate-margined beak, rather longer than the sharply pointed 
or awned scale. — Copses, New England and New York to Wisconsin, and 
northward. 

* * Spikes ovoid or obovoid, more or less clustered; perigynia concave-convex, com- 
pressed, margined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothed beak, often 
tawny at maturity : scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, 
usually falling before the maturity of the spikes. 

*- Spikes small: perigynia usually (but not always) becoming spongy -thickened at the 

base, the margins rigid. — StellulAt^e. 

++ Spikes completely or incompletely diozcious. 

34. C. exilis, Dew. Spike commonly solitary and cylindrical, dioecious or 
androgynous (staminate) and contracted below, often with 1 -6 small additional 
fertile spikes contiguous to the terminal larger one ; perigynia o rate-lanceolate. 
X>lano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the convex side, spreading, turning 
brownish, longer than ovate acute or obtuse scale ; leaves involute-filiform. — 
Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast: also borders of 
mountain lakes, Essex County, New York. 

35. C. sterilis, Willd. Spikes 4-6, all staminate and rarely all pistillate 
on some plants, many androgynous, especially the lower spikes, all oblong or the 
fertile roundish; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped sharply mar- 
gined base, flat, diverging or the lower recurved, very acutely 2-toothed at the 
apex, about equalling the acute or pointed scale ; leaves narrow, involute, pale. 
(C. stellulata, var. sterilis, of former ed.) — Swamps and wet meadows: com- 
mon, especially northward. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 579 

++ ++ Spikes androgynous. 

36. C. Stellul&ta, L. Spikes 3-5, the uppermost much contracted at the 
base by the numerous staminate flowers; perigynia ovate or slightly heart- 
shaped at the base, which has thickish or obtuse margins, the apex more mi- 
nutely toothed; scales rather blunt and considerably shorter; leaves flatter and 
pale: otherwise nearly as in the last. — Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.) 

Var. seirpoides. Culms slender and weak (9' -20'); leaves very narrow ; 
spikes contiguous, smaller ; perigynia with a rounded or truncate base, plano- 
convex, almost twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. seirpoides, Schk.) — 
Wet places : common. 

Var. angustata, is remarkable for the narrow lanceolate perigynia more 
than twice the length of the blunt scale and oblong achenium : otherwise as in 
var. seirpoides. — Fairfield, New York. 

-t- ■+- Spikes rather large: perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more 
or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — Ovales. 

37. C. sychnocepliala, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short 
compound spiked head, subtended by 3 very long and unequal persistent leafy bracts : 
perigynia tapering from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, 
somewhat exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, 
Dew., not of L.) — Jefferson County ( Vasey & Knieskern) and Little Falls, New 
York, Vasey. — Different in habit from the rest of this section; recognized at 
once by the ovoid compound spike, subtended by long leafy bracts, by whieh 
the lower spikes are partly concealed. 

38. C. arida, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate ($' long), oblong- 
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4 -5 lines in 
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate 
scale; achenium sessile narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet 
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — In characters scarcely distin- 
guished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; much larger, with 
long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes. 

39. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 5-8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or 
less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head ; perigynia elliptical-lanceolate, 
tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; achenium 
distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows : everywhere common. — Spikes 
brownish or straw-colored when ripe. — Var. minor, Boott. Spikes more rusty, 
smaller, contiguous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate. — Base of White Moun- 
tains, New Hampshire, and northward. 

40. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15 or more, approximate, or 
the lower more separated; perigynia lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate- 
oblong rather pointed scale ; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk ; leaves very 
tapering to the apex ; their sheaths loose, enlarging upwards, sharp-edged. — 
Moist, rather shady places : common. 

41. C. cristata, Schw. Spikes smaller, 8-12 closely aggregated, globular, 
greenish ; perigynia oblong or ovate, recurved at maturity ; scales obtuse ; otherwise 
as in the last, of which in former editions it was taken for a variety. — Wet or 
moist ground : common. 



580 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

Var. mirabilis, Boott, has broadly ovate perigynia with a shorter beak, 
longer than the acute scale. (C. festucacea, var. mirabilis of former editions. 
C. mirabilis, Dew.) — Mass. to Ohio, &c. 

42. C. adtista, Boott (not of former ed.). Spikes 4-10, pale or brown, 
globular, or the upper club-shaped, the lower remote and sometimes compound ; 
perigynia oval, ovate, or roundish, gradually tapering to a beak, many-nerved, with 
the narrow wing wider above the middle, turgid at maturity, equalling the scale 
in length and breadth; achenium large, orbicular, sessile. (C. argyrantha, 
Tuckerm., is a very delicate form of this, found in rocky woods.) — Moist copses, 
&c, from Rhode Island (Olney) and New Jersey (Kneiskem), northward and 
westward : rare. 

43. C. fOBnea, Willd. Spikes 3-8, pale or silvery green, finally straw-col- 
ored, mostly approximate, ovoid, generally acute, the uppermost contracted or 
club-shaped at the sterile base; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovate, short-beaked, 
broadly winged, oppressed, transversely wrinkled, a little longer than the ovate 
or lanceolate white scale ; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Sandy and mostly 
salt or brackish marshes, &c, along the coast, from New England southward. 

Var. ? ferruginea, referred here by Dr. Boott, with rusty-colored acute 
spikes, and longer-beaked perigynia, generally acutish at base and exceeding 
the acute or mucronate scale (Ohio, Sullicant), connects this with C. straminea. 

Var.? sabuldnum, also referred here by Dr. Boott, has 2-10 drooping 
rather remote spikes, more or less obovate or club-shaped, contracted at base, 
pale green turning straw-color ; perigynia broadly winged at base, slightly ex- 
ceeding the pointed scale : it is C. adiista of former editions, not of Boott. — 
Sands of the sea-shore from Maine southward. — Leaves narrow, often involute. 

44. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 2-12, pale or tawny, varying from obo- 
vate-globnlar to club-shaped, contiguous or rather remote ; perigynia orbicidar- 
ovate or oval, often heart-shaped at base, very flat, abruptly contracted into a short 
or tapering into a longer beak, winged, much wider and commonly longer than 
the usually acute or pointed scale ; achenium nearly sessile, oval. — Open 
grounds and borders of Avoods : common, and very variable. The following are 
the varieties designated by Dr. Boott. — Var. typica, with 3-6 roundish spikes ; 
perigynia spreading, broadly winged, rather longer and much broader than the 
scale. — Var. tenera, more slender and delicate, with 3-6 smaller oval or ob- 
ovate spikes, more tawny ; perigynia with a short and bi-oad beak, rather longei 
and broader than the scale. (C. tenera, Dew. C. festucacea, var. tenera, o\ 
former cd., in part.) — Var. aperta. Spikes 4-8, tawny, tapering at base, 
drooping; perigynia long-beaked, thrice the length of the very sharp-pointed 
scale, loosely spreading in the spike. — Var. festucacea. Spikes 5-8, club- 
shaped, tawny or greenish ; perigynia abruptly short-beaked and mostly nar- 
rowly winged, longer than the acute or mucronate scale; plant tall and rather 
rigid. (C. festucacea, Schk., and former ed.) — Var. htalina, a chiefly West- 
ern form, approaching the next species, with larger and thick pale spikes, usu- 
ally 6, all tapering at base; perigynia greenish, with a wide spongy wing, and 
a long beak, about tAviee the length of the broAvn pointless scale ; rather tall and 
stout, with broad leaA'es. (C. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott; but probably by 
some mistake said to be collected in Michigan by the late Dr. Crawe. C. hya- 



CYPERACE^E. ( SEDGE FAMILY.) 581 

lina, Boott, is a small Texan form of it.) — Var. MeAdii (Illinois, Dr. Mead), 
resembles the last, but has rather smaller and rounder spikes, thinner wings to 
the perigynia, and long-tapering or rough awn-pointed scales. 

45. C. alata, Torr. Spikes 3-10, pale, turgid-ovoid, contiguous, mostly large 
(6" -10" long); perigynia dilated orbicular or obovate, broadly winged, abruptly 
short-beaked, either heart shaped or wedge-shaped at the base, longer and thrice 
broader than the lanceolate or ovate acute or rough awn-pointed scale ; achenia 
stipitate. — W. New York [Sartwell] to Virginia and southward. — All these, 
from No. 38 to the present, run together variously. 

D. Staminate and pistil late Jlowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) 
$imple spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes con- 
stantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; 
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at 
their base or apex : stigmas 3 : achenium sharply triangular (only usually 2 stigmas 
and the achenium lenticular in No. 46-56, 65, 149, 150). Carkx proper. 
§ 1. Perigynia without a beak, or scarcely any, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 
55, 56), terminating in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glaucous-green 
when young, becoming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or 
occasionally nearly black at maturity: pistillate scales blackish-purple (barely 
brown in No. 55, 56. 6l), giving a dark appearance to the spikes. 
* Sterile spikes 1 -3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate 
spikes 3 - 5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex: bract of the lowest spike 
leaf-like, mostly with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and 
very minute sheaths or none. ( Culm and leaves more or less glaucous. ) 
+- Stigmas 2 (in No. 46 and 47 a sometimes 3) : perigynia. lenticular. — AcfjT^E. 
■*-*• Alpine, saxatfle: pistillate sccdes pointless: leaves flat. 
++ Scales awnless, mostly obtuse. 

46. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary ; the. fertile 2 -4, cylindrical, erect, 
rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the 
length of the culm, with rounded auricles ; stigmas 2 - 3 ; perigynia elliptical, with 
an entire scarcely ]>ointcd apex, nerveless, about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm 
rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect 
leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., partly of L.) (Eu.) — Our plant is the 

Var.? Bigelovii (C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtonia, Dew), with 3-5 
longer and laxer fertile spikes, the lowest long-stalked, spreading, and sometimes 
remote ; the sterile or terminal one often fertile at the top ; perigynia more or 
less nerved: perhaps a distinct species. — Alpine summits of the mountains of 
New England, New York, and high northward. 

•w- ++ Not alp me, paludose: pistillate scales awnless, single-nerved. 
a. Leaves with involute margins when dry ; their sheaths not fibrillose. 

47. C. vulgaris, Fries. Sterile spike I -3 ; the fertile 2-4, approximated, 
oblong, erect, densely-floivered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on 
a very short stalk ; lowest bract barely the length of the culm, with small 
blackish rounded auricles; perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially to- 
wards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point, 
longer than the obtuse oppressed black scale; culm slender, sharply triangular, 



582 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

nearly smooth, except at the top. (C- acuta, var. vulgaris, L. C. eajspitbsa, 
of authors.) — Wet banks, &c. New England to Wisconsin and northward.— 
Grows in small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 50), and varies in height 
from 3' to 18', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. (Eu.) The follow- 
ing may be appended. 

47\ C. limula, Fries ? Fertile spikes less approximate or rather remote ; 
their bracts surpassing the culm (at least the lowest) and with rougher margins; 
leaves longer and more numerous at the base of the rougher culm ; perigynia 
nerveless; stigmas often 3 : otherwise like C. vulgaris. — E. New England, near 
Boston, W. Boott, who rather doubtfully identifies it with the Lapland plant 
The specimens in Herb. Suec. Norm, differ in their fiat leaves, and narrower, 
longer, and even pointed scales. (Eu.) 

48. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the fertile 3-5, 
cylindrical, inclining to club-shaped, erect, densely-flowered, sessile, or the lower on 
very short stalks ; bracts long, 1-2 lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate- 
elliptical, stalked, nerve/ess, with a very short entire point about the length of the 
lanceolate scale ; culm smooth, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous 
leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to AVisconsin,. and north- 
ward. — Kobust, 2° -3° high ; the thick fertile spikes l'-3' long. (Eu.) 

b. Leaves with more or less revolule margins when dry ; sheaths at length flbrillose, 
i. e. when old splitting up or resolved more or less into slender parallel or loosely 
reticulated fibres. 

49. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, commonly 1 , fertile 3-4, elongated, 
narrowly-cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasion- 
ally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks, 
spreading or drooping; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the 
lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped, shorter than their 
respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to a distinct point, 
with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerve- 
less, the empty tips spreading or obliquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding 
the narrow obtuse scale ; achenium broadly obovate, much shorter than the 
perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves short, slightly rough on the margin only. 
(C. acuta, var. sparsiflora, Dew. ?) — Kills and wet banks, N. New England, New 
York, &c, and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Well marked by 
*ts smooth flaccid culm (12' -18' high), soft and short grassy leaves, and the 
tortuous empty apex of the perigynium. 

50. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer- 
tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and 
short- stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about 
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing, 
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked, 
without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very 
slightly rough at the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and 
much shorter than the lanceolate pointed brown scale; culm sharply triangular, smooth 
below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. — Wet meadows, Rhode Island 
and Mass. to Illinois and far westward. — Culm 1 ° - 2° high, with commonly 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 583 

2 fertile spikes 9"- 18" in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and 
spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigynium and 
nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it. 

51. C. Striata, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2 - 4, 
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short 
stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding 
the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless, or very obscurely few- 
nerved, often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually 
shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale; culm slender, sharply 
triangular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves; 
their older sheaths with conspicuous reticulated fibres. (C. acuta, Muhl., &c, 
not of L. C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew. 
C. angustata, Boott.) — Var. strictior has shorter and more densely flowered 
fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. 
strictior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps : very common. — Grows in large 
and very compact tufts : culms 2° - 2^° high. Scales of the fertile spikes very 
variable ; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. (C. xero- 
carpa, S. H. Wright, in Dew. Cat., seems to be a mere state of C. stricta.) 

52. C. lenticularis, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the 
top; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (6"- 12'' long), sessile, or the lower short- 
peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate-oval, 
sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex- 
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale ; culm (6' - 20' high) and leaves smooth 
or nearly so, pale. — Wet gravelly banks and shores, N. Maine (J. Blake, C. 
E. Smith), N. New York (Torrey, Knieskern, J. A. Paine), Upper Michigan 
(Prof Porter, Sec), and northward. 

•m- ++ ++ Paludose or maritime : pistillate scales awned or pointed from the broad and 
strong more or less triple-nerved centre or midrib. 

53. C. salina, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2 - 3 ; the fertile 2 -4, cylindrical, erect, 
often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks' ; bracts long, with 
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate- 
elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the roughly-awned 
dark-brown scale; culm (l°-2° high) rough at the top, rather exceeding the 
leaves. — Salt marshes, Massachusetts (Greene, W. Boott), Maine (G. L. Good- 
ale), and far northward. (Eu.) 

54. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each 2-4 (the latter 
rarely 5 or 6) (1' - 2' long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; perigynia 
nearly orbicular, with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-awned green- 
ish scale; culm (l°-2° high) and the broad fat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea, 
Wahl. ) — Salt marshes, Cambridge and Medford, Mass. ( Greene, W. Boott), 
Wells, Maine, (J. Blake) and northward: rare. (Eu.) 

55. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers vari- 
ously intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2'-3' long), densely flowered, 
often staminate at the apex, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceed- 
ing the culm; perigynia roundish-oboe ate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with 
a short entire point, shorter than the oblong mostly notched roughly-serrate awned 



584 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 



light-brown scale; cmm (2° -4° high) rough and sharply angled above, leafy below, 
the pale leaves (3" -4" wide), rough on the edges, their surface and the sheaths 
smooth. — Varies in size (but usually tall) ; and with the lower fertile scales often 
very long-awned, the fruit imperfect and deformed (var. morbida, Carey in 
Sill. Jour. C. paleacea of authors). — Wet grounds by streams : common. 

56. C. gynandra, Schw., Boott. Sheaths rough with minute hairiness; 
fertile spikes rather thicker and looser, and oftener staminate at the apex ; peri- 
gynia more ovate or oblong and elliptical ; the scales longer and less spreading 
but mostly shorter-awned : otherwise as in the preceding, — to which it is very 
nearly related. — In similar situations, but less common, from New England to 

ePenn. and Michigan. 

-t- *- Stigmas 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more 
or less compressed : pistillate spikes on filiform drooping stalks. — Lim6s,e. 

57. C. Barrattii, Schw. & Torr. Sterile spike mostly single, sometimes 2 or 
even 3, dark purple ; fertile mostly 2 or 3, cylindrical, commonly staminate at the top; 
lower bract usually shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; peri- 
gynia oval or oval-lanceolate, obliquely divergent, scarcely notched at the point, 
about the length of the ovate and blunt black-purple scale; culm (l°-2° high) 
sharply triangular, nearly smooth, longer than the glaucous flat leaves; the old 
sheaths at base splitting into threads. (C. flacea, of former ed., and probably a 
mere geographical variety of that European species. ) — Marshes, New Jersey 
near the coast, Collins, Knieskern ; and Townsend, Delaware, W. M. Canby. 

58. C. limdsa, L. Staminate spike solitary ; fertile 1 - 2, oblong, 10-20- 
flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow, the 
lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about 
equal to the ovate mucronate dull or purplish-brown scale. — Peat-bogs, New Eng- 
land to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6' -12' high, erect, 
sharply triangular, longer than the acute and rigid keeled leaves. (Eu.) 

59. C. rariflora, Smith. Resembles the last (of which it was thought to 
be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; culm obtuse-angled; leaves flatter and 
rather broader; pistillate spikes with only 5-10 less crowded flowers; peri- 
gynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the 
broadly-ovate black-purple scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (G. L. Goodale), and 
northward. (Eu.) 

60. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 2-4, ovoid or 
oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or with a few sterile flowers at the 
base ; low st bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia roundish- 
ovate or obovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering and slender- 
pointed dark purple scale. (C. Magellanica, Lam., according to Boott. C. limbsa, 
var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupercula, Michx. ) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., 
Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than No. 58, growing in loose clumps, with 
weaker and nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.) 

* * Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; the rest 
all fertile or with a few sterile flowers below: lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely 
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm 
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — AtrAt^b. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 585 

t- Scales of the spike deep-colored, purple or dark brown. 

61. C. Buxbaiimii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4,obovoid or oblong, the -uppermost 
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the otheis nearly sessile, the lowest 
somewhat remote ; perigynia ellij^tical, obtusely triangular, compressed, ob- 
scurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate 
sharp-pointed or short-awned (brown-purple) scale. (C. canescens, L., in part.) 
— Peat-bogs : not rare. (Eu.) 

62. C. atrata, L. Spikes 3-4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short filiform 
stalks, at length drooping ; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the 
length of the ovate acute or dark brown-purple scale. — Alpine summits of the 
White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12' -15' high, with rather rigid 
leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first pale straw-color, often becom- 
ing dark purple or nearly black. Stigmas sometimes 2. (Eu.) 

63. C. alpina, Swartz. Spikes 3-4, small, oval or globular, crowded into a 
head at the summit of the slender naked culm, nearly sessile, mostly overtopped 
by a foliaceous bract ; perigynia orbicular or obovate, pointed with a small short 
btuk, minutely notched at the orifice,' roughish, longer than the ovate bluntish 
black-purple scale. (C. Vahlii, Schk.) Isle Royale, &c, Lake Superior, Prof 
Whitney, C. G. Loving, Jr., and northward. — Culms in ours l°-2° high, the 
leaves all at the base : spikes 2" -4" long. (Eu.) 

+- ■*- Scales and spikes greenish turning straw-color. 

64. C. Shortiana, Dew. Spikes 3-5, cylindrical, erect, more or less dis- 
tant (j'-lj' long), and the lowest rather remote, all androgynous and densely 
flowered ; the terminal one about half staminate, the rest with only a few barren 
flowers at the base, the lower on short stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly 
contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire point, little 
longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsyl- 
vania to Illinois and southward. — Plant l°-3° high : leaves flat, 3'- wide. 

§ 2. Perigynia without a beak (except in No. 67, &c), smooth, slightly inflated, 
bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and 
straight or oblique) entire or notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: stami- 
nate spike solitary (except sometimes in No. 71), or androgynous and pistillate 
above ; the rest ail fertile. 

* Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (rarely short-stalked or sessile, or with 1-2 
small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6, erect, the upper on very short, 
the lower on more or less elongated exserted stalks (short and included in 
No. 73) : bracts sliorter than the culm (except in No. 65 and 72) : perigynia 
with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glaucous-green when young, 
becoming c lam-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes spotted with purple ; 
pistillate scales dark-brown with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves 
mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — Panice.<e. 

•*- Stigmas mostly 2 : perigynium wholly pointless, turgid-obovate. 

65. C. atirea, Nutt. Fertile spikes. 3 -4, oblong, loosely flowered, the 
lowest often very remote •, perigynia pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate 
acute scale ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyrifdrmis, Schw.) — Wet grassy banks, 
especially on limestone, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 



586 GYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

slender delicate species, 4' - 8' high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts exceed- 
ing the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex. 
•*- -t- Stigmas 3 : perigynium somewhat pointed and 3-sided. 
++ Staminate spike (or the cluster in No. 71) long-stalked. 

66. C. livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1 - 2, rarely with a third near the base 
of the culm, 10- 15-Jlowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid nerves, 
tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C. 
limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat- bogs and wet pine bar- 
rens, New Jersey, Oneida Co., New York, and high northward. — Rarely with 
a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 4'-9 ; 
long, from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and 
finely tapering. (Eu.) 

67. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sterile spike with its stalk commonly bent to a 
right angle with the culm at flowering time, afterwards erect ; fertile 2 or 3, 
remote, erect, slender-peduncled, loosely flowered ; bracts foliaceous, short, with 
dilated sheaths ; perigynia short-ovate when mature and with a distinct terete 
beak or beak-like oblique point, emarginate at the orifice, exceeding the ovate acute 
scale; culm slender (l°-2° long), weak and reclining, naked, stolomferous ; the 
long-creeping sterile shoots bearing tufts of flat green leaves (2" -3" wide) 
almost equalling the fertile culms. (C. sparsiflora, Fries. C. phoeostachya, 
Smith.) — Moist banks, Bergen swamp, Genesee Co., New York (J. A. Paine), 
Lake Superior (Rabbins and Porter), and northward. (Eu.) 

68. C. panicea, L. Sterile spike always erect ; fertile 1-3, mostly 2, erect, 
remote, oblong or short-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, only the lower slen- 
der-peduncled ; sheaths of the short foliaceous bracts shorter and narrower ; 
perigynia turgid-ovate at maturity, obscurely nerved, tipped with a short bent 
entire point (mostly straw-colored), longer than the ovate blunt scale. — Moist 
grounds, Massachusetts to Delaware ( W. M. Ca.nby) : rare. (Eu.) 

69. C. Meadii, Dew. Differs from the last only in the denser fertile spikes, 
the sterile one sometimes longer; and the perigynia more triangular, less turgid, 
paler, less indistinctly nerved, the scales pointed; culms more rigid and rough- 
ish : the more slender forms closely approach the next. ( C. panicea, chiefly of 
former ed.) — Wet prairies, &c, Ohio to Illinois and Wisconsin. 

70. C. tetanioa, Schk. FeHile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical, 
loosely flowered, especially at the tapering base, remote ; perigynia when young 
pointed at each end, at maturity obovoid, scarcely infutid, with a slightly bent point, 
longer than the ovate obtuse and often abruptly tnucronate or awn-pointed scale. 
(C. conoidea, Gray, Gram. 8? Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins 
of lakes and rivers, W. Mass. to Penn., Michigan, and southward. 

71. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spikes often 1 or 2 small ones at the base 
of the terminal, which is occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, re- 
mote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, and some- 
times slightly compound at the base; their short peduncles included, or the 
lowest exserted ; perigynia. oroid-oblong, obscurely nerved, with a very small straight 
or slightly recurred point, longer than the ovate obtuse or acute or short-pointed 
scale. (C. heterostaehva, Torr.) — Wet places, S. Herkimer and Jefferson 



cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 587 

Counties, New York, to Illinois, Michigan, and northwestward. — Variable, 
4'- 12' high; the taller forms resembling the next; but the perigynium is less 
round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the 
culm, and the staminate spike is long-peduncled. 

++ •*-+ Staminate spike nearly sessile: periyynium turgid, many-nerved, greenish. 

72. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike mostly shorter than the approx- 
imate uppermost of the 3 or A fertile ; these cylindrical, dense, the lowest remote and 
slender pediwcled, sometimes from near the root; perigynia globular-ovoid, con-< 
tracted into a short often slightly bent point, longer than the pointed scale ; 
plant pale, glabrous; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows: common. 

73. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike overtopping the 2 or 3 ovoid 
contiguous nearly sessile fertile spikes ; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, the very 
obtuse or retuse summit abruptly tipped with a very short cylindraceous beak- 
like point, longer than the ovate mostly acute or pointed scale; culm, lear.es, 
and short sheuthless bracts downy (C. abbreviata, Schw., Boott.) — Bethlehem, 
Pennsylvania, Schweiuitz, New York? and high northward. — Probably over- 
looked from its close external resemblance to the next; but it is very distinct. 

* * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 75) : pistillate spikes 
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks ; bracts longer than the culm 
(except in No. 75) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute or 
almost obsolete point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity: pistillate 
scales tawny, fading to white. — Pallescentes. 

74. C. pallesceilS, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approxi- 
mate; perigynia obovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. — 
Var. unduiAta is a mere state with the lower bract at the base transversely 
wavy-lined. (C. undulata, Kunze.) — -Meadows, New England to Penn. and 
northward. — Plant 8' - 18' high : culm and leaves slightly pubescent. (Eu.) 

75. C. COnoidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2-3, oblong, 
closely frowned, the lower distant ; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed nerves, 
slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the 
sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica, 
Schw. Sf Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows : rather common. 

76. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-6, oblong, rather loosely flowered, re- 
mote, or the 2 upper contiguous and the lowest distant; perigynia oblong, rather 
longer than the broadly ovate abruptly strongly awned scale (the awn rough- 
hispid ; style bulbous-thickened ; leaves light green, flat, rather broad. (C. laxi- 
flora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Moist grounds : rather common. 

77. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Differs from the preceding in having the 
flaccid leaves paler or glaucous; spikes longer, cylindrical (about 1' long), with 
more numerous flowers, usually more distant, their bracts shorter; perigynia 
larger (2" -3" long), laxer, turning brownish, twice or thrice the length of the 
short-pointed or short-awn -pointed scale; style not thickened. (C. grisea, var. 
miitica, of former ed. Prof. Dewey now proposes to change the name to xan- 
thosperma, because flaccosperma is a hybrid word and " yellow-fruited " was 
meant. But the fruit is not yellow, and the original name has been adopted 
by Boott and Steudel.) — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey, Knieskern (a 
aubious form), and common southward. 



3t 

: 



588 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

* * * Uppermost spike fertile-flowered at the apex (rarely all staminate) : pistillate 
spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted fili- 
form stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the culm : perigynia oblong, 
with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 80), green and mem. 
branaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or white. — Gracillim^. 
-i- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous. 

78. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather thick; 
perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspicuously 
awned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — Wet 
meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next 
(1°- 2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes. 

79. C. formdsa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 or 
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base; perigynia somewhat contracted at 
each end, nearly twice «s long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows, 
Massachusetts to W. New York. 

80. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender; perigynia obtuse 
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned or awnless scale. 
(C. digitalis, Schw. Sr Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to 
Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. — When the uppermost spike is alto- 
gether staminate this resembles C. arctata; but is distinguished by the obtuse 
and sessile perigynium. 

■*- -i- Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile. 

81. C. 8BStivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri- 
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale; 
achenium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise 
nearly as the last, but smaller (1°-1^° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massa- 
chusetts {Dewey), mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward. 

§ 3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 83 becoming smooth at maturity), 
slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a mi- 
nute abrupt straight point : bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete 
sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm ; pistillate scales tawny or white ; 
spikes 2-4, erect, the uppermost androgynous, fer tile-flowered at the apex and 
club-shaped : the rest all fertile. — Virescentes. 

82. C. virescens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks; peri- 
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale; 
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, New 
England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough, slender, l°-2°high: 
fertile spikes 6" -12" long. 

83. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate; 
perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at 
maturity, rather longer than the pointed scale; sheaths very hairy ; leaves more 
or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. Sf Torr., not of Michx.) — 
Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and leaves nearly smooth. 
(C. hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. §- Torr.) — Woods and meadows : the 
smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes 6 r/ - 9" long. 



CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 589 

§ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi- 
nating in a short, entire, ruther obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at 
maturity : pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point 
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate 
spikes 2-5, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm. 

* Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near 

the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts, 
except sometimes the lowest, and shorter than the spikes or not much exceeding 
them : perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, 
diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely 
and closely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — Plantagine^. 

84. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5-8- 
flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish. (C. latifolia, 
Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hillsides in rich soil, New England to Penn., 
Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward through the Alleghanies. 

85. C. Careyaiia, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5- 
flowered; bracts green, the upper equal to the spikes, the lower someAvhat 
exceeding them; perigynia large (2"-2£" in length); leaves dark green. — In 
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare. 

86. C. platyph^lla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, jil. form, loosely 3- 4-flowered; 
bracts as in the last; perigynia small; culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-green. 
— In similar situations with No. 84; and commoner southward. 

* * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate: fertile spikes 2-4, all on fili- 

form cxsertecl stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the upper- 
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate 
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — Digitales. 

87. C. retTOCUrva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3-8- 
flowered, on long drooping stalks, frequently with one or two staminate flowers at 
their base ; leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, with 3 prominent nerves. — Copses and 
hillsides, New England to W. New York, Virginia, and southward. — Closely 
approaching the next; perhaps only a variety of it. 

88. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6-9 -flowered, on 
long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark green ; 
perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. 8c Torr., not of Schk. 
C. Vanvleckii, Schw.) — Copses and hillsides : not rare. — Slender, 6' - 12' high, 
growing in tufts, with numerous culms and long grassy leaves. 

* * * Sterile spike linear, either conspicuously peduncled or smaller and nearly 

sessile in the same species : fertile spikes 2-6, erect; the 1-2 uppermost 
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on 
exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the uppermost 
exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of 
the scale. — Oligocarpje. 
■i- Perigynia distinctly nerved, and with a hyaline orifice : style nearly even : scales 
of the pistillate spikes awnless or barely awn-pointed. 

89. C. laxifidra, Lam. Fertile spikes slender and loosely several - many- 
flowered on a zigzag rhachis, cylindrical, or sometimes rather dense and oblong ; 



590 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

perigynia oval-triangular, narrowed to each end, the point either strongly or 
sometimes slightly recurved. — A most polymorphous species ; very common 
in open woods, copses, &c. The leading forms were collated by Dr. Boott as 
follows. — The typical form taken by him (C. striatula, Michx.) has the leaves 
long and narrow (2'' -4" wide), spikes about 1' long and loosely flowered : peri- 
gynia with a slightly recurved or almost straight point, their scale except the 
lowest nearly pointless ; sterile spike mostly conspicuous and long-peduncled. 

— Var. styloflexa, Boott. (C. styloflexa, Dew. C. fusiformis, Chapman.) 
Slender, the weak filiform culms l°-2^° long; fertile spikes 2-4, short, 5-10- 
flowered, the lowest on a long setaceous peduncle ; bracts mostly shorter than 
the culm; perigynia more tapering or triangular-fusiform, the point commonly 
recurved. New Jersey ( C. F. Austin), Penn. {Prof. Porte?-), and. southward. 

— Var. plantaginea, Boott (var. patulifolia of former edition. C. planta- 
ginea, Schk.), has the root-leaves 5"- 7" broad, otherwise as in the typical form. 

— Var. intermedia. Boott (C. anceps, Willd., Schk.), includes various slender, 
narrow-leaved forms, with loosely-flowered spikes, but otherwise as the next. 
— Var. blAnda (C. blanda, Dew. C. laxiflora, var. striatula, Ed. 2), includes 
narrow-leaved forms, 6' -18' high, with the sterile spike usually short or 
club-shaped and nearly sessile ; the fertile oblong and dense, the uppermost 
approximate ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; perigynia obovate with a short 
abruptly bent point ; scale usually awn-pointed. — Var. latif6lia, Boott, has 
a broadly and very sharp-angled culm, and very broad leaves and bracts 
(8" -15" wide), inconspicuous sterile spike, the fertile ones cylindrical and 
loosely flowered, but the broad perigynium much longer than the truncate or 
abruptly short-pointed scale. 

->- -t- Perigynia densely striate, or as if finely winkled rather than nerved, of a firm 
texture, obscurely triangular, with a callous orifice : style thickened above the base : 
scale with the somewhat S-nerved keel extended into a stout rough awn or point. 

90. C. oligocarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-flowered ; the 
point of the perigynium straight or slightly oblique, not recurved; leaves 
rough only on the edge; sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.) — Woods, 
W. New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 6'- 12' long. 

91. C. Hitchcockiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; 
apex of the perigynium recurved ; sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly 
pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm 1°- 2° 
high, stouter, and fruit larger than in the last. 

§ 5. Perigynium without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous, 
with a minute obliquely bent Avhite and membranaceous point, reddish-brown 
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short 
green prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — Digitate. 

92. C. eblirnea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary ; tBe fertile 3-4, erect, about 
5-flowered, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike : the 
lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and shin- 
ing, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale. 
(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) —Limestone rocks. N. New England to Kentucky, 
and northward. — A delicate species, with very slender culms, 4'- 10' high, and 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 591 

bristle-shaped leaves, forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes 2" -3" in length, 
about 1 " broad. 

93. C. peduncul&ta, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost sterile 
with 2 -3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile with a few staminate flowers at the 
apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ; 
sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia with a long 
attenuated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat downy, especially on the 
angles, about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed 
dark-purple scale. — Dry woods and hillsides, E. New England to Penn., 
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culms 4'- 10' high, prostrate at maturity, in 
tufts, partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves. 

§ 6. Perigynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in- 
flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice: bracts 
short, either green and slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small 
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins, 
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ; 
the fertile 2-3, nearly sessile and erect, or the lower on a long radical 
peduncle. ( Culms mostly low and slender : leaves all radical, long and narrow. ) 
— MontAsle. 

94. C. Umbell&ta, Schk. Culms very short ( 1 ' - 3', rarely 6'' high), in close 
tufts ; staminate spike sometimes with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4 - 5, 
ovoid, few-flowered ; the uppermost commonly close to the sterile spike and sessile, the 
rest on stalks arising from the base of the stem and of about equal height, nearly 
concealed by the long grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather 
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill 
sides, New England to Illinois, and northward. 

95. C. Novse-Anglise, Schw. Sterile spike sessile, short and usually in- 
conspicuous ; fertile 2-4, greenish-purple, 3 - 8-flowered, contiguous and sessile, 
or the lowest rather distant (sometimes even radical) and more or less pe- 
d uncled ; the lower or all the leafy bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia globular- 
pear-shaped with a much attenuated base and a short conical 2-toothed beak, mi- 
nutely hairy, longer and broader than the ovate mucronate-pointed purple scale 
(with green midrib and hyaline margins); achenium apiculate with the very 
short persistent base of the style; culms very slender (4'- 10' long), weak, 
soon reclined or procumbent. — Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, Adirondack 
Mountains, New York, and high northward. — Too near C. piluhfera, L., of 
Europe and the following. 

96. C. Emmonsii, Dew. Paler, and the spikes greenish, not purple, usu- 
ally more crowded than in the foregoing, often a long-peduncled one from the 
base; bracts short, rarely equalling the culm; perigynia oval and more 3-sided, 
hairy, and with a longer cylindrical beak; base of the style deciduous by an 
articulation. (C. Novas-Anglise, var. Emmonsii, Ed. 2, C. Davisii, Dew., &c.) 
— Dry woody hills : not rare. 

97. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk; 
fertile 1 - 3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 - 6-flowered, the lowest 

commonly with a colored scale-like long-awned bract; perigynia roundish-ovoid, with 



592 CYPERACE^E. (sEDGE FAMILY.) 

a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed 
chestnut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Muhl.) — Dry woods and hills : common, 
especially northward. 

98. C. varia, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on 
very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - 10-fiowered ; the lowest and sometimes the 2 lower 
with green leaf-like bracts ; perigynia obocoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak, 
about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale, (C. Pennsylvanica, var. 
Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram. Sf Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills: common, especially 
northward. Closely resembles the last ; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid 
glaucous leaves; also taller ( 1° — 1^°) and more erect than No. 96, broader- 
leaved, and the spikes scattered. All these seem to run together. 

99. C. precox, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped ; fertile 2-3, oblong-ocoid, 
aggregated near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a 
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; perigynia 
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire or /fee, 
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; achenium obovoid, with a 
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm 3'- 6' high ; 
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Vdlars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills, 
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.) 

100. C. Eichardsonii, R. Br. Sterile spike peduncled, cylindrical; fertile 
1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale-like 
brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with a 
tapering base, obtuse, nearly brak/ess, the short point with an almost entire orifice, 
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm 
(5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York 
[Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead); Wisconsin (Sartwell), and northward. — 
A well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 97. 

101. C. pubescens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile , fertile 3-4, ob- 
long or cylindrical, loosely flowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little 
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the 
culm ; fruit ocoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, with an 
abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt- 
ly-pointed white scale ; culm and flaccid flat leaves soft downy. — Moist woods and 
meadows, New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other 
species of this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the 
sharply angled perigynium. 

§ 7. Perigynia sliglitly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slightly 
notched orifice; staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 102 usually pistil- 
late at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. (Two quite unlike species, arti- 
ficially combined merely for convenience.) — Anomaly. 

102. C. miliacea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum- 
mit ; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely flowered at the base, on 
filiform nodding stalks; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete 
sheaths ; perigynia ovoidAriangular , very smooth and thin, with an entire or very 
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C. 
prasina, Wahl.) — Rills and wet meadows : rather common. 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 593 

103. C. SCabrata, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather 
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed- 
ing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved, 
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the 
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale ; culm leaves and bracts very rough. — Wet 
meadows and swamps, E. New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. 

§ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining (minutely pubescent 
in No. 104 and one form of 108), green, with a straight tapering beak (short- 
pointed in No. 107), terminating mostly in 2 small membranaceous teeth; 
lower bracts green and sheathing : pistillate scales tawny or white : stami- 
nate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flowered, all (except 
in No. 104) on filiform nodding stalks. 

# Fertile spikes mostly slender, remote; perigynia somewhat nerved: bracts equalling 

or exceeding the culm. — Debiles. 

h- Leaves and sheaths more or less soft-pubescent : fertile stakes nearly erect. 

104. C. Sullivantii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3-5, commonly 4, narrowly 
cylindrical, erect, rather dense, the upper, approximate, the lowest often remote, 
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough peduncles; 
bracts sheathing, not exceeding the culm; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly 
stalked, very obscurely nerved, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer 
than the ovate ciliate rough-awned or merely mucronate white scale. — Woods, 
Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. 

105. C. Knieskernii, Dew. Less pubescent; fertile spikes 2 or 3, on 
longer and somewhat spreading peduncles ; perigynia glabrous, more evidently 
nerved : otherwise like the preceding : too little known. — Copses, Oneidii Co., 
New York, Dr. Knieskern, Dr. Vasey. 

•t- ■*- Glabrous or nearly so : fertile spikes mostly nodding or spreading, loose. 

106. C. arctata, Boott. Fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, narrowed to- 
wards the base; perigynia ovate, short-stalked from a blunt base, short-beaked, 
longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica, Dew., not of Hudson.) — Woods 
and meadows, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. 

107. C. glabra, Boott. Fertile spikes oblong or short-cylindrical,, rather 
dense and the terminal one oftener partly fertile ; perigynia elliptical-oblong, 
not stalked, somewhat contracted at the base, and short-pointed at the apex, but 
nearly beakless, minutely and sharply 2-toothed at the orifice, prominently 
nerved, almost twice the length of the blunt brownish-margined scale. — Oneida 
Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern. Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. Probably 
not rare, but confounded with the next : also resembling C. formosa. 

108. C. debilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex, 
fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, with loose alternate flowers on a somewhat 
zigzag rhachis; perigynia spindle-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a 
slender beak with a hyaline 2-lobed tip, twice as long as the obtuse and pointless 
scale. (C. tenuis, Rudge. C. flexuosa, Muhl.) — Moist meadows: rather com- 
mon, especially southward. — Perigynium often rusty-dotted: — in var. pubera 
minutely pubescent and passing to C. venusta, Dew. of the Southern States. 
Bear Meadows, Centre Co., Penn., Prof. Porter. 

L&M— 45 



5#4 



CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAM1 



* * Fertile spikes short; perigynia nerveless: bracts short. — Flexiles. 

109. C. capillaris, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter' 
note flowers ; perigynia oblong -ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slightly 
serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale. 

— Point de Tour, Lake Michigan ; alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
New Hampshire; and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4' -6' 
high, with spikes 3"- 6'' long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.) 

HO. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sterile spike short and club-shaped; fertile spikes 
oblong or sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the base and becoming 
club-shaped; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, 
very slightly sheathing ; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a 
beak about the length of the ovate hairy -fringed scale; leaves pale green and 
glaucous, and with the bracts soft-hairy. (C. blepharophora, Gray.) — Moist 
and shady places, Connecticut (near Salisbury), Central and Northern New 
York, Lake Superior, and Newfoundland : rare. 

§ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-ang/ed, nerved, smooth, tapering into a b&ik, 
with two mostly distinct teeth, becoming tawny or yellow at maturity : achenium 
obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base ; staminate spike usually soli- 
tary. — FiAv^;. 

* Perigynia erect, slender-beaked: spikes remote; the staminate one usually long- 

stalked: bracts not exceeding the culm, and with long sheaths. 

111. C. laevigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, on exserted nodding 
stalks; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light- 
brown or purplish pointed and awned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) 

— Massachusetts (Tewksbury ? B. D. Greene). Introduced? (Eu.) 

112. C. fuiva, Good. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or ovoid, erect, the lowest on 
an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the- dark-brown scarcely 
pointed awnless scale ; culm rough. (C. bine'rvis, Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at 
Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene: not since found. (Eu.) 

* * Perigynia ascending, short-beaked: spikes approximate or the lower remote ; the 

staminate one sessile or nearly so ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; the upper 
nearly without xheaths. 

113. C extensa, Good. Fertile spikes 2-4. oblong, brown-green, very 
dense (5"- 10" long), the upper nearly sessile, the lowest on a short included 
stalk; perigynia ovate, the short conical beak sharply 2 toothed, longer than 
the ovate pointed purple scale ; leaves and bracts long and narrow, involute, 
erect, rigid ; culms tufted, 8' - 20' high. — Border of salt-marshes, coast of Long 
Island, New York, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Eu.) 

#** Perigynia spreading or reflexed, longer than the scale: spikes mostly approxi- 
mate or crowded ; the staminate mostly sessile or short-stalked, often fertile at the 
apex or middle; the fertile (2 - 4) erect all or all but the lowest short-stalked or 
sessile : bracts much exceeding the smooth culm, their sheaths very short. 

114. C. flava, L. Fertile spikes 2, roundish-ovoid, dense, the upper approxi- 
mated, the lowest often remote on a short exserted stalk ; bracts spreading or re- 
fit xed; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a slender recurved 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 595 

beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — "Wet meadows, especially 
northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6'- 15' high, with spikes about 
6" in length. (Eu.) 

115. C. (Ederi, Ehrh. Fertile spikes oblong-ovoid, closely aggregated, or the 
lowest rather remote, on very *hort stalks, densely flowered, sometimes stami- 
nate at the apex; leaves and bracts narrow, rigidly erect; perigynia ovoid, with a 
short and rather abrupt minutely notched beak, scarcely recurved at maturity. (C. 
vindula, Michx., not of Schw. £f Turr. C. irregularis, Schw.) — Wet rocks and 
bluffs, coast of New England to Illinois, Lake Superior, and northward. — 
Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigynia are much smaller, and 
the beak more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.) 

§ 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, ovoid or obtusely 3-angled, with an abrupt 
straight beak, nerved, densely pubescent, or rough-puberulent, the pubescence 
nearly concealing the nerves, except in No. 119 : bracts leaf-like, with short 
sheaths : scales dark-purple or brown. 

* Perigynia densely pubescent of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, ovoid, rvith 2 

short and diverging membranaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth 
culm: staminate spikes 2 or 3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and 
sessile : fertile spikes 1-4, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short 
stalks. — Lanugin6s;e 

116. C. fllifbrmis, L. Fertile spikes Oblong or ovoid; perigynia very 
short-beaked and with 2 sharp teeth; leaves and bracts narrow and involute ; culm 
very slender (1^° -3° high). — Feat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, 
and northward. (Eu.) 

117. C. lanugindsa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; peri- 
gynia more hispidly pubescent; leaves and bracts flat, broader and shorter; culm 
stouter (l°-2° high) ; staminate spikes usually shorter. (C. pellita, Muhl.) — 
Swamps and wet meadows. New England to Kentucky and northward. 

* * Ferigynia thin, downy like the last or roughly granulate, or even smooth, ovoid, 

the beak terminating in a thin and scarious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly 
notched; bracts rigidly erect, shorter than the sharply triangular rough 
culm. — Scari6s^3. 

118. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2. the uppermost cylindrical,, 
short-stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes 
staminate at the apex ; perigi/nia densely pnbpscent, with a short thick beak, a little 
longer than the ovate pointed scale; leaves fiat, shorter than the stout and rigid 
culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward. 
— Resembling the last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the 
membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is reddish at the base and white and 
transparent at the orifice ; and the style is twisted within the perigyniuin. 

119. C. polymorpha, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper- 
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the 
base ; fertile spike solitary or rarely 2, remote, cylindrical, sometimes staminate at 
the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks; perigynia few- (5- 10-) nerved, very 
minutely roughened with granular dots, or smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender 



596 CYPEUACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

cylindrical usually purplish beak, with a whitish hyaline entire orifice, longer than 
the ovate blunt purplish scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. Sf Ed. 1. C. striata, Torr, 
N. Y. VI., not of Michx. ) — Varies considerably : in one form with the fertile 
spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhachis. — 
Upland meadows, Rhode Island and Mass. to Pennsylvania. 

§11. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many -nerved, smooth or pubescent, 
with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth : bracts 
leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, equalling or exceeding the culm: 
staminate spikes 1-5. 

* Perigynia with a short and thick beak, and short teeth. — Lacustres. 
-t- Perigyniu hairy, sometimes glabrate, turgid-ovate. 

120. G. Striata, Michx. (not of Ed. 1). Sterile spikes 3, the uppermost 
«lender-stalked ; fertile spikes I - 2, oblong, erect, remote, sessile or on short 
stalks (or the lower rarely on a slender stalk) ; perigynia minutely hairy or 
smoothish, or rarely smooth, rather thin, longer than the blunt or pointed scale, 
the teeth usually scariously lobed at the base ; leaves and bracts long and nar- 
row, rather rigid, involute, with slender or setaceous rough extremities. (C. 
polymorpha, Ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

121. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Sterile spikes mostly 2 ; fertile 2 - 3, oblong 
or cylindraceous, thicker and less distant, olive-colored; perigynia hairy, thick- 
walled, longer than the pointed or short- awn-tipped scale ; the teeth at the 
orifice narrow and entire ; leaves and bracts flat, shorter and broader, and culm 
lower (9' -15') than in the foregoing. — Wisconsin (Lake La Biche), Dr. 
Houghton ; shore of Lake Ontario, Prof. Whitney ; Medford above Bangor, 
Maine, J. Blake ; and northwestward. 

4- -t- Perigynia very smooth, very finely many-nerved. 
122 C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 2 - 5, the uppermost stalked; fer- 
tile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the lowest 
on a short stalk, large and thick (2' -3' long. 4" -6" wide), olive-colored; peri- 
gynia lanceolate-conical, coriaceous, tipped with rather slender short teeth, 
longer than the lance-ovate awned scale. (C. laciistris, Willd. and former ed.) 
— Borders of streams, ponds, and swamps: common. — Very robust, 3° -5° 
high : leaves 3" -5" wide, and sheaths nodose-reticulated. (Eu.) 

123. C. paluddsa, Good. More slender, with spikes smaller, leaves nar- 
rower, perigynia ovate, flattened, and more strongly nerved than the preceding, 
the orifice merely notched, and hardly exceeding the awned scale. — Border of 
a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 

* * Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak and with long and setaceous or awn- 
like spreading or divergent teeth. — Aristat^e. 

*~ Staminate spikes 2-5 (rarely with some fertile flowers) : fertile spikes remote, 
erect, rather loose, the. uppermost almost, sessile, without sheaths, the lowest often 
on an exserted sometimes spreading peduncle : perigynia ascending. 

124. C. aristata, R. Br. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, cylindrical ; perigynia ovate- 
lanceolate, smooth, tapering into a slender beak tipped with very slender at 
length diverging awn-like teeth, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned and 
above hispid-ciliate scale ; culm smooth ; sheaths and under surface of the leaves 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 597 

hairy. (C. atherbdes, Spreng. C. mirata, Dew.) — Lake shores and river-banks, 
N. New York to Michigan, and northwestward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 
2" -3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' -3' long, often loosely flowered towards the base. 
(Eu. C. orthdstachys.) 

125. C. triehocarpa, Muhl. More slender; leaves and bracts rough, 
but not hairy ; fertile spikes 2 or 3, fewer-flowered ; perigynia more ovate and 
with shorter and stouter teeth, downy-pubescent, the scale short-awned or awn- 
less. (C. striata, Ed. 1, not of Michx.) — In water or wet ground: common, 
especially northward. 

Var. imberbis. Perigynia glabrous ; sheaths rather rough. Penn-Yan, 
New York, Sartwetl. Illinois, Mead, E. Hall, and northwestward. 
■*- ■*- Staminate spikes solitary, with a filiform bract ; fertile 3-5, cylindrical, densely- 
flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks, mostly approximate : 
perigynia widely spreading, rfiexed at maturity. 

126. C. COmbsa, Boott. Fertile spikes thick (l'-3' -long, and" 6"-7>' 
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid- 
trianyular base into a long deeply 2-forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread- 
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate, with a long bristle-shaped awn 
shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, Ell., 
not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schiv. Sr Torr., Dew., Sec, in part, not of L.) 

— Wet places : common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly confounded 
with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in the larger 
fertile spikes, lonsrer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and widely 
spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance. 

127. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Fertile spikes narrower and sometimes 
slightly compound at the base ; perigynia as in the last, but with a shorter beak 
and shorter less spreading teeth ; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Bor- 
der of lakes and in bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper- 
ing 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny 
or white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — Ltjpulin^e. 
* Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths. 

128. C. hystrieina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flow- 
ers at the base or apex; fertile spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, 
the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nod- 
ding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid 
base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned scale. 

— A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stalk, 
4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is 
C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows : common. — Plant pale or yellowish green, 
with fertile spikes 9'' to I ^ long. Distinguished from the preceding by the 
more inflated less diverging fruit, its beak longer and teeth shorter ; and from 
the following by the smaller nodding spikes and many-nerved periginium, 
with longer and smooth teeth. 

129. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindri- 
cal, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost ses- 



598 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

sile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid 
few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak vrith oblique orifice or short 
minutely serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale; achenium 
papillose-roughened. (C. rostrata, MuhL, not of Michx.) — Wet meadows : very 
common. — Var. grAcilis, Boott, is a slender form with 2 much smaller fertile 
spikes (4"- 12" long, 3" -4" broad). — Var. Altior, Boott, is tall (2° high), 
with more scattered large fertile spikes, and the more tapering beak of perigy- 
nium with longer teeth, perhaps a hybrid with C. lupulma. Penn-Yan, New 
York, Sartwetl, and Amherst, Mass., Tuckerman. 

130. C. intumescens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 1 -3, ovoid, loosely few- (5-8-) 
flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very short exserted 
peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 1 5 - 20-nerved base 
into a long sometimes rough beak. (C. folliculata, Schk., Michx., not of'Z.) — Wet 
meadows and swamps: very common. — Culm slender, about 18' high: fertile 
spikes usually contiguous: perigynia 6" -7" long, very ventricose. 

131. C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densely 
(15 — 30-) flowered, separate, on short exserted peduncles ; perigynia (8" long) spread- 
ing and deflixed, tapering from an ovoid 25-30-nerved base into a long smooth 
and shining beuk. — ■ River bottoms, Oneida Co., New York, to Ohio and Illinois : 
rather rare. — Culm robust, 3° high; leaves broader; and flowers in July, a 
month later than the last. 

* * Bracts all or all but the uppermost conspicuously sheathing. 
•*- Fertile spikes approximate, or only the lowest one distant, erect, very large and 
turgid, many-flowered : perigynia ascending, long -beaked from an ovate-ventricose 
base : sterile spikes rarely 2 or more. 

132. C. lupulina, MuhL Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindraceous or oblong 
(l'-2'long, 1' thick), the lower on exserted stalks; perigynia (6^" -7" long) 
often raised on a short stalk-like base, smooth or with the beak rough above, 
much longer than the lanceolate rough awn-pointed scale; stem (2° -3°) and 
long broadly linear leaves and bracts smooth, the latter with rough margins 
(3'' - 4" wide). (C. lurida, Wahl.) — Wet grounds, common. — C. Canadensis, 
and C. Bellavilla, Dew , appear to be depauperate and attenuated states of this, 
with more distant lax, and fewer-flowered spikes. 

133. C. Iupulif6rmis, Sartwell. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical (2' -3' 
long), less approximate; perigynia sessile (7" -8" long); achenium broader, 
with mamillated angles ; scale more awned ; otherwise as in the foregoing, of 
which it is probably a mere variety. (C. lupulma, var. polystachya, Schw. Sf 
Torr.) — Swamps, New York to Delaware, &c. 

ft- h- Fertile spikes distant, few -several-flowered: perigynia lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- 
late or spindle-shaped, loose or widely spreading at maturity : staminate spike small, 
short-stalked : obtusely angular culms and grassy soft leaves smooth. 

134. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, 12 -20-flowered, all or 
the lowest on exserted peduncles, turning yellowish at maturity; perigynia taper- 
ing ovate-lanceolate from a broadish base, short-beaked, at length widely spread- 
ing, rather exceeding the ovate white rough-awned scale. (C. xanthophy'sa, 

Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., and northward, and in one form 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 599 

southward. — Plant 2° -4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous 
bracts, and leaves 4" wide. 

135. C. rostrata, Michx. More slender and smaller than the last (10'- 
15' high), strictly erect, rather rigid; leaves narrow; fertile spikes 1-3, com- 
monly 2 ; perigynia scarcely spreading at maturity, lanceolate, obtusely triangular, 
slender-beaked, about twice the length of the brownish blunt scale. — Cold bogs, 
mountains of N. New York, New Kngland, and northward. 

136. C. SUblllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included 
peduncles loosely few- (4-8-) flower <d, commonly with a few staminate flowers at 
the apex ; pf-rigynia awl-shaped, reflexed at maturity ; the long slender beak deeply 
cleft or grooved down one side, tipped with 2 awn-like and at length riyidy de- 
flexed teeth. (C. Collmsii, Nutt. C. Michaiixii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, Canada 
(Michaux) to Rhode Island (Olney), and New Jersey near the coast: rare. 

§ 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, rather few-nerved, smooth, with a long 
and slender 2-toothed beak abruptly produced from the obtuse or at maturity even 
retuse summit, tawny-brown or straw-colored at maturity, spreading horizon- 
tally, or the lower deflexed, very densely aggregated in thick spikes: these, 
1 -7 in number, are either all androgynous, staminate at base, or the terminal 
wholly staminate, the others sometimes wholly pistillate : leaves and bracts flat, 
the latter much longer than the culm. — SQUARitds^E. 

137. C. Squarr6sa, L. Spikes often only one, commonly 2 -5, globular, ovoid, 
or cylindraccous (6 7 -7" thick), the terminal one with a slender-contracted base 
from the numerous staminate flowers, the others almost wholly fertile, on short 
slender peduncles, their bracts scarcely sheathing ; perigynia sparingly nerved, 
longer than and concealing the blunt or short-pointed scabs. (C. typhina, Michx.) 
— Low grounds, E. New England to Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for 
its dense, short and thick spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of 
the perigynia give a bristly appearance. 

138. C. stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 5-7, the terminal one wholly staminate, 
or sometimes fertile at the top or throughout ; the others with a few staminate 
flowers at the base or sometimes none, cylindrical. (1' or more long), the upper 
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted 
stalks, their bracts sheathing ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like rough 
scales. (C. Erankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, Penn- 
sylvania {Prof Pointer) and Virginia to Illinois, and southwestward. — Somewhat 
resembling the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a 
still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales. 

§ 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth and shining, becoming straw-colored at maturity, 
with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very 
short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing only in No. 139) ; scales 
brown or tawny: staminate spikes 2-5, rarely 1, stalked. — VesicAei^. 
* Perigynia conspicuously nerved: bracts usually much exceeding the culm. 
-t- Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical, many -flowered. 

139. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1 - 3, the uppermost occasionally 
with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; feiiile spikes 
4- 5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in- 



GOO CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

eluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more 
of the others) often bearing 1 -2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded, 
spreading and at length reflexed, strongly few-nerved, tapering from an ovoid con- 
tracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak, much longer than the lanceolate scale. 
(C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to Penn., Wis- 
consin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth (1^°- 2.^° high) : leaves and 
bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the thick spikes, which are l'-lf' long. — 
Var. Haktii (C. Hartii, Dew.) is a slender state, with fertile spikes distant, the 
lower long-peduncled. — Yates Co., New York, Dr. Hart Wright. 

140. C. gigantea, Rudge. Sterile spikes 1-5; sometimes with a few 
fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, somewhat erect, or spreading on 
exserted peduncles, distant or the upper contiguous, all or most of them staminaie 
at the apex ; perigynia ascending, at length horizontal, many-nerved, abruptly tapering 
from a broadly or globular-ovate ventricose base into a long and slender sharply 
2-toothed beak, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate mostly awn-pointed scale \ 
achenium broader than high, strongly triquetrous, with concave faces. — Swamps, 
Delaware ( W. M. Canby), Kentucky (Short), and southward. — Allied to the 
preceding and to No. 133. Culm 2° -3° high : perigynia about 6" long. 

141. C. Schweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often 
pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, someivhat drooping, densely 
flowered, often staminaie at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound 
at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovoid, 
rather lightly few-nerved, tapering into a smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer 
than the lanceolate roughly long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New 
Jersey, W. New York, and northward: not common. — Culm 10'- 15' high, 
smooth : bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except, the margins, much ex- 
ceeding the culm : fertile spikes (2' -3' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant 
turning straw-color. Perigynia 2^" -3'' long, thin. 

142. C. Utrieulata, Boott. Sterile spikes 3-4; fertile spikes 2-5, com- 
monly 3, rather distant, sessile, or the lowest (sometimes loose and attenuated at 
the base), peduncled, cylindrical (l^'-4' long) thick, and densely very many- 
flowered; perigynia ovate, either ventricose and abruptly or inclining to elliptical 
and more gradually contracted into a cylindrical smooth beak, longer than the 
lanceolate very acute or awn-pointed scale. ; culm stout and thick, obtusely angular, 
spongy at base (2°-3° high); leaves flat (3" -4'' broad), pale, nodose-reticu- 
lated. (C. ampullacea, var. utrieulata of former ed.) Swamps, New England 
to Penn., Michigan, and common northward. — Fruit sometimes almost that 
of C. vesicaria, sometimes that of C. ampullacea, into which it merges north- 
ward : the rough mostly awn-like points of the scale usually distinguish it from 
both European species. 

143. C. Vaseyi, Dew. Differs from the last in the slender culm with acute 
rough angles; fertile spikes (2 or 3) looser and fewer-flowered; perigynia more 
tapering into the beak, and scales less pointed ; from C. vesicaria, L. of Europe 
(of which it is the nearest representative) in the more pointed scales and fewer- 
nerved perigynia tapering gradually into a longer beak; from the next (into 
which it probably passes) by the larger elongated-ovate perigynia tapering into a 
slender beak (the roughness of which, indicated by Dr. Boott. is rarely obvious, 



CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMIL1., 601 

the teeth, however, rough-serrulate). (C. monile, Dew, in 1845, not of Tuckerm 
6. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew.) — Swamps, Yates Co., New York, Sartwell, 
to Illinois ? 

144. G. moilile, Tuekerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4; fertile spikes 
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, cylindracedu's or cylindrical (l'-2g-' long), mostly 
slender, slightly or the lower when remote longer-peduncled ; perigynia globular- 
orate, very ventricose, shining, abruptly contracted into a short smooth beak, longer 
than the ovate-lanceolate acute or scarcely pointed scale; culm slender (l°-3° 
high), sharply triangular, rough on the angles ; leaves narrow (barely 2" wide). 

— Wet places; common, especially northward. — Perigynia 2"-2^ - ' long,' 
(C. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries, of N. Eu. appears to be a form of this.) 

145. C. Ollieyi, Boott. Resembles the two preceding and C. vesicaria ; 
the fertile spikes denser and thicker, short-cylindrical (l'-l^'long); perigynia 
(2^" -3" long) turgid-ovate, with the short beak rough-serrate at the apex and on 
the awl-shaped teeth ; the scales acute or bluntish ; leaves (1" -2" broad) rough 

— Wet ground, Providence, Rhode Island, Olnt-y. 

146. C. Tuckermarii, Boott. Sterile spikes about 2 ; fertile spikes 2-3, 
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks, 
the lowest often nodding ; perigynia shining, thin and delicate, much inflated, ovate, 
ascending, tapering into a rather abrupt slender and cylindrical smooth beak, 
much longer than the ovate or lanceolate acute or short-pointed scale ; the very 
long narrow bracts and leaves rough, much surpassing the rough-angled culm. 
(C. bullata of authors, not of Schk. C. cylindrica of former ed. ; but the cylin- 
drica of Sehweinitz belongs mainly to the next or to some others, and is too 
much confused for preservation.) — Swamps, W. New England to Penn., Illi- 
nois, and northward. — Differs from the next in the more numerous and longer 
fertile spikes (8''-2 ; long), and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous 
fruit (4" -5'' long), with a smooth beak. 

147. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes most frequently 
only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short 
smooth stalks ; perigynia spreading, shining, turgid-ovate, tapering into a long cylin- 
drical rough beak, much longer than the lanceolate pointless scale ; bracts and 
leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica, 
Schw., at least in part, Tuckerm., &c.) — Wet swamps, New England to Penn. 
and southward, chiefly eastward. 

■*- -(- Fertile spikes globular or oblong, few-flowered. 

148. C. oligosperma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1 -2, slender; fertile spikes 
1-2, densely 6 - 18-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk ; perigynia turgid 
ovate (2-£" long), tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer 
than the ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts involute. 
(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Wet borders of ponds, &c , E. Mass. to Pennsylvania. 
Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly in cold or mountainous regions. 

* * Perigynia nerveless or nearly so : bracts mostly shorter than the culm. 
*- Perigynia pointed with a very short smooth beak, minutely 2-toothed at the apex: 
stigmas either 2 or 3 : fertile spikes 2 or sometimes one, dense, short, usually 
brown-purple or purplish, the upper almost sessile, the lower short-pednnchd : ster- 
Q M 20 



602 GRAMINE.fi. (GRASS FAMILY.; 

He spikes I or 2, often solitary. (The two following are very much alike ; and 
one or the other is doubtless C. miliaris, Michx. The first is regarded by 
Andersson as an extreme form of C. ampullacea, the second of C vesicaria.) 

149. C. rotundata, Wahl. 1 Leaves and bracts involute, smoothish : fertile 
spikes oblong or cylindraceous, or the upper ovate or globular ; perigynia short- 
ovate, about the length of the broadly ovate (obtuse, or in our specimens acute 
or pointed) scale. — Gravel-bars at the outlet of Moosehead Lake, N. Maine, 
C. E. & A. H. Smith. — The specimens are a foot high, with one leaf on the 
obtusely angular culm, and only the lowest spike leafy-bracted : sterile spike 
single • the fruit not fully formed. (Eu.) 

150. C. pillla, Good.? Leaves and bracts flat, with a slender triangular 
apex, rough-margined ; culm rather sharply triangular ; perigynia inflated- 
ovate, mostly longer than the ovate scale. (C. saxatilis, L., but that was in 
part C. rigiaa: the name is appropriate for that but not for this species, and is 
better discarded altogether.) (Eu.) — Var. ? miliaris. Culm more slender, 
1° or more high ; fertile spikes paler (1-3), ovoid or oblong, in our specimens 
staminate at the apex, each with a very rough leafy bract, the lowest often sur- 
passing the culm. (C. miliaris, Michx ) — Outlet of Moosehead Lake, with or 
near the preceding, July 29, C. E. & A. II, Smith; and far northward. 

-i- -»- Perigynia abruptly contracted into a very long and 2-toothed beak. 

151. C. longir6stris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of 
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 
2-4, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks, 
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly con- 
tracted into a slender cylindrical beak, which is longer than the body, rough on 
the margin, and 2-cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the 
lanceolate light-colored or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks, 
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. 

Order 128. GBAMiNE^. (Grass Family.) 

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2- 
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the 
hypogynous flowers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts : the outer 
pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of one or several flowers; 
the inner pair (paleaz or palets) enclosing each particular flower, which is 
usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamulce, Juss., 
lodiculce, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, 
the cells distinct. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery- 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. 
Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of the floury albumen. — 
Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or less extended above 
the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets pani- 
cled or spiked. Inner (upper) palet usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed 
or partly covered by the outer (lower) palet. Grain sometimes free from, 






GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 603 

sometimes permanently adherent to, the palets. — A vast and most impor- 
tant family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal food of cat- 
tle, &c. (See Plates 7-14.) 

Tribe I. POACEiE. R.Br. Spikelets 1 -many-flowered, when more than one-flowered 
centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, uppermost, if auy. imper- 
fect or abortive, the rest all alike iu the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally monoecious or dioe- 
cious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several flowers less perfect 
than the upper (viz. staminate only in Arrhenatherum and Phragmites, neutral in Uniola, 
Ctenium, &c). 

Sub tribe 1. Oryzeae. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious. 
Glumes abortive or wanting! Inner paleae 3-nerved! Stamens 1-6. 

1. Lcersia. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless conduplicate palets. 

2. Zizania. Flowers monoecious. Palets convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers. 

Subtribe 2. Agrostitlr se. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, and occasionally with the 
rudiment or abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or clustered, sometimes so 
contracted as to form a sort of spike, but the spikelets are not directly borne on the 
common axis. Stamens 1-3. 

* PIILEOIDEJE. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat 

herbaceous, as well as the palese. Inflorescence densely spiked ! 

3. Alopeeurus. Glumes united at the base. Lower palet bearing an awn on the back: 

the upper palet wanting. 
i. Phleisiin. Glumes distinct, sharp-pointed, much larger than the two thin and truncate 
awnless palets 

5. Crypsis. Glumes distinct, not longer than the palets ; both awnless and pointless. 

* * AGR.0STIDEJE proper. Glumes and palets both membranaceous, or the latter sometimes 

very thin and delicate. Inflorescence panicled or glomerate, sometimes rather spike-like, 
but not contracted into a uniform cylindrical spike. Palets not surrounded by a tuft of 
hairs, or only with some very minute ones at the base. 

-i- Flower perfectly sessile in the glumes : lower palet 1-nerved : awns none. 

6. Vilfa. Fruit a caryopsis (seed adherent to the pericarp, as in most grasses). Panicle 

spiked or contracted. 

7. Sporobolus. Fruit an utricle (seed loose in the thin pericarp). Panicle open or close. 
+- h- Flower slightly raised in the glumes on a short sometimes stalk-like base (callus) : lower 

palet 3 -5-nerved ; and this or the glumes awned or pointed, except in some species of No. 8. 
8- Agrostis. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very 
thin blunt palets. Lower palet pointless, often awned on the back ; the upper sometimes 
wanting. Panicle open. 
9. Poly pogon. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the palets, the lower 
of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Panicle contracted. 
10. Cinna. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling and the upper slightly exceeding the 
similar palets. Stamen 1. Flowers raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless : lower 
palet short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved. 
11 Mublenbergia. Lower glume mostly smaller. Palets chiefly hairy-bearded at the 
base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-poinied or awned. Stamens 3. 

12. Brachyelytrum. Lower glume almost obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower palet 

long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slender 
naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2. 

* * * CALAM AGROSTIDE,E. Flower with a copious tuft of hairs at the base of the palets : 

otherwise as in the foregoing subdivision. 

13. Calamagrostis. Lower palet mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes. 



G04 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

* * * * STTPEJE. Palese coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the mem- 

branaceous glumes, usually on a rigid base or callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely 
enclosing the upper and the grain, mostly 1 -3-awned at the apex. Inflorescence racemose 
or panicled : spiselets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes. 

14. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palet or sometimes wanting. 

15. Stipa. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base. 

16. Avistida. Awn triple. Upper palet small. Callus conspicuous, poiD ted at the base. 

# # * * * Palets coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by 

the student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No. 56, and was not ac- 
quainted with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 57 and 5b. 

56 Plialaris. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palet. 

57- Milium. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the pedicels : flowers all alike. 

58. Amphicarpum. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle 

separating by a joint without ripening grain. 

Subtribe 3. Chloridepe. Spikelets rarely 1-flowered, usually 2 -several-flowered, with 
one or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes ! Glumes persist- 
ent, the upper one looking outward. Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually several and 
racemed or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3. 

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. 

59. Paspalum might be looked for here, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelets. 

17. Span ilia. Spikelets much flattened contrary to the glumes, imbricated in 2 ranks on 

the triangular rhachis of the straight spike. 

* * Spikelets with one perfect and two or more imperfect or neutral flowers : 
■*- The perfect flower intermediate. 

18. Ctcnium. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved sp{ye. 

-i- 1- The perfect flower below the one or more neutral or rudimentary ones. 

19. Bouteloua. Lower palet 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense- 
£0. Gymnopogou. Lower palet and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, raceme*. 
"iL Cy notion. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate. 

* * * Spikelets several flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile. 

4- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense. 
Dactyloctenium. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awned : lower palet pointed. 

23. Elcusine. Glumes and palets both awnless and blunt. «. 

4- +- Spikes racemed, slender. 

24. Leptocliloa. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palet pointless or awned at the tip. 

giubtribe 4. FestucineEe. Spikelets several- (few-many-) flowered, panicled ; the 
uppermost flower often imperfect or abortive. Palets pointless, or the lower sometimes 
tipped with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stamens 1-3. Culms 
sometimes reed-like, but not woody. 

* Lowest flowers of the spikelet perfect and fertile. 

-*- Grain free from the palets. 

*+ Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis, 

bearded. Glumes and convex palets membranaceous. 

25. Tricuspis. Spikelets 3- many-flowered. Lower paleas hairy-fringed on the 3 nerves, 

one or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts. 

26. Grapliephorum. Spikelets 2 - few-flowered. Glumes and palets awnless or pointless. 

•h- *+ Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded. 
a. Lower palet 1-pointed, awned or acute, the nerves when present running into the point. 

27. Diarrliena. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palet coriaceous, 

convex-boat-shaped. Stamens 2 Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely 
few-flowered. 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 605 

28. Dactylis. Glumes (rather long) and lower palet awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed- 
keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters. 

29-. Kceleria. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palet membranaceous, 
keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like. 

37. Festuca, with grain sometimes free, may be looked for here. 

b. Lower palet awnless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel. 
1. Glumes extremely dissimilar. U -3-flowered. 

30. Eatoiiia. Lower glume linear •, the upper broadly obovateaud folded round the flowers. 

2. Glumes similar in shape, but often unequal in size. 

31. Melica. Lower palet flattish-convex, many-nerved, membi-anaceous at the top, harden- 

ing on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping deformed sterile ones 

32. Glyceria, Lower palet convex or rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, scarious at the 

tip. Spikelets maiiy -flowered ; the flowers deciduous at maturity by the breaking up of 
the rhacbis into joiuts. 

33. Brizopyrnm. Lower palet laterally much compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, 

rather coriaceous, smooth, faintly many -nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered. 
37. Festuca. Lower palet slightly if at all laterally compressed, not keeled, only 1-5-nerved, 
not cobwebby, and nearly witiiout scarious margins, acutish : otherwise as in Poa. 

34. Poa. Lower palet laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous, 

scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the upper 
palet not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened. 

35. Eragrostis. Lower palet 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on 

the rhachis. Spikelets flat. 

•«- +- Grain adherent to the upper palet. 

36. Briza. Lower palet rounded, very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel to 

the glumes, soon ventricose, scarious-margined. Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped. 

37. Festuca. Lower palet convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-nerved. 

Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal. 

38. Bromiis. Lower palet convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing- 

below the 2-cleft tip, 5-9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminal. 

* * Lowest flower of the spikelet neutral or staminate. 

39. Uniola. Spikelets very flat •, the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty 

palet. Flowers strongly compressed-keeled, crowded, coriaceous. 

40. Fliragmites. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the 

lowest flower staminate or neutral. Palets membranaceous. 

Subtribe 5. Bambusese. Culms woody and commonly arborescent. Spikelets and 
flowers nearly as in the preceding Subtribe, awnless. 

41. Aruiitiinai'ia. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5- 14-flowered, in depauperate panicles. 

Subtribe G. Hordeinese. Spikelets 1 -several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a 
zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming 
a spike. Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Otherwise as in Subtribe 4. 
* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis. 

42. Lepturus. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the very slender rhachis, 

1-flowered. The filiform spikes usually several. 

43. Liolium. Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the solitary spike : 

glume only one, external. 

44. Tritscum. Spikelets 3- several flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis of the solitary 

spike : both glumes present, transverse (right and left). 

* * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis : spike solitary. 
+- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets. 
45- Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile. 
46 Fly in us. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar. 



60G 



GRAMINE.&. (GRASS FAMILY.) 



*~ +- Glumes none or 1-2 awn-like rudiments in their place. 

47. Gymnostichuui. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint. 

Subtribe 7. Avenese. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhacbis or base of 
the flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers 
Lower palet bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex ; the 
upper palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. 

* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary. 

48. Dantlionia. Spikelets several-flowered. Lower palet firm and rigid, rounded on the 

back, several-nerved, the 3 middle nerves running into the flattish twisted awn which 
proceeds from the cleft at the apex. ; 

49. Aveiia. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palet roundish on the back, and of firmer 

texture than the glumes, several-nerved, sharply 2-tootlied or 2-cleft at the tip, the bent 
or twisted awn rising only from the midnerve at or below the cleft. 

50. Trisetnm. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palet laterally compressed and keeled, 

sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed at the apex, the slender awn rising at or near the cleft, 
from the midnerve only. • 

51. Aira. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, with or without the rudiment of a third flower. Palets 

thin or scarious, the lower awned from towards the base. 

# * One of the flowers staminate only. 

52. Arrlienatiierum. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the 

uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as in Avena. 

53. Holcus. Lower flower perfect, awnless ; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment 

none : otherwise resembling Aira. 

Tribe II. PHALARIDEiE, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the upper- 
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect : the two lower (one on each side) imperfect, 
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment. 

Subtribe 1. Anilioxantlieae. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, 
of 1 or 2 palets ; the upper one awnless and diandrous. Upper palet 1-nerved. 

54. Hierocliloa. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 palets. 

55. Antlioxantlium. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned and hairy palet. 

Subtribe 2. Phalaridece proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment 
or abortive pedicel on each side of tue fertile one ; which is awnless and triandrous. 

56. Pbalaris. Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower. 



Tribe III. PANICEiE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either 
starninate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty palet (placed 
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the 
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer side 
of the grain '. (next the lower palet of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or hemi- 
gamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and perfect, 
from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palet of the neutral flower, 
sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.) 

Subtribe 1. Paspalese, Griseb. Glumes and sterile palets herbaceous or membrana- 
ceous: palets of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not 
keeled, more or Jess flattened parallel with the flumes. 

* Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered, from the suppression of the lower glume, the 
single neutral palet of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.) 

57. Milium. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle. 

58. Amphicarpum. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal 

panicle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles. 

59. Faspalum. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one- 

sided spikes or spiked racemes. 



GRAMINE^K. (GRASS FAMILY.) 607 

« * Spikelets manifestly 1 J - 2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often 
neutral, of one or both palets), the lower glume being present. 

60. Panicum. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume 

usually small or minute. Sterile flower either stamiuate or neutral. 

61. Setaria. Spikelets spiked or dense-panicled, the peduncles continued iuto naked solitary 

bristles or awns : otherwise as iu Panicum. 

62. Ce ncbrus. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny or bristly and globular 

bur-like involucre. 



Subtribe 'Z. Saccbarcee. Fertile palets membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner 
and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the 
tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile 
or rudimentary. 

* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike. 

63. Tripsaeum. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate spikelets sin- 

gle iu each joint : glumes indurated. 
* * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower: 
lower paiet of the perfect flower awned. 

64. Erianthus. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, and involucrate 

with a silky tuft: otherwise as in the next. 

65. Andi-npuguii. Spikelets a pair at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them 

sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentaiy. 

66. Sorghum. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or some- 

times reduced to mere pedicels. 

1. LEERSIA, Solander. White Grass. (PL 7.) 

Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those in 
the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in 
the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets 
1 -flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short 
pedicels. Glumes wanting. Palets chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally 
or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in 
length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. 
Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat 
leaves, sheaths, &c, rough upwards, being clothed with very minute hooked 
prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.) 
* Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded. 

1. L. Virginioa, Willd. (White Grass.) Panicle simple; the spikelets 
closely appressed on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved 
(l£" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; palets sparingly ciliate 
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept. 

2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Cut-grass.) Panicle diffusely branched ; 
spikelets flat, rather spreading (2^" -3" long) ; stamens 3; palets strongly bristly- 
ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places : common. Aug. (Eu.) 

* * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2^" -3" long). 

3. L. lentieularis, Michx. (Fly-catch Grass.) Smoothish; panicle 
simple; palets very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ; 
stamens 2: otherwise like the preceding. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, 
and southward. 



608 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

2. ZIZANIA, Gronoy. Water or Indian Eice. (PI. 7.) 

Rowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets 
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary and forming a little 
cup. Palets herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower 
one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Stamens 6. Stigmas 
pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the 
club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi£aviov, the ancient 
name of some wild grain.) 

1. Z. aquatica, L. (Indian Eice. Water Oats.) Annual; lower 
branches of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the -upper end, pis- 
tillate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palet long awrud, rough; styles dis- 
tinct; grain linear, slender. (Z. clavulosa, Michx) — Swampy borders of 
streams .and in shallow water : common, especially northwestward. Aug.— • 
Culms 3° - 9° high. Leaves flat, 2° - 3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain 6" long ; 
largely gathered for food by the Northwestern Indians. 

2. Z. miliaoea, Michx. Perennial ; panicle diffuse, ample, the laminate 
and pistillate flowers intermixed ; awns short ; styles united ; grain ovate. Penn. ? 
Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute. 

3. ALOPE GURUS, L. Foxtail Grass. (PI. 7.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, 
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palet. which 
is awned on the back below the middle: upper palet wanting ! Stamens 3. 
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Clusters contracted into 
a cylindrical and soft dense spike. Eoot perennial. (Name from akcoTrn^fox, 
and ovpd, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.) 

1. A. pratensis, L. (Meadow Foxtail.) Culm upright, smooth (2° 
high); palet equalling the acute glumes; awn exserted more than half its length, 
twisted; the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. — Meadows and 
pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. A. geniculates, L. (Floating F.) Culm ascending, bent at the 
lower joints ; palet rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its bass 
and projecting half its length beyond it; anthers linear ; the upper leaf as long as 
its sheath. — Moist meadows, eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. A. aristulatus, Michx. (Wild F.) Glaucous; culm decumbent 
below, at length bent and ascending ; palet rather longer than the obtuse glumes, 
scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its middle; anthers 
oblong. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet places : common. June- 
Aug. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.) 

4. PHLEUM, L. Cat's-tail Grass. (PI. 7.) 

Palets both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower 
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope- 
curus. — Perennials. Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name.) 

I. P. pratense, L. (Timothy. Herd's-Grass in New England and 
New York ) Tall; spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back. 



gramine^e. (grass family.) 609 

tipped with a short bristle. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat 
from Eu.) 

2. P. alpinum, L. Low; spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciiiatc on 
the back, tipped with a rough awn about their own length. — Alpine tops cf the 
White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 

5. CRYPSIS, Ait. Crypsis. (PL 7.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in clusters which are crowded in a dense head or short 
spike bracted by the uppermost leaves. Glumes, palets, &c. as in the next 
genus, or rather thinner. — Low and spreading tufted annuals, natives of the 
East ; with short leaves, the sheaths of the upper spathaceous. (Name, Kpv\jns, 
concealment, the spikes at first partly hidden by the subtending sheaths.) 

1. C. schoenoides, Lam. Leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; 
heads or spikes oblong, 7" -20" long, thick. (C. Virginica, Nutt., excl. syn.) 

— Waste places, streets of Philadelphia and vicinity, also of Wilmington, Dela- 
ware: becoming very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. VILFA, Adans., Beauv. Rush-Grass. (PI. 7.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved or 
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in 
the glumes. Palets 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (mem- 
branaeeo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly 
pointless; the lower 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3. 
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. 

— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their 
sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name unexplained.) 

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root pen nnial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high) ; lowest 
leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and 
threadlike point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly or at first wholly 
enclosing the contracted panicle ; palets much longer than the unequal glumes ; 
grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Miclix. A. clandestina & A. involiita, 
Muhl. A. longifolia, Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward. 
Sept. — Spikelets 2" - 3" long. Palets rough above, smooth or hairy below, of 
greatly varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one 
half to twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled or even con- 
siderably exceeded by the lower ! 

2. V. vaginSBfidra, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6' -12' high), 
ascending; leaves involute-awl-shapcd (1'- 4' long); panicles simple and 
spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palets some- 
what equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer 
than the oval grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl, not of L.) — Barren and 
sandy dry fields : common, especially southward. Sept. 

3. V. CUSpidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more slende* 
than in the preceding ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets 
smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palet cuspidate. — Borders of Maine 
(on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward. 

39 



610 GRAMINEJ2. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

4. V. "Virginiea, Beauv. Root perennial; culms tufted, slender (5'-12 ? 
long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves convolute, rigid ; palets rather shorter 
than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginiea, L.) — Sandy sea- 
shore, Virginia [Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more 
numerous than in the others. 

7. SPOEOBOLUS, R. Br. Drop-seed Grass. (PI. 7.) 

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers 
nearly as in Vilfa ; the palets longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3. 
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed, 
deciduous (whence the name, from airopa, seed, and /3dXXco, to cast forth). 

* Glumes very unequal: ■panicle pyramidal, open: ours perennials, except No. 3. 

1. S. JTinceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon- 
gated ; culm (l°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes 
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly 
equal palets. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Penn- 
sylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2" long, 
shining. 

2. S. heterolepis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as 
long as the culm ( 1° - 2°) which is naked above ; panicle very loose ; glumes very 
unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some- 
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal 
palets. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, and New York to 
Illinois and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant), 
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam- 
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous ! 

3. S. cryptandrus, Gray. Leaves fat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal 
panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading 
branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of 
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palets ; sheaths strongly bearded at the 
throat; root perennial. (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy shores, coast 
of New England, and of the Great Lakes. Aug., Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. 
Panicle lead-color: spikelets 1" long. 

h * Glumes almost equal, shorter than the brand palets : panicle racemose-elongatea, 
open, the pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not unfrequent/y 
two-flowered: root perennial . (Colpodidm ?) 

4. S. COmprdssus, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top: culms tufted, 
stout, very flat: sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; leaves erect, 
narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than 
the obtuse palets. (Agrostis compressa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.) — Bogs in the 
pine-barrens of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high. 
Panicle 8'- 12' long : spikelets 1" long, purplish. 

5. S. ser6tinUS, Gray. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8'- 15' high), 
fw-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much exserted, the diffuse 
capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 611 

palets. (Agr. & Yilfa serotina, Torr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa? uniflora, Muhl. 
P. modesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, Maine to New Jersey and Michigan. 
Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelets half a line long. 

8. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. (PI. 7.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the 
lower rather longer, usually longer than the palets, pointless. Palets very thin, 
pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, frequently awned on the back ; the < 
upper often minute or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. — 
Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from dypos, 
u jidd, the place of growth.) 

§ 1. TRICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper palet abortive, minute, or now. 

1. A. elata, Trin. Culms firm or stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves flat (l"-2" 
wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2" -3" long) ; spikelets crowded on the branches 
of the spreading panicle above the middle (lj" long) ; lower palet awnless, slightly 
shorter than the rather unequal glumes; the upper wanting. (A. Schweinitzii, 
Trin.? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatum, Pursh.) — 
Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October. 

2. A. perennans, Tuckerm. (Thin-Grass.) Culms slender, erect from 
a decumbent base (l°-2° high).; leaves flat (the upper 4'-6' long, l"-2''wide) ; 
■panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and 
flower-bearing from or below the middle; lower palet awnless (rarely short-awn ed), 
shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. (Cornucopias 
perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. decumbens, Michx. T. scabrum, 
Muhl. Agr. and mala, Willd.) — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, 
&c. as in No. 3, into which it seems to vary. 

3. A. seabra, Willd. (Hair-Grass.) Culms very slender, erect (1°- 2° 
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper l'-3' long, 
less than 1'' wide) ; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary 
branches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palet awnless or occasionally 
short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the 
upper minute or obsolete ; root biennial ? (A. laxiflor-a, Richard. A. Michauxii, 
Trin. partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated 
places : common. June- Aug. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capil- 
lary branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with 
very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 
17/fong. — A variety? from about the "White Mountains, &c. (var. montana, 
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta- 
num, Torr. (A. oredphila, Trin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in 
hollows of rocks, &c. 

4. A. canina, L. (Brown Bent-Grass.) Culms 8' -2° high; root- 
leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle loose ; 
glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute ; palet exsertly awned on 
the back at or below the middle; spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or 
greenish (1"-H" long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A 
mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickerfngii 



612 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

& A. concmna, Tuckerm., A. eanina. var. alpina, Oakes, & Ed. 2., and essen< 
tially,A. rubra, L. ex WahL, and A. borealis, Hartm.), is indigenous on 
mountain-tops, Maine to New York ; also, an ampler form in the Alleghanies 
of Pennsylvania (J. R. Lowrie), and southward (A. rupestris, Chapman, &c). 
July -Aug. (Eu.) 

§ 2. AGROSTIS proper. Upper palet manifest, but shorter than the lower. 

5. A. Vulgaris, With. (Red-top. Herd's-Grass of Penn., &c.) Root- 
stocks creeping ; culm mostly upright (l°-2° high) ; panicle obiong, with spread- 
ing slightly rough short branches {purple) ; leaves linear, flat ; ligule very short, 
truncate ; lower palet nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ; 
the upper about one half its length. (A. polymdrpha, Hucls., partly. — Varies 
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower short- 
awned. — Low meadows; naturalized from Eu., and apparently also native 
northward. (Eu.) 

6. A. alba, L. (Fiorin or White Bent-Grass.) Rootstocks more 
stoioniferous, and culms often decumbent at the base, ascending; ligule elon- 
gated, oblong or linear; panicle contracted after flowering, either greenish, pur- 
plish or brownish ; otherwise as in the preceding, and equally variable ; rarely 
with the lower palet short-awned, or even slender-awned below the tip. (A. 
stolonifera, L., partly.) — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass : nat. from Eu. : 
also indigenous on river-banks, N. New York and northward. (Eu.) 

9. POLYPOGON, Desf. Beard-Grass. (PI. 8.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Glumes nearly 
equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palets, the lower of 
which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free. 
(Name composed of no\v, much, and najycou, beard ; from the awns.) 

1. P. Monspeliensis, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn 
from a notch at the summit ; lower palet awned ; root annual. Hamptou Beach, 
New Hampshire (Robbins), Virginia'? and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

10. CINNA, L. Wood Reed-Grass. (PI. 8.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. 
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel; the 
lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the palets. Elower manifestly 
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palets much like the glumes ; 
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or mucronate on the back below 
the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1 -nerved upper palet! Grain 
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and 
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), bearing an ample compound 
terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate 
flat leaves (4'' -6" wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often pur- 
plish-tinged. (Name unexplained.) 

1. C. arundinaoea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps : rather com- 
mon. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' - 15' long, rather dense ; the branches and pedi- 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 613 

«els spreading in flower, afterwards erect. Spikelets 2|' / -3" long. Awn of 
the paiet either obsolete or manifest. 

Var. peildula, Gray. Panicle loo«e and more slender, the branches nearly 
eapillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palets thin- 
ner, the former less unequal ; spikelets 1.^"- 2" long ; upper palet obtuse. (C. 
pendula, Trin. C. latiiblia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia suaveolens, 
Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New England to Lake Superior and northward, 
and on mountains southward. — A slender variety of the last, as is shown by 
intermediate specimens, always monandrous. (Eu.) 

11. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-seed G. (PL 8.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Glumes mostly 
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower 
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palets usually minutely bearded 
at the base, herbaceous, deciduous, with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the 
lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to 
the Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early 
part of this century.) 

§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal 
and axillary : perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly 
creeping rootstocJcs : leaves short and narrow. 
* Lower palet barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.) 

1 . M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms ascending ( 1° - 2° high), rarely branching ; 
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost 
equal, one third shorter than the equal palets ; lower palet abruptly short-mucronate. 
(Agrostis soboUfera, Muhl.) — Open rocky woods, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois, 
and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1*' long. 

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (l°-3° high), sparingly branched 
or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike, long- 
peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and (with the 
bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute palets. (Agr. 
racembsa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon raccmosus, Nutt.) — Bogs: 
common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long. 

3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° - 3° high) ; 
panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the brandies 
densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish) ; glumes awnless, sharp-pointed, 
unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palet. (Agr. 
Mexicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender panicles (A. 
filifbrmis, Muhl.) — Low grounds : common. Aug. 

* * Lower palet bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-pedicelled. 

4. M. sylvatiea, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and 
diffusely spi-eading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely m any- flowered ; 
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palet, which bears an 
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, Muhl.) — Low or 
rocky woods : common. Aug., Sept. — In aspect between No. 3 and No. 5. 



614 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

5. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple ot 
sparingly branched; contracted panicle slender, loosely flower td ; glumes slightly 
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palet, which bears an awn 3-4 
times the length of the spikelet. ( Agrostis tenuiriora, Willd.) — Rocky woods : 
rather common. Aug. 

6. M. diffusa, Schreber. (Drop-seed. Nimble Will.) Culms dif- 
fusely much branched (8'- 18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely 
many-flowered, terminal and lateral; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete, 
the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palet. (Dilep^Tum 
minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi- 
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets only 1" long. 

§ 2. TRICHOCHLOA, DC. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and 
pedicels capillary : leaves nairow, often convolute-bristle-form. 

7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (Hair-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2° high) 
from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (6'- 20' long, purple) ; glumes 
unequal, one third or half the length of the long-awned palets, the lower mostly 
pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. New Eng- 
land to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Sept. — Pedicels l'-2' long, 
scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1 ' long. 

12. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (PI. 8.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second 
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed 
panicle. Glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the lower one almost 
obsolete. Palets chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong 
grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles ; the lower 5-nerved, 
extended into a long straight awn; the upper 2-pointed; the awn-like sterile 
pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stig- 
mas very long. — Perennial, with simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping 
rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spike- 
lets j long without the awn. (Name composed of (Spa^us, short, and e'XvTpov, 
husk, from the minute glumes.) 

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schrtb. Dilep5'rum 
aristbsum, Michx.) — Rocky woods : common. June. — Var. EngelmAnni, 
is a Western form, with the upper glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of 
the palet. 

13. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent-G. (PI. 8.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor- 
tive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or 
boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, 
which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs. Palets thin ; the lower 
bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless ; the 
upper mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running 
rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of 
KaXap.os, a reed, and ay poems, a grass.) 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 615 

§ 1. DEYEUXIA, Kunth. Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a 
plumose or hairy small pedicel behind the upper palet ( very rarely more developed 
and having palets or even stamens) : glumes and pa/ets membranaceous, or the lat- 
ter thin and delicate as in Agrostis ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved and awn-bearing. 

* Panicle loose and open, even after flowering : the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored 

strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit: copious hairs surrounding the flower 
about equalling the hyaline lower palet, not surpussed by those of the rudiment : 
awn delicate, straight. 

1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (Blue- Joint Grass.) Culm tall (3° -5° 
high) ; leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oolong; glumes ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, I4' '- 1 j" long ; awn from near the middle of the palet, not exceeding and 
scarcely stouter than the hairs around the flower. (Arundo Canadensis, Michx. 
C. Mexicana, Nutt.) — Wet grounds : common northward. July. 

2. C, LangsdorflTli, Trin. Spikelets larger, 2^" -3" long; glumes lanceo* 
late or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed; awn stouter: otherwise like 
the preceding. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 

* * Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the glumes 

mostly closed: lower palet less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as Jinn texture as 
the glumes : awn stouter. 

•*- Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute: awn straight. 

3. C. Striota, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lohed, strict ; glumes 1^"- 2" 
long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the 
flower, and as long as those of the rudiment ; awn from the middle of the thin 
palet or lower, and barely exceeding it. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont 
{ W. Boott), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

1- -<- Leaves broader, flat : awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry. 

4. C. COnfinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, its rather slender branches spread- 
ing at flowering-time, afterwards appressed ; glumes lance-oblong, very acute, 
2" long, pale; hajrs of the flower copious, equal, slightly or one third shorter than 
the thin lower palet and than those of the rudiment ; awn borne much below the 
middle of the palet, somewhat surpassing it ; grain glabrous. (Arundo confinis, 
WiHd.-l C. inexpansa, Gray.) -—Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially 

Penu Yari, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Culm tall. 

5. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3° -5° high); panicle contracted 
and spike-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips, 
3 ' long ; hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and 
keeled lower palet, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the 
summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle and the taper- 
ing tip of the palet, stout, not twisted ; grain bearded at the top. (C. Canaden- 
sis, Nutt. C. coarctata, Torr., and of former ed.) — Moist grounds, E. New 
England to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and southward. Aug. 

G. C. Porteri, Gray. Culm slender (2° -4° high) ; a woolly-bearded ring 
at the junction of the broadly linear leaves -with the sheath; panicle long and 
narrow, with the' branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2^ ' 
long; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching about 
to the middle of the flower behind the upper palet, but very short or none at the 



616 SRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

base of 'the flrm-membranaceous lower palet, which bears near its base a twisted aim 
of its own length. — Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co., 
Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C Porter. 

7. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm l°-l^°high; leaves short ; panicle py- 
ramidal, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (L^"-2" 
long); hairs both >. of the flower and of the rudiment very short and scanty, one fourth 
or tiith the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse lower palet, which 
bears between its middle and base a short and stout (straight or bent, not twisted) 
awn. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, in the alpine region of Alt. Wash- 
ington (Dr. Pickering, &c.) ; and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets 
at Echo Lake, Franeonia, W. Booit. Sept. 

§2. CALAMO VILFA. Glumes and equal palels rather chartaceous, compressed- 
keeled ; the lower (fume shorter than the upper and shorter than the jialets, of which 
the lower is \-nerved and entirely awnless : the upper strongly 2-keeltd : rudiment 
of second flower wanting : panicle open and loose. 

8. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capil- 
lary (purplish); glumes ovate, mucronate; the upper slightly, the lower nearly 
one half shorter than the palels, which are above twice the length of the hairs and 
bristly-bearded along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine- 
barrens of New Jersey : rare. Sept. — Culm 3° - 4° high : leaves nearly flat. 

9. C longifdlia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running 
rootstocks; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread- 
like point ; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the up- 
per as long as the similar palets, the lower one fourth shorter; the copious hairs 
more than half the length of the naked palets. — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, 
from Illinois and Michigan northwestward. Aug. — Spikelets 2%" long- 
Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool. 

§3. AMMOPHILA, Host. Rudiment of second flower present and plumose above : 
glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palels, scarious-char- 
aceous, lanceolate, compressed-heeled: lower palet 5-nerved, slightly mucronate or 
obscurely a wind near the tip ; the upper 2-keeled : squamulm lanceolate, much longer 
than the ovary : panicle spiked-contracted : spikelets large (|-' long). 

10. C. arenaria, Roth. (Sea Sand-Kekd.) Culm stout and rigid 
(2° - 3° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle 
contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9' long) ; hairs only one third of 
the length of the palet. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Beauv.) — Sandy beaches, 
New Jersey to Maine, and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (EuJ 

14. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Mountain Rice. (PI. 8.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, nearly terete. Glumes herbaceous or thin-membrana- 
ceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong 
flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus or 
scar-like base Lower palet coriaceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose 
the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and 
deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamulas 2 or 3, conspicuous. 
Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 617 

panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of opv£a, rice, and 
6^/ls, likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) 

* Styles distinct, short: culm leafy to the summit: leaves broad and flat. 

1. O. melaiioearpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths 
bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the 
length of the blackish palets (nearly 1' long). (Milium raccmosum, Smith. Pip- 
tatherum nigrum, Torr.) — Rocky woods. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high. 

* * Styles united below, slender : culms tufted, naked: leaves concave or involute. 

2. O. asperifdlia, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) with sheaths bearing a 
mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf from the base ; 
very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn 2-3 times the length of the rather 
hairy whitish paltts. (Uraclme, Trin.) — Hillsides, &c, in rich woods : common 
northward. May. — Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting 
through the winter. Squamulaj lanceolate, almost as long as the inner palet! 

3. O. Canadensis, Ton*. Culms slender (6' -15' high), the lowest 
sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves invol ute-thread-shaped ; panicle contracted (l'-2- 
long), the branches usually in pairs; palets pubescent, whitish ; awn short and 
very deciduous, or wanting. (0. parviflora, Nutt. Stipa juncea, Michx. S. Can- 
adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Eocky 
hills and dry plains, W. New England to mountains of Penn., Wisconsin, and 
northward: rare. May. — Glumes 1" -2" long, sometimes purplish. 

15. STIPA, L. Feather-grass. (PL 8.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with tne 
conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem- 
branaceous glumes. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely 
embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long 
and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. 
Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose 
panicle. (Name from o-tvtttj, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the 
feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.) 
* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt: glumes pointless. 

1. S. Eichardsdnii, Link. Culm (l£°-2° high) and leaves slender; 
panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly 
equal, oblong, acuiish (2±" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong 
lower palet, which bears a tortuous awn 6"- 8" long. — Pleasant Mountain, 
near Scbago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague, and northwestward. (Flowers rather 
smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described.) 

* * Callus or base of the flower pungently pointed, at maturity vil 'bus-bearded : lower 
palet slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed. 

2. S. avenaeea, L. (Black Oat-Grass.) Culm slender (1°- 2° high) ; 
leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palets blackish, nearly as long as the glumes 
(about 4" long) ; the awn bent above, twisted below (2' -3' long). — Dry or sandy 
woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 

3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (Porcupine Grass.) Culm rather 

L&M— 46 



618 gramine^e. (grass family.) 

stout (l|°-3° high) ; panicle contracted; palets linear, %' -V long (including the 
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed 
greenish glumes; tbe twisted strong awn (3|-'- 7' long, pubescent below, rough 
above. (S. juncea, Pursh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi- 
gan northwestward. May -July. 

16. ARISTIDA, L. Triple-awned Grass. (PI. 8.) 

Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palet tipped with three awns ; 
tbe upper much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branching: 
leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. 
Grain linear. (Name from arista , a. beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry 
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower lata. 

* Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palet. 
■»- Awns veryuneqwd; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect; the elongated 
middle one horizontal, or turned downward* : glumes equal or the upper one longer: 
low (5'- 18' high) and branching, mostly tufted annuals. 

■«■+ Spikelets few in loose simple spikes or racemes: glumes 3 - 5-nerved. 

1. A. ramosissinia, Engelm. mss. Culms diffusely much branched; 
glumes (9" -10" long) rather shorter than the flower; middle awn 1' long, 
soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones hardly 2" long ; ligule truncate, 
bearded. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Engelmann, Vasty) and Kentucky (Michaux). 
— Var. uniaristata, with lateral awns wanting. Odin, S. Illinois, Vasey. 

*+ ++ Spikelets more numerous : glumes (3" -4" long) carinately l-nerved. 

2. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Poverty Grass.) Culms low, much 
branched throughout, ascending ; spikelets in short narrow clusters ; glumes 
nearly equal, longer than the flower, fully equalling its minute lateral awns, the 
soon reflwed middle awn about the length of the palet. — Dry, sandy or gravelly 
fields : common, especially southward. 

3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6'- 18' high), naked above and 
terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; glumes about 
the length of the flower, the exserted lateral axons varying from one third to fully 
half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in var. depauperata, from 
one fifth to one third its length. — Sandy soil, coast of Mass. and from Illi- 
nois southward. — Middle awn 6" -9" long, in the ordinary forms. In the var. 
which abounds on micaceous hills near Philadelphia ( C. E. Smith), the flowers 
are much smaller, and awns shorter; but it passes into the larger form. 

•*- *r Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter. 
++ Glumes equal or the upper one longer. 

4. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) densely tufted from a perennial 
root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle ; leaves involute-thread-form, long, rigid, 
sometimes downy: awns about the length of the flower (6'') or the lateral one 
third shorter. — Virginia and southward. 

5. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (6' -20' high) tufted from an annual? 
root, bearing a. loosely few-flowered raceme ; leaves short, somewhat involute when 
dry; lower glume 3-5-nerved (nearly 1' long); awns capillary, l^-'-3' long, 
much exceeding the slender flower. — Virginia to Illinois, and common south- 
westward. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 619 

++ •*■+ Upper glume shorter than the lower: perennials, simple-stemmed, 2° -4° high. 

6. A. purpurascens, Poir. Glabrous; leaves rather involute; flowers 
in a (10'- IS') long spiked panicle; awns much longer than the flower, the middle 
one about 1' long. (A. raeembsa, Muhl. A. Geyeriana, Steud.) — Massachu- 
setts to Michigan, Illinois, and southward : common. 

7. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout ; leaves tardily involute, rough on the 
upper side, rigid; sheaths woolly ; panicle (l°-2° long) spike-like or more com- 
pound and open; middle awn (I' long) longer than the flower. — Salisbury, 
Maryland, IV. M. Canby, and southward. 

* * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the palet : root annual. 

8. A. tuberculbsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6' - 18' high), tumid 
at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them short and 
about 2-rlowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (l'long, in- 
cluding their slender-awned tips) longer than the palet; which is tipped with 
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns 
(l^'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to 
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 

17. SPARTINA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. (PI 9. ) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked 
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly compressed- 
keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the upper one 
much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palets, of which the upper 
is longest. Squamulas none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. — - 
Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively creeping 
scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and tough 
leaves (whence the name, from airaprivn, a cord, such as was made from the 
bark of the Spariium. or Broom.) 

* Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels: spikes (2' -4' long) 
more or less pednncled: culm and elongated leaves rigid. 

1. S. eynosuroides, "Willd. (Fresh-water Cord-Grass.) Cuhn rather 
slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long. ^' or less wide below), taper- 
ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth 
except the margins; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the 
margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower eqiudling the lower 
palet, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra- 
nous apex. ( Trachynbtia eynosuroides, Michx. Limnetis, Pers.) — Banks of 
rivers and lakes, especially northward. Aug. — Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid 
on the keel ; the awn of the upper one about 5' long. Palets somewhat unequal. 
— Certainly distinct from the next, to which, in strictness, the Linncean name 
belongs. 

2. S. polystaehya, Willd., Muhl. (Salt Reed-Grass.) Culm tall and 
stout (4° -9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad (}/ to ]'), 
roughish underneath, as well as the margins; spike* 20-50, forming a dense oblong 
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal 
palets, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex. 



620 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY). 

(Trachynotia polystachya, Michx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L.l in part, excl. 
var. ) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward. 

3. S. juncea, Willd. (Rush Salt-Grass.) Culms low (1° * 2° high) and 
slender; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, vert/ smooth; spikes 1 -5, on 
very short peduncles; the rhachis smooth; glumes acute, the lower scarcely half 
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palet. (Dactylis pa- 
tens, Ait.) — Salt marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.) 

* * Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only slightly 
hairy or roughish undt-r a lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft: leaves, rhachis, Src. 
very smooth : culm rather succulent. 

4. S. striata, Roth. (Salt Marsh-Grass.) Culm l°-4° high, leafy 
to the top ; leaves soon convolute, narrow ; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly 
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets : glumes 
acute, very unequal, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palets. — Salt 
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. (Muhl ) — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.) 

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Muhl., partly.) Culm and leaves longer; spikes 
5-12 (2' -3' long) ; spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common on the coast. 

Var altsrnifldra. (S. alterniflora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var., 
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over- 
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage: 
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the European and 
Tropical American plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it 
passes. — Common with the last : also Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine. 

18. CTENIUM, Panzer. Toothache-Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis 
of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent : the lower one (interior) much 
smaller ; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a horn, on 
the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the one or two lower 
consisting of empty awned palets : the one or two uppermost of empty awnless 
palets : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palets membranaceous, 
the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely ciliate towards the 
base, 3-nerved. Squamuloe 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name Krevlov, 
a small comh, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) 

1. C. Arnericanum, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high from a perennial root) 
simple, pubescent or roughish ; larger glume warty -glandular outside and con- 
spicuously awned. (Monocera aromatica, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia 
and southward. — Taste very pungent. 

19. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca (1805). Muski't-Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened 
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly 
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter. 
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palct 3-toothcd or cleft at the apex, the 
2-ncrved upper palet 2-toothed ; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or sub- 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 621 

ulate-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers 
mostly 1 -3-awncd. Spikes solitary, racemed or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat 
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish writer 
upon floriculture and agriculture.) 

§ 1. CHONDROSIUM, Desv. Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong 
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers 
1 - 3 on a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1-3 scales and awns. 

1. B. oligOStaehya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6'- 12' high); leaves 
very narrow ; spikes 1 - 5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile paid 
.sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tufed 
at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume. 
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) — N. W. Wisconsin and westward. — Glumes obscurely 
it" at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palet 2-cleft at the 
tip Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming 
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perlups B. juncifolia, Lag.) 

2. B. hil'SUta, Lagasca. Tufted, annual? (8'- 20' high); leaves fat, 
lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; upper glume hispid with 
strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palet pubescent, 3-cleft into awl- 
pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the 
glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillbsus, Engelm. Chondrosium 
hirtum, H. B. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward. 

§ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate 
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflezed, each of few (4-12) spikelets: 
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary. 

3. B. curtipendula, Gray. Culms tufted from perennial rootstocks 
(l°-3° high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow; spikes \' or less in length, 
nearly sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8' - 15' long) ; flowers 
scabrous ; the lower palet of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile 
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fer- 
tile flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris 
curtipendula, Miclix. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula, 
Trin.) — Dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. 
July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into, Var. aristosa, with spikes shorter; 
sterile flower of a large saccate lower palet, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the 
lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of an inner palet 
(Eutriana affinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), and southward. 

20. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Naked-beard Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of 
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter- 
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme. 
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the some- 
what equal membranaceous palets ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, 
with the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and 
slender bristle-like awn ; the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base. 



622 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

Stamens 3. Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Root perennial. Leaves short and 
flat, thickish, l'-3' long. (Name composed of yvfivos, naked, and ircoycov, a 
beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn.) 

1. G. raeemosus, Beauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstock 
(1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes flower-bearing to the base 
(5'- 8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, 
equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the awn of the 
fertile flower. (Anthopbgon lepturoides, Nuit.) — Sandy pine-barrens, New 
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 

2. G. brevifolillS, Trin. Filiform spikes long-peduncled, i. e. flower-bear- 
ing only above the middle ; lower palet ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn- 
of the abortive j Lower obsolete or minute; glumes acute. (Anthopbgon brevifolius & 
filifbrmis, Nuit.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward. 

21. CYE'ODOE', Richard. Bermuda or Scutch-Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicel led rudiment of a second 
flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes usually 
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless, 
rather unequal. Palets pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped. 
Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with 
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of kvcov, a dog, and obovs, a tooth.) 

1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3 - 5 ; palets smooth, longer than the blunt 
rudiment. — Penn. and southward ; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 

22. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Egyptian Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on 
c"5e side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number, 
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled, 
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palet strongly 
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, con- 
taining a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Root annual. Culms dif- 
fuse, often creeping at the base. (Name compounded of banrvkos, finger, and 
ureviov, a li'tle comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.) 

1. D. -ZEgyptiacum, Willd. Spikes 4-5; leaves ciliate at the base, 
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois*} 
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?) 

23. ELEUSiNE, Gsertn. Crab-Grass. Yard-Grass. (PI. 9.) 

Spikelets 2 - 6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate- 
spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra- 
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palets awnless and pointless ; the 
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) 
containing a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, 
and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EXeucrtV, the town where Ceres, the 
goddess of harvests, was worshipped.) 



GRAMINEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625 

1. E. Indica, Gaertn. (Dog's-tail or Wire Grass.) Culms ascending, 
flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly south- 
ward. (Nat. from Ind. ?) 

2 4. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Oxydenia, Nutt.) (PL 9.) 

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked 
on one side of a long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra- 
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower 
palet 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awn- 
less, or bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper. 
Stamens 2 or 3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Ours annuals. 
Leaves flat. (Name composed of \€tttos, slender, and x^°' a ' g>^ss, from the 
lung attenuated spikes.) 

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA proper. Lower palet awnless or simply atoned. 

1. L. mueronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40, 
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelets small ; glumes more 
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. — 
Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August. 

§ 2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Lower palet brtstle-awned from the 2-toothed apex ; 
the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points. 

2. L. faseieularis, Gray. Smooth ; leaves longer than the geniculate- 
decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the crowded 
panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3'- 5' long) ; spike- 
lets slightly pedicelled, 7 - 1 1 -flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; 
palets hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral 
teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca faseieularis, Lam. 
E. polystachya, Michx. Diplachne faseieularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish 
meadows, from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois 
southward on the Mississippi. Aug. - Sept. — Makes a direct transition to the 
next genus. 

25. TEICUSPIS, Beauv. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 3 - 12-flowered, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive. 
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Palets 
membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2- 
toothed upper one, convex, 2 - 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously 
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar- 
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid- nerve especially, into a 
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob- 
long, nearly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed : sheaths bearded at the throat. 
Panicle simple or compound; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name 
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palet. ) 
§ 1. TRICUSPIS proper. (Windsoria, Nutt.) Glumes shorter than the crowded 
flowers : lower palet ^-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually with 
intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palet naked. 



624 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

1. T. Seslerioides, Torr. (Tall Red-top.) Perennial; culm upright 
(3°- 5° high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, 
the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous, 
5 - 7 -flowered, shining, purple (4" long) ; the flowers hairy toward the base. 
(Poa flava, L. ! P. seslerioides, Michr. P. quinqueiida, Pursh. Windsoria, 
posefdrmis, Nutt. Uralepis ciiprea, Kunili.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York 
to Illinois and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle 
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palet almost equal, scarcely exceeding 
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed. 

§ 2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplocea, Raf. Uralepis, Nutt.) Glumes much 
shorter than the somewhat remote flowers : both palets strong! ij fringe-bearded ; the 
lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the trun- 
cate or awn-pointed divisions. 

2. T. purpurea, Gray. (Sand-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from fliG 
same annual root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints; 
leaves involutc-awl-shaped, mostly short ; panicles very simple, bearing few 2 - 
5 -flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included 
in the commonly hairy sheaths ; awa much shorter than the palet, seldom exceed- 
ing its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea 
barbata, Raf. Uralepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) — In sand, Massa- 
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward : also Lake Erie, near 
Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid to the taste. 

(T. cornuta (Uralepis cornuta, Ell., and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. /) 
may perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.) 

26. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. {Dupontia, R. Br.) (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, mostly nearly 
equalling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each 
flower. Palets thin and membranaceous or scarious ; the lower one convex, 
scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stig- 
mas plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and northern or arctic grasses, 
with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose 
panicle. (Genus allied to the Aveneas, but awnless ; named from ypacpis, a pen- 
cil, and cpepca, to bear, from the tufts of hair at the base of the flowers.) 

1. G. melieoides, Beauv. Culm 1°- 2° high; leaves roughish ; panicle 
open ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough ; joints 
of the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the 2-4 flowers. Grand Derour, 
Upper Michigan, Prof. Porter, Shore of Moosehead Lake, Maine, C. E. Smith, 
and northward : rare. — Var. major, Gray (Dupontia Coolevi, of former ed.), 
is a luxuriant form, 2° -3° high, with ampler panicle; found on the borders 
of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, by Dr. Cooleg. Aug. 

27. DIAERHENA, Raf. Diarriiexa. (PL 10.) 

Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost 
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the 
lower one much smaller. Lower palet ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori- 



GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625 

aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped 
tip. Squamulaj ovate, eiliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid, 
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the palets, the cartilaginous shining peri- 
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root- 
stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat 
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicclled spikelets 
(2" -3" long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of 67s, two, and 
lippqv, man, from the two stamens.) 

1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Miclix.) — Shaded river-, 
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug. 

28. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching 
^ense panicle. Glumes and lower palet herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough, 
eiliate on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ; 
die upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance- 
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Nama SaKTv\is, a finger's 
*irtadih, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.) 

1. D. glomerAta, L. Kough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly 
linear ; branches of the panicle naked at the base : spikelets 3 - 4-flowered. — 
Fields and yards, especially in shade. A variety with downy spikelets, Med- 
ford, Mass., W. Boott. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 

29. KCELERXA, Pers. Kceleria. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. 
Glumes and lower palet membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, 
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed ; the former mod- 
erately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — 
Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms; the 
sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. G. L. Kohler, or Koder, an early writer 
on Grasses.) 

1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at 
the base ; spikelets 2 -4-flowered ; lower palet acute or mucronate; leaves flat, 
the lower sparingly hairy or eiliate. — Var. gracilis, with a long and narrow 
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, NuLL) — Dry hills, Penn. 
to Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.) 

3 0. EATONIA, Raf. (Reboulea, Kunth.) (PL 10.) 

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, 
numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat 
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower 
narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the 
flowers, 3-ncrvcd on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palet ob- 
long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin 
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen- 
GM 27 



626 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths, 
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikelets. 
(Named for Prof. Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the 
United States, which was for a long time the only general work available for 
students in this country, and of other popular treatises.) 

1. E. ObtUSata, Gray. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, 
rarely slender; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches; upper glume 
rounded-obuvate, truncate-obtuse, rough on the back ; flowers lance-oblong. (Aira 
obtusata, Miilix. A. truncata, Muhl. Kceleria truncata, Torr. K. panicuiata, 
Nult. Reboulea gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, Ed. 1. Eatonia purpu- 
rascens, Ruf.?) — Dry soil, N. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 
June, July. 

2. E. Pennsylvania, Gray. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose 
branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; 
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. ( Kceleria Pennsylvania, DC, Aira mollis, 
Muhl. Reboulea Pennsylvania, Ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6'- 8' 
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. major, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower 
palet minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows : common. 

31. ME LI C A, L. Melic-Grasc. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1 - 3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con- 
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes 
usually large, scarious-inargined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palets 
papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age ; the lower 
rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt 
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Perennials with soft and 
flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets 
racemose-one sided. (An old name, from fiiXi, honey.) 

1. M. mdtica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the 
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palet naked, 
glabrous minutely scabrous on the nerves. (M. glabra, Michx. M. specibsa, 
Muhi.) — Var. glabra (M. glabra, Pursh) has the panicle often few-flowered 
and rather simple, the lower palet very blunt. — Var. diffusa (M. diffusa, 
Pursh) is taller, 2^° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani- 
cle ; the lower palet commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil, 
S. E. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

32. GLYCERIA, R. Br., Trin. Manna-Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets terete or flattish, several -many-flowered ; the flowers mostly earlv 
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and 
unequal 1 -3-nerved membranaceous glumes behind. Palets naked, of a rather 
firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some- 
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous. 5-7- 
nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3, or in the first section 
commonly 2. Stigmas plumose, mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain 
oblong, free, — Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or 



GRAMLNE.E. ( GRASS FAMILY.) 627 

rootstocks ; the spikelets panicled. (Name from yXvKepos, sweet, in allusion to 
the taste of the grain.) 

§ 1. GLYCERIA proper. Lower palet conspicuously nerved: styles present: 
plumes of the stigma branched or toothed : grain grooved on the inner side : 
haves flat, the sheaths nearly entire. 

* Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, l"-3" in length, 
•*- At length nodding in an open panicle, Jiattish laterally but turgid. 

1. G. Canadensis, Trin. (Rattlesnake-Grass.) Panicle oblong- 
pyramidal, at length drooping ; spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tu- 
mid, Briza-like, 2" long, pale, with purplish glumes ; lower palet acute or blunt- 
pointed, firm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded upper 
one; culm stout, 2° -3° high; leaves long, roughish. (Briza Canadensis, 
Michx.) — Bogs and wet places : common from Penn. northward. July. 

•*- *- Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, so mew J tat flattened and turgid. 

2. G. Obtiisa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong , dense ; (3' -5' long); spike- 
lets 3 - 7-flowered ; 2" -3' long; lower palet obtuse; culm stout, l°-2° high, 
very leafy; leaves long, smooth. (Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New Eng- 
land to Penn., near the coast. 

3. G. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long), 
recurving; the branches and 3 -4-nowered spikelets ap pressed ; lower palet ob- 
tuse; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet 
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July -Aug. 

*- -t- -t- Diffuse: lower palet truncate-obtuse, prominently 1 -nerved; upper 2-toothed 

4. G. nervata, Trin. (Fowl-Meadow Grass, in part.) Branches of 
the loose panicle capillary, at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets 
ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ; leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. stri- 
ata, Michx. P. parviflora, Pursh.) — Moist meadows : very common. June. 

— Culm erect, l°-3° high. Spikelets l"-2" long, commonly purplish. 

5. G. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle slender, erect- 
spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5 - 9- 
iiowered (pale, 2 ,; -3" long) ; lower palet minutely 5-toothed ; the upper lanceolate, 
conspicuously 2-toothed ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. ( Windsbria pallida 
& Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water : common, especially northward. July. 

— Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping base. 

6. G. aquatica, Smith. (Reed Meadow-Grass.) Panicle much branched, 
ample (8'- 15' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age; spikelets 
oblong or linear-oblong, 5-9-flowered (usually purplish, 2" -3" long); lower palet 
entire ; leaves large (1° - 2° long, £' to £' wide. — Wet grounds : common north- 
ward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° -5° high. (Eu.) 

* * Spikelets linear [$■—, I' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long and 
narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis : palets minutely roughish, 
the upper 2-toothed : squamidoz unilateral or united : ligule long : culm flattened 
(l°-5° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.) 

7. G. fltlitans, R.Br. Spikelets 7 -13-flowered; lower palet oblong, obtuse, 
or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer 



628 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water: common, 
June -Aug. — Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long: 
the simple branches appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.) 

8. G. acutifiora, Torr. Spikelets 5 - 1 2-flowered, few and scattered ; 
lower palet oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper 
one. — Wet places, Perm, to Maine : rather rare. June. — Resembles the last ; 
but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4" long), and 
less nerved. 

§ 2. HELEOCHLOA, Fries. ( Sclerbchloa, Ed. 1.) Lower palet inconspicu- 
ously or obsoletehj 'it-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain 
hardly grooved: saline species : panicle contracted with age. 

9. G. maritima, Wahl. (Sea Spear-Grass.) Sterile shoots procumbent, 
runner-like ; flowering culms erect (1°- 1^° high) ; branches of the panicle solitary 
or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palet rounded at the 
summit, slightly pubescent towards the base • leaves somewhat involute ; ligule 
elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea coast : not rare. (Eu.) 

10. G. distans, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, destitute 
of running shoots ; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading ; spike- 
lets 3 - 6-flowered ; lower palet truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule short. 
(P. fasciculata, Torr.) — Salt marshes along the coast. — Too like the last. (Eu.) 

33. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. Spike-Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or 
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly 
many-nerved. Lower palet rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, indis- 
tinctly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dioecious, pi-etty large. 
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded 
of Briza, the Quaking- Grass, and nvpos, wheat.) 

1. B. spicatum, Hook. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9'- 18' 
high) ; spike oblong, flattened (1' long) ; spikelets ovate or oblong, 5 - 10-flow- 
ered ; flowers smooth and naked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa 
Michauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more 
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas ; the sterile smaller 
and somewhat rounded on the back. 

34. POA, L. Meadow-Grass. Spear-Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2- 10-) flowered, 
in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. 
Lower palet membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, com- 
pressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or 
obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with 
soft hairs : upper palet membranaceous, 2-toothed : base of the flower often 
cobwebby. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — 
Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except No. 1 . Leaves smooth, usually flat 
and soft. (Ilda, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.) 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 629 

* Low and spreading (3' -6' high) from an annual or biennial root, flaccid: branches 

of the short panicle single or in pairs. 

1. P. annua, L. (Low Spear-Grass.) Culms flattened ; panicle often 
1-sided; spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 - 7 -flowered. — Cultivated 
and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if indigenous. April - Oct. (Eu. ) 

* * Low; the culms (6' -20' long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootsto<k, 

rigid, very much flattened : panicle simple and contracted. 

2. P. compressa, L. (Wire-Grass.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves 
short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat one-sided (l'-3' long), the short 
branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost sessile, 3- 10-fiowered, flat. — Dry, 
mostly sterile soil, in waste places ; rarely in woods : probably introduced with 
other and more valuable grasses : apparently indigenous northward. (Eu.) 

* * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts. 

■*- Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, evm to the branches of the panicle: leaves 

short and flat, short-pointed; ligule elongated. 

3. P. alpina, L. Culms rather stout (8'- 14' high) ; leaves broadly linear, 
especially those of the culm (1^'- 2' long, 1^"- 3" wide); panicle short and 
broad; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 - 9-flowcred (about 3" long); lower palet vil- 
lous on the midrib and margins. — Isle Koyale, Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, 
Jr., Prof Porter, N. Maine? and northward. (Eu.) 

4. P. laxa, Hsenke. Culms slender (4' -9' high); leaves narrow ; panicle 
somewhat raceme-like, narrow, often one-sided and nodding ; spikelets 2 - 4-flow- 
ered, one half smaller. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and 
N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.) 

+- -i- More strict and rigid, rough ish, especially the panicle: ligule short. 

5. P. ceesia, Smith. Culms 6'-20 r high; leaves narrow, short, soon in- 
volute ; branches of the panicle 2-5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets purplish 
(or sometimes pale), 2-5-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed; 
flowers lanceolate, somewhat webby at the base ; the lower palet villous on the 
keel and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. aspera, Gaudin.) 
— N. Wisconsin, I. A. Lapham; a form with loose open panicle (P. nemoralis, 
Ed. 2). — Var. strictior, is 6' -12' high, with a contracted grayish-purple 
panicle, of smaller flowers. N. shore of Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., es- 
pecially Isle Koyale, Prof. Whitney, &c, and northward. (Eu.) 

* * * * Taller (l°-3°), meadow or woodland grasses : panicle open. 
v- Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches 
(usually in fives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes violet- 
tinged : flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base. 

6. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass.) 
Culms tufted without running rootstocks ; leaves narrowly linear, soft and 
smooth; ligules elongated; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (1" -2" long), all 
short-pedicel led in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple ; flowers 
and glumes narrow; lower palet very obscurely nerved. (P. nemoralis, Pursh. 
P. crock ta, Mivhx.) — Wet meadows and low banks of streams: common, espe> 
cially northward. July, Aug. — A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.) 



630 gramine^e. (grass family.) 

7. P. pratdnsis, L. (Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentucky 
Blue-Grass.) Culms sending off copious running roolstocks from the base, and 
the sheaths smooth ; ligule short and blunt ; panicle short-pyramidal ; spikelets 3-5- 
flowered, crowded, and most of them almost sessile on the branches, ovate-lanceo- 
late or ovate ; lower palet b-nerved, harry along the margins as well as the keel. — - 
Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in 
mountain regions from N. Penn. northward. May -July. (Eu.) 

8. P. trivialis,. L. (Roughish Meadow-Grass.) Culms erect from a 
somewhat decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks ; sheaths and leaves 
more or less rough-; ligule oblong, acute ; panicle longer or with the branches more 
distant ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upwards ; lower palet prominently 
5-nerved, naked at the margins: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Moist 
meadows, &c, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

■s- -t- Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels: plants soft and smooth, 

flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in No. 13.) 
++ Spikelets small (l"-2" long), pale green, rather loosely 2 - 4-flowerect I: flowers 

oblong, obtuse : lower palet scarcely scarious-tipped : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, 

l'-3' long. 

9. P. sylvestris. Gray. Culm flattish, erect; branches of the oblong-pyram- 
idal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more ; lower palet villous on the keel for 
its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. 
— Rocky woods and meadows, W. New York, Penn. and Virginia to Wisconsin, 
Kentucky, and southward. June. 

10. P. debilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak; branches of the small panicle 
few and slender (the lower l|'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes; 
flowers very obtuse, smouth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — 
Rocky woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May. 

++ ++ Spikelets 2" long, light green: oblong-lanceolate flowers and both glumes acute. 

11. P. als6d.3S, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper- 
most (2^' -4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, the 
capillary branches of which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or 
fours ; lower palet very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a 
narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. ( P. nemoralis, Torr. 8f 
Ed. 1 : but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods, 
on hillsides, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin. May, June. 

++++++ Spikelets larger (3'' -4" long), pale green, rarely purple-tinged, few and 
scattered at the extremity of the long and capillary branches {mostly in pairs or 
threes) of the very diffuse panicle : flowers 3-6, loose, oblong and obtuse, as is 
the larger glume: lower palet conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the 
middi'i on the keel and margins: culms flattish, smooth. 

12. P. fiexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms l°-3° high, tufted; its 
leaves all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed; panicle very effuse (its 
branches 2' -4' long to the 4-6-fiowered spikelets or first ramification); loiver 
palet prominmily nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. 
campy le, Sclinlt.) — Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. - 
May. — Wrongly confounded with the last, but near it. P. autumnalis is an 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 631 

Inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring to this species 
the earlier and unobjectionable (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa. 

13. P. brevifdlia, Muhl. Culms l -l7 high from running rootstocks, 
2 - 3-leaved, the upper leaves very short (4' - 2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate- 
tipped; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; spikelets 3 - 4-flowcred ; 
lower palet rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. ( P. piingens, Nutt., excl. 
syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and more appropriate name is here 
restored.) — Eocky or hilly woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly 
westward. April, May. — Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves. 

35. EEAGEOSTIS, Beauv. Eragrostis. (PL 10.) 

Spikelets 2-70-flowcred, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palet is but 
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and is deciduous; the up- 
per one persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms 
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat 
of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early 
name, probably from epa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent 
habit of the original species.) 

*- Prostrate and creeping, much-branched: root annual: spikelets flat, imperfectly 
dicccious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate. 

1. E. reptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10-30-flowered; flow- 
ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. (Poa reptans, Michx.) 

— Gravelly river-borders: common. Aug. — Flower-branches 2' -5' high. 

* * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6'- 15' high) : spike- 

lets large, densely- flowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle. 

2. E. pceoidks, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ; 
spikelets short-pedi celled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead-col- 
ored (2" -5" long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa 
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. megastAchya. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3''- 10" 
long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, 
Link. Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. 

— Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * •* Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending: panicle open, its 

branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Num- 
ber of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, Sfc. ) 
•*- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual 
root: leaves narrow, flat, soft: branches of the narrow panicle rather short and 
thickly flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest sparingly. 

3. E. pilosa, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches 
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5- 12-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lead- 
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels; glumes (small) and lower 
\mlet obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, l-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo- 
sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England 
to Illinois, and southward. Aug — Plant 6' - 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.) 



632 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high); panicle 
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; sjnkelets 2 - 5 flowered (l"-l£'' long), 
on slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower pa/et ovate, acute, rather obscurely 
3-nerved. (E. erythrdgona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly 
reddish.) — Low or sandy ground, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south- 
westward. Aug. 

5. E. Purshii, (Bernh. ?) Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent 
base, then erect (^° - 2° high) ; panicle elongated, the branches widely spread- 
ing, very loose; spikelets 5-18-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear 
(2"-4J-' ; long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels; (jlumes and lower 
palet ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella ? Pursh. P. 
Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or 
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

+- ■*- Cidms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect from an anmial or 
perennial root, mostly forming thick ttfs : leaves very long : panicle very large, 
compound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosel y flowered branches, 
their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or No. 7 annual.) 

6. E. tenuis, Gray. Panicle zirgately elongated (1°-2|° long), very loose, 
the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions 
and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 - 12 ) flowered, 
pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (]^"-2" long), mem- 
branaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palet distinctly 3-nerved ; 
the upper ciliate-scabrous. (Poa tenuis, EIL P. capillaris, Michx. P. trichodes, 
Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. 
Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, \^°-2° long, glabrous or sparingly hairy: 
the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flowers much 
larger than in the next, fully 1^" long. 

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer 
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long di- 
verging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2 -4-flowered, green- 
ish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1" long); lower palet 
ol)scurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled ; the upper rough-ciliate. (Poa capillaris, L. 
P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields : common, especially southward. 
Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous ; the former 
•about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, soon diffuse. 

8. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main 
branches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or less oppressed on the 
secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5 - 1 5-flowered, becoming linear, purple or 
purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower pa/et strongly 
3-nerved; the upper hirsute-ciiiate. (Poa pectinacea, Michx., ex char. P. hirsuta, 
of Amer. authors. E. Unionis & cognata Steud. ?) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly 
hairy, the sheaths especially so. — Var. spectabilis. Leaves and sheaths mostly 
glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels 
shorter ; spikelets rather larger. (E. spectabilis, Ed. 1 . Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) 
*— Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the coast, and from Ohio and Illinois 
southward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 1° -3° high. Spikelets 2" - 3" long, 1" wide, 
closely flowered. 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 633 

36. BEISA, L. Quaking Grass. (PL 10.) 

Spikclets many-flowered, ovato or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers 
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palet round- 
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart- 
shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar- 
gined, obscurely many-nerved; the upper palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas branched-plumosc. Grain flattened parallel with the palcts, 
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large 
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an 
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /3pi£c«>, to slumber (Linn.), 
or fipidoi, to bend downwards.) 

1. 33. media, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9- 
flowered (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the lower flowers ; root perennial. — 
Pastures : sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

37. PESTXJCA, L. Fescue-Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby at 
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palcts chartaceous or almost coria- 
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nervcd, acute, 
pointed, or often bristle-awned from the tip, rarely blunt; the upper mostly ad- 
hering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1-3. — Flowers, and often 
the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.) 

* Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awned from the tip : panicle contracted. 

•»- Annuals or biennials, slender, 5'- 18' high: leaves convolute-bristle-form. 

. 1. "F. Myurus, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowcred ; 

glumes very unequal ; awn much longer than the palet, fully G'' in length ; stamen I. 

— Dry fields, New Jersey, S. Penn., and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. IP. tenella, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound 
and open ; spikelets 7-13-flowered ; awn l"-3" long, shorter than or equalling the 
palet : stamens 2. — Dry, sterile soil, especially southward. June, July. 

+- +- Perennial, tufed, G'-24' high: stamens 3. 

3. F. OVina, L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, short, 
usually more or less compound, open in flowering ; spikelets 3 - 8-flowered ; awn 
not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost want- 
ing. — Indigenous in Northern New England, Lake Superior, and northward: 
naturalized farther south as a pasture grass. June. — Varies greatly. — Var. 
vivfpARA (which with us has running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets 
partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the 
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. — Var. duriuscula, 
(F. duriuscula, L.) is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more 
compound panicle ; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with 
their sheaths either smooth or hairy. New England to Virginia; nat., and in- 
digenous northward. — Var. rubra (F. rubra, L.) has running rootstocks and 
forms looser tufts ; the leaves often reddish and pubescent above. Naturalized 
eastward: wild, Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and northward. (Eu.) 



634 GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

* * Flowers oblong or lanceolate, atpnless or nearly so (l-*-"-4" long) : grain often 

free! (Root perennial : culms most/./ tall : leaves flat.) 

4. i7. eiAtior, L. (Taller cr Meadow Fescue.) Panicle narrow, 
contracted before and after flowering, erect, with short branches; spikelcts crowded, 
5 - 10-flowcrcd; the flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate ; lower palct 5-ncrved, 
scarious-margined, blunt, acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn. — 
The type is large, 3° -4° high ; spikelets about G" long, in an ample and com- 
pound panicle. Rich grass-land. — Var. pkatensis (F. pratensis, Hucls.) is c 
lower (l°-3° high), with a simpler or close panicle, of smaller or narrower 
spikelets; and abounds in grass-lands. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

5. IF. nutans, Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branches, 
mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their ex- 
tremity a few ovate 3 - 5-floweretI spikelets (3" long) on pretty long pedicels ; 
flowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 
5-nerved. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high, naked above : 
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy. 

38. BRQMTJS, L. Brome-Grass. (PI. 10.) 

Spikelets 5 - many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ; the 
lower 1 - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-ncrvcd. Lower palct cither convex on the back or 
compressed-keeled, 5 - 9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the mostly 
2-ckft tip : upper palet at length adhering to the groove of the oblong or linear 
grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — Coarse 
Grasses, with large spikelcts, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the 
apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from (3p6p.os, food.) 

§ 1. Lower palet convex on the bach; the flowers imbricated over one another before 
expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 5 - 9-nerved. 

* Annuals or biennials, weeds of cultivation, introduccel into grain-fields, or rarely in 

waste grounds, probably all derived from the European B. arvensis, L. 
i. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit, 
the drooping peduncles little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of 
8-10 rather distant flowers; lower palet rather longer than the upper, short- 
awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Too common in wheat-fields. 
June, July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. B, racem6sus, L. (Upright Chess.) Panicle erect, simple, rather 
narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palet decidedly 
exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ; sheaths 
sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often mistaken 
in this country. (Adv. fromEu.) 

3. B. mollis, L. (Soft Chess.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ; 
spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy 
(as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palet acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New York 
to Virginia: scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* # Perennial : indigenous. (Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. 

4. B. Kalmii, Gray. (Wild Chess.) Panicle simple, small (3 ; - 4' long) ; 
spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 1 2-flowered, densely silky 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) f>35 

all over; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower; lower palet 
7 - 9-ncrvcd, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°-3° 
high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus, Muhl. 
B. piirgans, Terr. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry ground : common northward. June, July. 
— This is in the herbarium of Linnaeus under the name of B. ciliatus, but is 
not the plant he described ; thence has arisen much confusion. 

§2. SCHEDONORUS, Beauv., Fries. Lower palet somewhat convex, but keeled 
on the bach and laterally more or less compressed, at least above : flowers soots 
separating from each other: lower glume \-nerved, the upper S-nerved, or with an 
obscure additional pair. 

* Perennial, tall (3° -5° high) : flowers oblong or lanceolate. 

5. 33. ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches 
at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 - 12-flowered ; lower palet tipped with 
an awn half to three fourths its length, silky with appressed hairs near the 
margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back 
(B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubescens, Muhl.); — or, in var. purgans (B. 
purgans, Z./), clothed all over with short and fine appressed hairs. — River- 
banks and moist woodlands : common. July, Aug. — Culm and large leaves 
(3''-G' ; wide) smooth or somewhat hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often 
hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising several forms, in- 
cluding both the Linnrsan species ; for which the present name is preferable to 
the inapplicable purgans, taken from FeuilleVs South American species. 

6. B. asper, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller ; spikelets 5 - 9-flowered ; 
lower palet linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather 
longer than the awn ; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — Bethel, 
Maine, in fields along the river-bank, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Annual or biennial (10' -30' high) : flowers slender. 

7. B. sterilis, L. Panicle open; spikelets of 5-9 rather distant and 7- 
nerved roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1' long); leaves 
rather downy. — Waste places and river-banks, E. Massachusetts, New York, 
and Pennsylvania : rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

39. UNIOLA, L. Spike-Grass. (PI. 11.) 

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the 
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palet. Glumes lance- 
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palet coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly lat- 
erally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, 
enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally 
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth 
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad ifeaves 
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant, 
a diminutive of unio, unity.) 

* Spikelets large (.£/.- 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 -30-fowered : panicle open. 

1. TJ. paniculata, L. Leaves narrow, when dry convolute ; spikelets ovate, 
fhort-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the fer- 



636 GRAMINE^E. ('GRASS FAMILY.) 

tile with 3 stamens; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hills 
on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward. 

2. U. Iatif61ia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (nearly l r Avide) ; spikdeis 
at length oblong, hanging on long pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliatc on the keel, all 
but the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hillsides, S. Pennsylvania 
to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° - 4° high : panicle loose. 

* * Spikelets small : panicle contracted and wand-like : perfect flowers long-pointed. 

3. IT. gracilis, Michx. Spikelets short-pedicel led (2'' -3" long), broadly 
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - 8-fowered ; the flowers ovate and diver- 
gently beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to 
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender. 

40. PHRAGMITES, Trim Reed. (PI. 11.) 

Spikelets 3 - 7-flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky- villous at their base, 
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except 
the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1 -3 stamens, and naked. Glumes 
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very 
unequal. Palets membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped, 
thrice the length of the upper. Squamulse 2, large. Styles long. Grain free. 
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal 
panicle, ((ppayfj-ires, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does not.) 

1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3-5-flow- 
ered ; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds. Sept. — 
Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance, 5° - 12° high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.) 

41. AKUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. (PI. 11.) 

Spikelets flattened, 5 - 1 4-flowered ; the flowers somewhat separated on the 
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger. 
Palets herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back, 
many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulse 3, longer 
than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or shrubby 
Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles 
or racemes ; the, flowers polygamous. ( Name. from arundo, a reed.) 

1. A. macrosperma, Michx. (Large Cane.) Culms arborescent, 
13° -20° high, rigid, simple the .first year, branching the second, afterwards at 
indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying; .leaves lanceolate (l'-2' 
wide), smoothish; panicle lateral, composed of few simple raceme's ; spikelets 
purple, erect; lower palet lance-ovate, pubescent, fringed (Belong). Chapman, 
under A. gigantea. — River-banks, S. Virginia? Kentucky? and southward, 
forming canebrakes. 

2. A. tecta, Muhl. (Small Cane.) Culms slender, 2°- 10° high, branch- 
ing ; leaves linear-lanceolate (9"- 1' wide), roughish, the sheaths bearded at the 
throat ; spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, 
or frequently on leafless radical culms; lower palet (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth, fringed on the margins. Chapman. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps 
and moist poib Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April. 



GRAMINEJE. ( GRASS FAMILY.) 637 

42. LEPTURUS, R. Br. Lepturus. (PI. 11.) 

Spikclets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed 
in the excavation, 1-2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointless 
palets. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch- 
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender 
spikes (whence the name, from Xerxes', slender, and ovpd, tail.) 

1. Is. panieulatus, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and 
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular 
spikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (Mead), 
&nd Avestward. Aug. 

43. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. (PI. 11.) 

Spikclets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis, 
placed edgewise; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one (the up- 
per) and external: — otherwise nearly as in Triticum. (Ancient Latin name.) 

1. L. perenne, L. (Common Darnel, Ray- or Rye-Grass.) Root peren- 
nial, glume shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short- 
awned. — Fields and lots: eastward. June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

2. L. temulentum, L. (Beaeded Darnel.) Root annual ; culm taller, 
glume fully equalling the 5-7-flowcred spikelet; awn longer than the flower (^' long). 
— Grain-fields : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only instance of the kind 
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.) 

44. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. (Pi. 11.) 

Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the sido 
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and 
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palet very like the glumes, convex on the 
back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciiiate on the 
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical 
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the 
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate oblong, turgid 
and boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. vulgAre). Others are perennial, 
with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never furnishing bread-corn 
(§ Agropyron, Gaertn.) ; to which the following belong. Flowering in summer. 
* Multiplying by long running root stocks : awn shorter than the flower or none. . 

1. T. repens, L. (Couch-, Quitch, or Quick-Grass.) Spikelets 4-8- 
flowered, glabrous or nearly so ; glumes 5 - 7-nervcd ; rhachis glabrous, but rough 
on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves flat and often roughish or 
pubescent above. — Nat. in cultivated grounds, fields, &c, and very troublesome; 
indigenous northwestward. — Varies greatly. A tall form, rather bright green 
(Var. nemorXle, Andersson) bears awns nearly as long as the palet. A lower 
form is glaucous and mostly awnless or nearly so. A maritime form (nearly 
Var. intermedium, Fries, and approaching T. laxum, Fries, and T. acutum, 
DC), collected by Prof. Tuckerman on the coast of Maine, is glaucous, rigid, with 



638 GRAMLNEJL. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

at length somewhat involute leaves, crowded spikelets, blunt and rigid glumes, 
and pointless or mucronate-tipped palets ; the rhachis not disarticulating as in 
T. junceum, L. (Eu.) 

2. T. dasystashyum, Gray. Perhaps a remarkable variety of the last, 
but the glaucous leaves arc narrow and often involute, and the 5-9-flowcred 
spikelets densely downy-hairy all over. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.) — 
Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and northward. Aug. 

* * No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves sometimes 
hairy above: glumes as well as flowers mostly awned or awn-pointed. 

3. T. violaeeum, Hornemann. Spike dense, strict and rigid, usually tinged 
with violet or purple ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; glumes conspicuously 5-nerved ; 
awns straight, varying from half to nearly twice the length of the palet. (T. 
Richardsonii, Schrader. T. pauciflorum, Schwein'dz.) — Mountains of Penn. 
(Porter) ; in the alpine region of the "White Mountains (TucJcefman), Wiscon- 
sin (Lapham), and northward. — Intermediate in character between the last and 
the next. (Eu.) 

4. T. eaninurn, L. (Awned Wheat-Grass.) Spike usually more or less 
nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (3' -6' long); spikelets 3 -5-flowered; 
glumes 3-5-nerved; awns mostly somewhat bent or spreading, fully twice the length of 
the jialet. — Sparingly naturalized in cult, ground and meadows. Indigenous 
along our northern borders, in a slender form, which approaches the northwest' 
era T. divergens, Nees, or T. regilopoides, Turczaninow, which lias narrow and 
convolute leaves, 5 - 7-nerved glumes, and widely diverging awns. (Eu.) 

45. HOEDEUI, L. Barley. (PL 11.) 

Spikelets I -flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three at 
each joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and 
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form- 
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Palets herba- 
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. 
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palets. Spike often separating into 
joints. Ours are annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient 
Latin name.) 

1. H. jubatum, L. (Squikrel-tail Grass.) Low; lateral flowers 
abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing a capillary 
awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all spreading. — 
Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June. 

2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (G'-18' high) ; lateral flowers imperfect or 
neutral, awnless or merely pointed ; perfect flower with awn as long as those of 
the glumes (3"- 6") ; spike linear, l'-2' long. (H. pusfllum, Nutt. and former 
ed.) — Plains, especially in saline soil, Ohio to Illinois and westward : also spar- 
ingly introduced, Virginia and southward along the coast. May, June. (Eu.) 

46. ELYMTJS, L. Lyme-Grass. Wild Rye. (PI. 11.) 

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each 
1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets. 



graminejE. (grass family.) 639 

2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palets coriaceous ; the 
lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the 
involving palets (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from c'Xi/o), 
to roll up). 

* Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, both or onhj the latter awned: spikelets 1-5- 

fiowered: perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh and broad flat leaves. 

•*- Spike large and stout. 

1. E. Virgitlicus, L. Spike rigidltj upright, dense (2' -3' long, 6" thick), 
on a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; spikclets 2-3 together, 2-3- 
flowered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the thickened strongly- 
nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks: common. Aug. — - 
Culm stout, 2° -3° high. 

2. E. Canadensis, L. Spike soon nodding (5' -9' long), on an exserted 
peduncle; spikclets mostly in pairs, of 3-5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy 
flowers ; the awl-shapid glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadelphicus, L. !) 
■ — Var. glaucif6lius (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughout, 
the flowers with more spreading awns (1^' long). — River-banks : common. 

-t- Spike more slender, as also the culm. 

3. E. SibiriCUS, L. Glabrous; spike wand-hke (2' - G' long, about 3" thick), 
often somewhat nodding; spikclets in pairs, 3 - 6-flowcred ; glumes linear-lanceo- 
late, 3 - 5-nervcd, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which arc rather short-awned. 
— South shore of Lake Superior (Porter), and northwestward. (Eu.) 

4. E. StriatUS, Willd. More or less pubescent; spike dense and thickish 
(2' - 4' long), upright or slightly nodding; spikclets mostly in pairs, 1-2- (or 
rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; glumes awl-shaped, bristlc-awned, 1-3- 
nerved, about thrice the length of the flowers exclusive of the capillary awn (which 
is 1' long). — Yar. villosus (E. villosus, Muhl. I) has very hairy flowers and 
glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. — Palets 
only 3" long. 

*- * Glumes and palets awnless and soft in texture: reed-like perennials. 

5. E. mollis, Trim (not of R. Br.) Culm (3° high) velvety at top; spike 
thick, erect (8' long) ; spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5 - 8-flowered ; the lanceo- 
late pointed 5-7-nerved glumes (1' long) and the pointed palets soft-villous ; 
rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes, 
Maine, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.) 

47. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Bottle-brush Grass. (PI. 11.) 

Spikelets 2-3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis, raised on a 
very short callous pedicel, loosely 2 - 4-flowered (when solitary flatwise on the 
rhachis.) Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and deciduous (whence the name, 
from yvp.vos, naked, and crn'xos, rank). Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. 

1. G. HyGtrix, Schreb. Spike loose (3' -6' long); the spreading spike- 
lets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, 
tipped with an awn thrice their length (1' long) ; leaves and sheaths smoothish; 
;ulm 3° -4° high; root perennial. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands. 
July, Aug. 



"640 GRAMINEJL. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

48. DAITHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.) 

Lower palet (oblong oi ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7-9-nerved) bearing 
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the 
3 middle nerves, which is flatfish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise 
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours peren- 
nials, l°-2°high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded 
at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowered spikelets* 
(Named for Danthoine, a French botanist.) 

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted, low; leaves short, very narrow; 
spikelets few, 3" -5'' long; lower palet loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless. — 
Dry and sterile or rocky soil. June - Aug. 

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Taller and not tufted (l°-3° high) ; leaves larger; 
spikelets more numerous and panicled, 6" -9" long; lower palet very silky-viilous, 
tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, Southern Massa- 
chusetts (Dr. Bobbins), New Jersey (C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), and southward; 
rare. June. 

49. AVETTA, L. Oat. (PL 12.) 

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-ehartaceous, ot 
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ; 
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palet rounded on the back, mostly 5 — 11- 
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the 
acutely 2-clcft tip proceeding from the midnervc only. Stamens 3. Grain ob- 
long-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but in- 
vested by the upper palet. (The classical Latin name.) — The Common 7 Oat 
(A. sativa, L.) represents the large-flowered annual species of the Old World. 
The following are smaller-flowered, indigenous perennials. 

1. A. Striata, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, slender (l°-2° 
high); leaves narrow; ligule short, truncate; panicle simple, loose; spikelets 
(6" long) on capillary pedicels, 3-C-flowered, much exceeding the scarious- 
margincd purple acute glumes; the lower cj hi me 1-, upper 3-nerved ; rhachis 
smooth ; /lowers short-bearded at the base ; lower palet 7-nerved, much longer than 
the ciliate-fringed upper one (4" long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or 
divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate 
2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpurascens, Torr.) -?— Rocky, shaded hills, N. New 
England, New York, and northwestward. June. 

2. A. Smitkii, T.-C. Porter, n. sp. - Taller (2|°-4|° high), rather stout; 
leayes broadly linear (3''-G' / wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths 
and culm retrorsely scabrous; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (G'-12' 
long), the few branches at length spreading; glumes slightly purplish, scabrou? 
on the nerves, of which there are 3 in the lower and 5 in the upper ; rhachis mi- 
nutely hispid ; flowers (3-5) not hairy-tufted at the base ; awn one third or half 
the length of the 7-nerved palet, straight. — Isle Royale, Keweenaw Point, Lake 
Superior, Bobbins. Woods near Sault Ste. Marie, C. E. Smith, for whom the 
species is named. April, May. — To be compared with the Siberian A. caliosa, 
Turczaninow, which was referred to A. striata by Trinius. 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 641 

50. TRISETUM, Persoon. Trisetum. (PI. 1 2. ) 

Spikclcts 2 -several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle, the lower palet 
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes, 
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or 
2-pointed apex (whence the name, from iris, three, and seta, a bristle) : other- 
wise nearly as in Avena. Ours are pei'ennials. 

1. T. SUbspicatum, Beau v., var. molle. Minutely soft-downy; panicle 
dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2' -3' long); glumes about the length/ 
of the 2-3 smooth flowers ; awn diverging, much exserted. ( Avena mollis,' 
Michx.) — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, 
and northward. July. — About 1° high: leaves fiat, short. (En.) 

2. T. pft.iu.stre, Ton*. Smooth ; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long), 
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3" long); glumes shorter than the 
two smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly hairy joint of 
the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed 
tip, while the tower one is commonly awnless or only mucronatc-pointed. (Avena 
palustris, Michx. Aira pallcns, MM.) — Low grounds, Southern New York to 
Illinois, and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. 
Spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green. 

51. AIRA, L. Hair-Grass. (PI. 12.) 

Spikelets small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect flowers and often with 
the pedicel or rudiment of a third, all usually shorter than the membranaceous 
keeled glumes, and hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palet thin 
and scarious, 2-cleft or else truncate and mostly denticulate or eroded at the 
summit, bearing a slender bent or straight awn on its back, commonly near 
its base. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous. Grain 
oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) 

§ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Lower palet delicately 3-5-nervcd, eroded or 
toothed at the truncate summit ; the awn attached mostly a Utile ahove the base: 
grain not grooved, free: glumes about equalling the flowers : root perennial. 

1. A. flexudsa, L. (Common Hair-Grass.) Culms slender, nearly 
naked (l°-2°high) above the small tufts of involute bristle form root-leaves (1'- 
C long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary; awn longer than the 
palet, at length bent and twisted. — Dry places : common. June. (Eu.) 

2. A. CSSSpitdsa, L. Culm tufted (2° -4° high); leaves flat, linear; 
panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long) ; awn straight, barely cquedling the palet. 
— Shoi-es of lakes and streams : common northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

§2. AIROPSIS, Desv. Sjrikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate flowers, and 
with no rudiment of a third: lower palet of firmer texture, obscurely nerved, acutely 
2-cleft at the apex: ejrain gre>ovcd, aelnate: low annuals, with short and setaceous 
leaves. 

3. A. rniECOX, L. Culms tufted, 3' -4' high; branches of the small and 
dense panicle apprcsscd ; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Avena 
praicox, Beauv.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia : rare. (Nat* from Eu.) 

L & M— 47 



642 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY). 

4. A. cartophyllea, L. Culms 5' - 10' high, bearing a very diffuse panicle 
of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. — Dry fields, Nantucket: also 
Newcastle, Delaware, W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§3. VAIiLODEA, Fries. Glumes boat-shaped, longer than the flowers : lower 
palet almost coriaceous, nerveless, its truncate-obtuse tip mostly entire; the awn 
borne at or above the middle: grain grooved, flattish, free : alpine perennial. 

5. A. atropurpiirea, Wahl. Culms 8'- 15' high, weak; leaves flat, 
lather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice the length of 
the palet. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of Northern New 
York. Aug. (Eu.) 

52. ARRHENATHER-UM, Beauv. Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.) 

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower ; the 
middle flower perfect, its lower palet barely bristle-pointed from near the tip; 
the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of 
the back (whence the name, from appqv, masculine, and ddr'jp, awn) : — other- 
wise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification. 

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2° -4° high: leaves 
broad, flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal. (Avena elatior, 
L.) — Meadows and lots: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May -July. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

53. HOLCUS, L. (partly). Meadow Soft-Grass. (PL 13.) 

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowercd, jointed with the pedicels ; 
the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re- 
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palet 
awnless and pointless ; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bear- 
ing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. 
Grain free. (An ancient name, from 6\kos, attractive, of obscure application.) 

1. H. lanAtus, L. (Velvet-Grass.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; 
panicle oblong ; upper glume mucronatc-awned under the apex ; awn of the 
staminate flower curved. — Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

54. EIEROCHLOA, Gmelin. Holy Grass. (PL 13.) 

Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled ; the flowers all with 2 palets; the two 
lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the 
middle of the back or near the tip ; the uppermost (middle) one pei-fect, short- 
pedicclled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes equalling 
or exceeding the spikelet, scarious: palets chartaceous. — Perennials: leaves 
flat. (Name composed of Upas, sacred, and ;\;Aoa, grass; these sweet-scented 
Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North of 
Europe.) 

1. E. borealis, Poem. & Schultes. (Vanilla or Seneca Grass.) Pan- 
icle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (_'- 5' long) ; peduncles smooth ; staminate 
flowers with the lower palet mucronato or bristle-pointed at or near th® tip ; 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 643 

rootstock creeping. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, chiefly northward 
near, the coast .and along the Great Lakes. May. — Culm l°-2° high, with 
short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color ; the staminatc flowers strongly 
hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.) 

2. H. aipina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one 
of the staminate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the othei 
long-awned from below the middle ; lowest leaves very narrow. — Alpine moun- 
tain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

55. ANTHOXAETHUM, L. Sweet Vernal-Grass. (PI. 13.] 

Spikelets spiked-panicled, really 3-flowered ; but the lateral flowers neutral, 
consisting merely of one palet which is hairy on the outside and awned on the 
back: the central (terminal) flower perfect, small, of 2 aAvnless chartaceous 
palets, 2-androus. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long 
as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamulee none. Grain ovate, 
adherent. (Name compounded of (iudos, flower, and avduv, of flowers. L.) 

1. A. odorAtum, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading 
at flowering-time; one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its 
base, the other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, &.c. Perennial : 
very sweet-scented in drying. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

56. PEALAEIS, L. Canary-Grass. (PI. 13.) 

Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudi- 
ments (a scale or a pedicel) in place of lateral flowers, one on each side, at the 
base of the perfect one, which is flattish, awnless, of 2 shining palets, shorter 
than the equal boat-shaped and keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilagi- 
nous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. — Stamens 3. — 
Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from (pokes, shining, alluding 
either to the palets or the grain.) 

§ 1. PHALARIS proper. Panicle very dense, spiJcc-l ilee : glumes wing-heeled. 

1. P. Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Annual, l°-2° high; spike 
oval; rudimentary flower a small lanceolate scale. — Waste places and road- 
sides, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania: rare. July- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 
§2. DlGRAPHIS, Trin. Panicle branched, the clusters open in cnthesis : glumes 

not icinged on the back. 

2. P. arundinacea, L. (Reed C.) Perennial, 2° -4° high; leaves flat 
(3"- b" wide; glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile 
flower ; rudimentary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — "Wet 
grounds : common, especially northward. June, July. — Var. pf cta, the leaves 
striped with white, is the familiar Ribbon-Grass of the gardens. (Eu.) 

5 7 M 1 L I U M , Millet-Grass. (PI. 13. ) 

Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con- 
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a single 
coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while 



644 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

an empty single palet of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume 
fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palet of the terete fertile 
flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched- plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed 
in the palcts, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet 
(which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mi/le, a thousand, 
because of its fertility.) 

1. M. effusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3° -6° high; leaves broad and 
flat, thin; panicle spreading (6' -9' long); flower ovoid-oblong. — Cold and 
damp woods, New England to Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.) 

58. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (PI. 13.) 

S pikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two 
kinds ; one kind in a terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that the 
rudiment of the lowest glume is ordinarily discernible, and deciduous from the 
joint without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the other kind soli- 
tary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more 
or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and 
fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud ; the enwrapping glume and similar 
empty palet many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small 
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain not grooved, in 
the radical flowers very large, the embryo next the lower palet. Neutral palet 
somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. (Name from a/i<pucup7ros, 
doubly fruit-bearing. ) 

1. A. Plirshii, Kunth. Annual or bien-nial? erect, l°-4° high; leaves 
lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on tho 
sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2" -3" long), terete. 
(Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey, and 
in the Southern States. Sept. 

59. PASPALUM, L. Paspalum. (PI. 13.) 

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened 
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano- 
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other 
hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which, 
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and 
empty palet few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on 
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. (Said to have been a Greek 
name for Millet.) 

* Spikes with a (1") broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and keeled rhachis, 
the incurved margins jiarily enclosing the small two-rowed spikelets. (Smooth, 
aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.) 

1. P. fluitailS, Kunth. Annual; leaves lanceolate, flat (3" -8") broad; 
spikes numerous in a raceme; the rhachis someAvhat projecting beyond the minute 
and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the back. 
(Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — Iviver-swamps.^ Virginia, S-. Ohio, Illinois, and south- 
ward. Sept., Oct. 



GRAMINE/E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645 

2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial ; leaves linear, short ; spikes 
3-7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhaehis 
blunt; spikclets glabrous. (P. vaginatum, Ell.) — Low or wet grounds, New 
Jersey (Cape May, Nuttall), Delaware (Tatnall, Canby), and southward. 

* * Spikes ivith a narrow wingless rhaehis: perennials, or mostly so. 
-t- Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular: spikes one terminal and often 1-5 late>al. 

3. P. setaeeum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long), 
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; 
spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and 
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ; 
spike-lets (¥' wide) narrowly 2-rowed. (Also P. de'bile and P. eiliatifolium, Michx.) 
— Sandy fields : common from E. Mass. to Illinois, southward. Aug. 

4. P. lseve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (1°- 5° high) ; the pretty 
large and long leaves with their flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ; 
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon- 
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at 
their base; spikdets broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide). — Moist soil, S. New Eng- 
land to Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Either glabrous or sometimes th« 
lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. As here received this perhaps comprises two or 
more species. 

■+- -t- Spikelets acute : spikes always a pair at the summit, of the naked peduncle. 

5. P. distiehum, L. (Joint-Gbass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous; 
culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate (2' -3' long); spikes short and closely-flowered (9" -2' long), one short- 
peduncled, the other sessile ; rhaehis flat on the back ; spikelets ovate, slightly pointed 
(barely \h" long). — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July- Sept. 

6. P. Digitaria, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2^°high) from a creeping 
base ; leaves lanceolate (3' - 6' long, 4" - C" wide) ; spikes slender, rather sparsely 
flowered (l'-4' long), both sessile, at the apex of the slender peduncle; spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate (2" long). (Milium paspalbdes, Ell.) — Virginia and southward. 

60. PAUICUM, L. Panic-Gbass. (PI. 13.) 

Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, lg--2-flow- 
ered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even want- 
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower 
flower either neutral or staminate, of one palet which closely resembles the upper 
glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed, 
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless 
(except in §3), enclosing the free and groovcless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. 
Italicum (now Setaria Italica), thought to come from panis, bread; some species 
furnishing a kind of bread-corn.) 

§ 1. DIGITARIA, Scop. Spikelets crowded 2-3 together in simple and mostly 
l-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless: lowei 
flower neutral, of a single palet • lower glume minute, sometimes obsolete oi want 
ing : root annual : plant often purplish. 



646 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

* Spikes erect ; the rhacliis filiform and nearly terete. 

1. P. filiform a, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower 
sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate, approximated, filiform ; spikelets oblong, 
acute (j" long) ; lower glume almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts 
to New Jersey along the coast, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

* * Spikes spreading; the rhachis flat and thin. 

2. P. giAbrum, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect 
(5'- 12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets 
ovoid (about 1'' long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want- 
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places : common, especially southward : in 
some places appearing as if indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from En.) 

3. P. SANGUIXA.LE, L. ( COMMON CRAB- OF FlNGER-GRASS. ) Culms erect 

or spreading (1° - 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy ; spikes 4-15, 
spreading, digitate; spikelets oblong (l|" long) ; upper glume half the length of the 
flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug. - Oct. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

§ 2. PANICUM proper. Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless. 

* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually 

pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7 and 8. 

•*- Sterile flower neutral and of '2 palets, fully twice the length of the lower glume: 

spikelets small (1" or 1|" long) : root perennial. 

4. P. anceps, Miehx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather 
broadly linear ( 1 ° - 2 long, 4" - 5" wide), smooth ; panicle contracted-pyramidal ; 
spikelets ovatt-.-lanceol.ute, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 5 - 1-nerved; neutral 
flower one third longer than the perfect one. — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey and 
Pcnn. to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Too near the next : spikelets and 
branches of the panicle longer. 

5. P. agrostoides, Spi-eng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves 
long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram- 
idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread- 
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, longer than the 
neutral flower which exceeds the perfect one; perfect flower bearded at the apex. 
(P. agrostidiformc, Lam. ? P. multiflorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows and shores, 
E. Massachusetts and New York (Oneida Lake, A. H. Curtiss) to Illinois, and 
common southward. Aug. 

+- •*- Sterile flower neutral and of a single pal et i much longer than the lower glume; 

spikelets %"-lj" long ; annuals except No. 8 : leaves flat; sheaths flattened. 

++ Glabrous and smooth throughout ; spikelets crowded, appressed, short-pedicelled. 

6. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, 
branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ; 
ligule ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender 
primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets pale green, rarely purplish ; 
lower glume broad, £ to k the length of the upper ; neutral flower little longer 
than the perfect one. — Marshy river-banks and shores, especially when brack- 
ish, but also in the interior, from Mass. and Illinois southward. Aug. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647 

*+ -m- Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the loicer: spiJ-frets mostly scattered on 
slender or capillary pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle: 
culms mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending (10' -20' high). 

7. P. capiilare, L. (Old-witch Grass.) All the sheaths and usually 
the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very compound, the branches 
divaricate when old; spikelets varying from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed; 
lower glume half the length of the neutral palet which is longer than the elliptical 
obtuse perfect flower. — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug. - Oct. 
— Varies extremely in size and appearance: in depauperate forms the spikelets, 
only %", in the larger forms \h" in length. 

8. P. autumiiale, Bosc ! Root perennial ? lower sheaths and margins 
of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some 
bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much elongated 
divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary spindle- 
shaped spikelets; lower glume minute; pei feet flower lanccolate-ob/ong and pointed, 
nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish upper glume and the neutral palet. 
(P. nudum, Walt, ? P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. P. divergens, Muhi, not of 
H.B.K. P. fragile, Kunth.) — Sand-hills, Mason County, Illinois [Mead, E. 
Hall), and southward. 

■«- ■*- ■*- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 pahts: loicer glume more than half the length 
of the upper : spikelets large (2" - 2^" long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, Sec. : 
perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms. 

9. P. virgatum, L. Tall (3° -5° high); leaves very long, flat ; ligule 
silky-bearded; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at 
length spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, usually purplish. — Moist sandy 
soil : common, especially southward. Aug. 

10. P. amamm, Ell. Culms (1^° high) sheathed to the top; leaves in- 
volute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple 
racemose branches of which are apprcssed ; spikelets pale. — Sandy shores, Con- 
necticut (Barralt, Robbitis), Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 

* * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short or small: perennials. 
*- Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in No. 11, and sometimes in No. 14, staminate, 
formed of 2 palets, the upper one scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous. 
++ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves. 
■■ 11. P. latifolium, L. Culm (l°-2° high) smooth; the joints and the 
'orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded icith 
soft woolly hairs; hares broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart -clasping base (often 1' 
wide), taper-pointed, 11 -15-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle 
more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spread- 
ing; spikelets obovate, l^" long, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length 
of the many-nerved upper one; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens. 
(P. "Waited, Poir.) — Moist thickets: common. June -Aug. 

12. P. elandestimim, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the 
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough 
with papillae bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate 
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and usually also the ter- 



648 GRAMINE^E. (GRAS'S FAMILY.) 

minal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or with the terminal one at length 
long-pedurxled (P. pedunculatum, Torr.) : — otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but 
the spikelets more otoid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always 1 ) neutral. — Low 
thickets and river-banks : common. June - Sept. 

13. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11 ; the broadly 
lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less pointed, not 
dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the upper sur- 
face roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-flowered, 
narrowly oblong (3' -7' long) ; spikelets only about £" long, ovoid, smooth ot 
smoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. (P. multiflorum, Ell. ? not 
of Puir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, and 
southward. July - Sept. 

14. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near 
the base (9' -15' high) ; sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' -6' long by 
%' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the margins, 
strongly 9 - 1 1 -nerve d ; panicle long-peduncled, very simple, the appressed branches 
bearing a few ruundish-obovate spikelets (about 1^" long) ; lower glume ovate, 
acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-nerved upper one. — Dry sandy 
soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green : 
spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes staminate. 

15. P. viseidlim, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much 
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety -downy all over, as also the sheaths, with 
reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint ; leaves 
likewise velvety, lanceolate (£[ wide), 11 - 13-nerved; panicle spreading, the lat- 
eral ones included; spikelets obovate 1" or 1^" long, downy; the roundish lower 
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7 -nerved upper one. — Damp soil, 
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 

16. P. paucifldmm, Eli. ? Culms upright, at length much branched and 
reclining (l°-2° long), roughish; leaves lanceolate (3' - 5' long by £'-£'wide), 
rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the 
base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths brisily throughout with similar 
hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish 
spikelets about l^" lung ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the 
length of the upper one. — Wet meadows and copses, E. Massachusetts to Wis- 
consin, and southward. June, July. — Distinguished by its much larger spike- 
lets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has 
probably been described under several names, some of them earlier than Elliott's. 

++ ++ Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves. 

17. P. dich6tomum, L. ! Culms (8' -20' high) at first mostly simple, 
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound, panicle (l'-3' long), and 
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very 
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often 
clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets ^'' to 
about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third 
or a quarter the length of the 5-7-nerved uppier one. — Founded on an autumnal 
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 649 

and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of 
forms ; of which a sfiaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety" is P. pnbescens, 
Lam. ; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied 
smooth or smoothish states with shining- leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the 
more slender forms) P. barbulatum and P. ramulosum, Michx., &c. wSoine of 
these may be good species. — Dry or low grounds : common. June- Aug. 

18. P. depaiiperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the 
base, forming close tufts (6'- 12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered 
contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4' - 7') 
upper leaves ; spikelets %" - lj" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ; ' 
the ovate lower glume one third the length of the 7 - 9-nerved upper one. (P. strictum, 
Pursh. P. rectum, Rozm. Sf Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least 
when dry (P. involutum, Torr.), and with the sheaths either beset with long 
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or on a long and 
slender peduncle. — Dry woods and lulls : rather common. June. 

■*- -t- Lower sterile flower of a single palct, and neutral. 

19. P. verruedsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, 
very slender (l°-2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2"-3" wide), 
shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets wdrty- 
roughened (dark green), oval, acute, %" long; the lower glume one fourth the 
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. — Sandy swamps, New England to 
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. 

§ 3. ECHIN6CHLOA, Beauv. Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of 
the simple or compound raceme or panicle _, usually rough with oppressed stiff hairs : 
lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned. 

20. P. Crus-galli, L. (Barx yard-Grass.) Root annual; culms stout, 
branching from the base (l°-4° high) ; leaves lanceolate (¥ or more wide), 
rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3' 
long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palet 
of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies greatly ; 
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in the var. 
iiispidum (P. hispidum, MuM., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse 
form of the species with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly 
manured soil : the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water ; possibly in- 
digenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

61. SETAEIA, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. (PI. 13.; 

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short 
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling 
awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or 
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds, 
with linear or lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as merely a sub- 
genus of Panicum. (Name from seta, a bristle.) 

* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards. 

1. S. vertictliAta, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green), 
composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive. (Pan- 
icum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eti.) 

O M -28 



I 



650 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.; 

* * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards. 

2. S. GLAtrCA.'Beauv. (Foxtail.) Spike cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow 
(2' -4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets ; perfect 
flower transversely wrinkled. — Very common, in stubble, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. S. viridis, Beauv. (Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.) Spike nearly 
cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few, longer than the spikelets ; 
perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu. ) 

4. S. Italica, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod- 
ding (G' -9' long, yellowish or purplish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much' 
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. (S. Germanica, Beau a.) — Sometimes) 
cultivated under the name of Millet, or Bengal Grass : rarely spontaneous, 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

62. CENCHRUS, L. Hedgehog- or Bur-Grass. (PL 14.) 

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 "together in a globular 
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous 
hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles united 
below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.) 

1." C. tribuloides, L. Culms branched and ascending (1°- 2° high) from 
an annual root; leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre 
prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy, 
enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on the coast, the Great Lakes, and the 
larger rivers. Aug. — A vile weed. 

68. TRIPS ACUM, L. Gama-Grass. Sesame-Grass. (PL 14.) 

Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile 
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow 
rhachis, forming a 1-sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike, 
2-flowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the inner one boat- 
shaped : palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange 
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single 
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, 
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous 
ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, 2-flowered; the 
lower flower neutral, palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united: 
-.tigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. Culms stout and tall, 
solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes ax- 
illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name 
from Tpifia>, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.) 

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the summit 
(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from 
some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; sometimes, var. 
monostachyum, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Connecti- 
cut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and from Illinois southward. Aug. — Culm 
4° -7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one of our largesf 
and most remarkable Grasses : sometimes used for fodder at the South, where 
better is nut to be had. 



GRAMINEJ2. (GRASS FAMILY.) 651 

64. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Woolly Beard-Grass. (PI. 14.) 

Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them 
sessile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise hoth alike ; with the lower flower neutral, 
of one membranaceous palet; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline palets, which are 
thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower 
palet aAvned from the tip. Stamens I -3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like 
perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky 
hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, 
from epiov, wool, and avQos, flower). 

1. E. alopeeuroides, Ell. Culm (4° -6° high) woolly-bearded at the 
joints; panicle contracted ; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the 
awn ; stamens 2. — Wet pine ban-ens, from New Jersey and Illinois southward : 
rare. Sept., Oct. 

2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at 
the upper joints ; panicle rather open; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. — 
Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

65. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard-Grass. (PI. 14.) 

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed; 
one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige ; the other sessile, with 
the lower flower neutral and of a single palet ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2 
thin and hyaline palets shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the 
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse, mostly rigid 
perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil ; with lateral or terminal spikes com- 
monly clustered or digitate ; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often 
the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvrjp, avbpos, 
man, and Trooyoov, hard). 

* Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate: stamens 3. 

1. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Tall, 3° -4° high, rigid, the naked summit of the 
culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2 - 5 rigid spikes ; spike- 
lets approximated, appressed ; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the 
rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and 
rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the 
lower ones long. — Common in dry sterile soil. Aug. - Oct. 

* * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous, 

•*- Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the flowers : 

sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral; the fertile triandrous. 

2. A. SCOpariUS, Michx. Culms slender (l°-3° high), with numerous 
paniculate branches ; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy ; spikes slender, 
scattered, mostly peduncled (l'-2' long), very loose, often pui-plish, silky with 
lax dull-white hairs ; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless ; the fertile about 
half the length of its twisted or bent awn. — Dry ground. July - Sept. 

■*- -*- In pairs or clustered; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flowers : 
sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in ]Vo. 3), or altogether wanting on the 
summit of the very plumose-hairy pedicel : fertile flower monandrous, its awn 
capillary : leaves narrow, the lower or their sheaths often rather hairy. 



652 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

3. A. arg&lteus, Ell. Culms rather slender (l°-3° high) ; spikes in 
pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosely paniculate peduncles, 
densely /lowered (l'-2' long), very silky with long bright white hairs. (A, argyrkus, 
Schultes. A. Ellidttii, Chapm.) — Delaware ( W. M. Canby), Virginia, near the 
coast, and southward. Sept., Oct. 

4. A. Virgillieus, L, Ciilm flattish below, slender (2° -3° high), spar- 
ingly short-branched above, sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed 
clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts, weak (I' long), the spikelets loose on the 
filiform. rhachis, the soft hairs dull white. (A. vaginatus, El/., a form with larger 
and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and 
southward. Sept., Oct. 

5. A. macroUTUS, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy-branched at 
the summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters ; sheaths 
rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile 
spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose. — 
Low and sandy grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 
Sept., Oct. 

66. SOEGHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. (PL 14.) 

Spikelets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an cpen panicle, the lateral 
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter- 
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless ; other- 
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. ( The Asiatic name of S. vulgake, 
the Indian Millet, to which species belongs Guinea-Corn, Broom-Corn, 
the Sweet Sorghum, and other cultivated races.) 

1. S. nutans, Gray. (Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.) Boot perennial ; 
culm simple (3° -5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths 
smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6' - 12' long) , the perfect 
spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed, 
especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the 
twisted awn ; the sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to 
a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon nutans, L.) — Dry boil : common, 
especially southward, where it runs into several marked varieties or perhaps 
species (S. avenaccum, nutans, and secundum, Chapman). Aug. -Oct. 



EQUlSETACEiE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 655 



SERIES II. 

CRYPTQGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i. e. no stamens 
and pistils), producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of 
homogeneous structure (called spores}, in which there is 
no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination. 

Class III. ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and 
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody 
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with some 
kind of foliage. 

Order 129. ECfclTISETACEiX:. (Horsetail Family.) 

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run- 
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or spike, 
ichich is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases 
underneath. — Comprises solely the genus 

1. EQUISETUM, L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. (PI. 15.) 

Spore-cases [sporangia, thecca) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled 
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and dis- 
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4 
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely around the 
spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems mostly from running root- 
stocks, striate-grooved (in many the hard cuticle abounding in silex), hollow, and 
also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; 
the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which sur- 
rounds the base of the internode above, and is split into teeth corresponding in 
number and position with the principal l'idges of the stem: the stomata in the 
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like 
the stem, hut without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from equus, 
horse, and sHa, bristle.) 



654 EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 

§ 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter. (Stoniata scattered.) 

* Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish fertile stems, the 

sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and very different. 
n- Fertile stems remaining simple, soon perishing ; the sterile producing copious branches, 

1. E. Telmateia, Ehrh. (Great Horsetail.) Stems stout (as thick 
as the finger) ; the sheaths of the fertile ones (l'-l^' long) enlarging upwards, 
deeply 20 - 30-toothed ; sterile stem white, 20 - 30-furrowed ; its branches simple, 
rough, usually 4-angled and again grooved on the angles. (E. eburneum, Roth.., 
Schreber, and Ed. 2. E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the upper Great Lakes, 
and northwestward : rare. April, May. — Fertile stems 10'- 15', the sterile 
2° -5° high. (En.) 

2. E. arvense, L (Common H.) Fertile stems (4' -10' high) with 
loose and usually distant about 8-12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at 
length l°-2° high), 10- 14-furrowed, producing long and simple or sparingly 
branched 4-angular branches ; their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist, 
especially gravelly soil : very common. March - May. — Rootstocks occasionally 
bearing copious little tubers like small peas (Illinois, S. A. Collier). — The var. 
serotinum, Meyer, an accidental state, in which the sterile plant produces a 
spike of fruit from its summit, is found in New Jersey by C. F. Austin. 

•«- •*- Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting 
through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fructification. 

3. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing 
simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth, 
those of the branches 3-toothed : stems more slender and the branches shorter 
than in the last. (E. umbrosum, Wil/d. E. Drummdndii, Hook.) — Michigan 
(Cooley, Src), Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. (Eu.) 

4. E. sylvaticuni, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro- 
ducing compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt teeth, 
those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent 
teeth. — Wet shady places : common northward. May. (Eu.) 

* * Fruiting in summer; the stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous with 

and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostly simple branches, or some- 
times nearly naked. 

5. E. pallistre, L. Stems (10' - 18' high) slender, very deeply 5 - ^-grooved, 
the grooves separated by narrow wing-like ridges, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped 
teeth whitish-margined ; branches rather few in a whorl. — Wet places, Niagara 
River ( G. W. Clinton), Wisconsin ( C F. Austin), and northward. June. (Eu.) 

6. E. limbsum, L. Stems (2° -3° high) slightly many-furrowed, smooth, 
usually producing upright branches after fructification ; sheaths appressed, with 
10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uli- 
ginbsum, Muhl.) — In shallow water : rather common. — Air-cavities none under 
the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. June, July. (Eu.) 

(E. littorAle, Kiihlewein, a species of N. Europe which stands between 
No. 5 and No. 6, is said by Milde to grow in Canada, on the authority of a 
specimen in herb. Hook., and may be looked for northward.) 



FILICES. (ferns.) 655 

§ 2. Evergreen or perennial-stemmed, surviving the winter, mostly rough {the cuticle 
abounding in silex) : fruiting in summer: spike tipped with a rigid little point. 
(Stomata in regular rows, in our species I -rowed on each side of the groove.) 

* Stems tall and stout (1^° - 4° or even 6° high), simple or casually branched, evenly 
many- (15-40-) grooved: sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of the Com- 
mon Scouring Rush.) 

7. E. laevigatlim, Braun. Stems 1 j° - 4° high, sometimes with numer- 
ous branches; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutely rough ish with minute 
tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22 linear-awL- 
shaped caducous teeth, l-keeled below. — Dryish clay soil, Illinois and southward. 

8. E. roblistum, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough 
with one line of tubercles: sheatlis short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely 
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-heeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped 
points. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Passes by var. affine, 
Engelm. (smaller, with 20-25 awl-pointed more persistent teeth) into the next. 

9. E. hyemale, L. (Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass.) Stems l^°-4° 
high; the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles; slieaths 
elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17 - 
26) narrowly linear teeth, \-heeled at the base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. — 
Wet banks : common northward. Used for scouring. (Eu.) 

* * Stems slender, in tufls, 5- \0-grooved: sheaths looser. 

10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6' - 18' long), usually 
simple from a branched base, 5 - 1 0-grooved ; sheaths green variegated with 
black above ; the 5 - 10-teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river- 
banks, New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) and Niagara to Wisconsin and 
northward: rare. (Eu. ) 

11. E. Scirpoides, Michx. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform (3' -6' 
high), fiexuous and curving, mostly Q-grooved, with acute ridges ; the sheaths 
3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent ; central air-cavity wanting. — 
Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. 
(Eu.) 

Order 130. FILICES. (Ferns.) 

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole 
(stipe), rising from a root, or mostly from a prostrate or assurgent or even 
erect rootstock, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Sub- 
order IV.) andbearing on the under surface, commonly on the veins or along 
the margins, the simple fructification, which consists of 1-celled spore-cases 
(sporangia), opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous mi- 
nute spores. (Antheridia and pistillidia formed and fertilization effected. 
on the seeding plantlet !) — Of the eight well-marked Suborders, into 
which the Ferns are divided, four are represented in the Northern United 
States. 

The whole order has been elaborated for this edition by Prof. Daniel 
C. Eaton, of Yale College- 



656 FILICES. (ferns.) 

Subouder I. POLYPODIA CEJE. The True Ferns. 

Sporangia collected in dots, lines or variously shaped clusters {sori o* 
fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked, 
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many- 
jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium 
transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often 
covered (at least when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less 
properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the 
frond. (Plates 15-18.) 

Tribe I. POLYPODIES. Fructification on the back of the frond, in roundish or 
elongated fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium 
of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when separated. 
Veins free (not reticulated) in our species. 

1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows each side of the midrib or of the seg- 

ments of the frond. 

Tribe II. PTERIDEJE. Fructification marginal or intramarginai , proTided with a 
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes 
not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species. 
* Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond. 

2. Ailiantuni. Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or none. Stipe black and 

polished. 

* * Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, which connect* the apices 

of the veins, and is covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin 
of the pinnule. 

3. Ptci'is. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored. 

* * * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected vtins, borne on the under surface of 

the frond : indusium various. 

4. Cb.eiluu1.lies. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins, indusium continuous or inter- 

rupted. Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly or pulverulent. 

5. Pelleea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub- 

marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely altogether 
wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike: stipes dark-colored: fronds smooth. 

6. Allosorus. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first 

covered by the reflexed herbaceous margin of the segment, at length exposed and con- 
fluent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different : stipes light-colored : fronds smooth. 

Tribe III. ASPLElVIEiE. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides 
(but not the back) of the veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one 
side to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated. 

* Sori linear or oblong, borne on cross veins parallel to the midrib. 

7. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein. 

Veins reticulated. 

* * Sori linear or oblong, borne on veins oblique to the midrib. 

8. Asplcnimn. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, rarely on both sides of a 

veinlet. Veins free in all our species. 

9. Scolopemdrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single 

sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free. 

* * * Sori borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins oblique to the midrib. 

10. Camptosorus. Sori oblong or linear, the outer ones often approximating in pairs. 

Veins reticulated. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 657 

Tribe IV. ASPIDIEiE. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of 
the fertile vein, provided with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to 
the rootstock. 

* Indusium obsolete or none. 

11. Pbegopteris. Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species. 

* # Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Steril* 

and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species. 

12. Aspidium. Indusium fiat, orbicular or round- reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all 

round the margin. 

13. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com- 

monly reflexed as the sporangia ripen. 

* * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very 

unlike the sterile ones. 

14. Strutliiop teris. Fertile frond simply pinnate. Sterile frond with free veins. 

15. Onoclea. Fertile frond twice pinnate. Sterile frond with reticulated veins. 

* # # # Indusium roundish or stellate, placed beneath the sporangia, sometimes enclosing them 

and then bursting open from the top. 

16. Woodsia. Indusium very delicate, cleft into irregular lobes, or divided into a ciliate 

fringe. Veins free. 

Tribe V. DAVALLIE55. Sori roundish or transversely elongated, borne at the ends 
of the veins or on marginal cross-veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base 
and sides and opening towards the margin of the segment. 

17. Dicksonia. Sori marginal, very small, the indusium cup-shaped, somewhat 2-valved, 

the under portion confluent with a lobule of the frond. Veins free. 

Suborder II. SCHIZJEACEJE. 

Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring 
at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (PI. 19.) 

18. Scbizsea. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile 

segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. 

19. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo- 

rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium. 
Fronds leafy, climbing. 

Suborder III. OSMUN5>ACE^. 

Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pedicelled, reticulated, Avith no ring or 
mere traces of one around the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal 
slit. (PI. 19.) 

20. Osmunda. Fertile pinnae or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and 

large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free. 

Suborder IV. OPHIOGIX>SSACEJE. 

Sporangia spiked, destitute of a ring, naked, coriaceous and opaque,, 
not reticulated, opening by a transverse slit into two valves, discharging 
very copious powdery spores. Fronds straight, never rolled up in tho 
bud! (PI. 19.) 

21. Botrychinm. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free. 

22. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated. 

42 



658 FILICES. (ferns.) 

1. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. (PI. 15.) 

Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more 
rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne 
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often 
covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes 
are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from 7ro\u, many, and novs,foot, 
alluding to the branching rootstock ) 

1 . P. Vlllgare, L. Pronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4' - 10' high, 
simply and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhaf 
acute, remotely and obscurely toothed ; veins once or twice forked ; fruit-dots 
large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks: common. July. (Eu.) 

2. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2'- 
6' high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ; 
the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit-dots rather small, near the margin ; veins 
forking, free in the N. American plant ! — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia 
and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

2. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. (PI. 16.) 

Fruit-dots marginal, short ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, 
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or 
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the 
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules 
none, or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, 
from a privative and diaivco, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling 
rain-drops. ) 

1. A. pedatum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender 
stalk (9'- 15' high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender 
spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique short- 
stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, from 
which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich, 
moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern. 

3. PTEBIS, L. Brake or Bracken. (PI. 16.) 

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire 
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge, which 
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted 
transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the forked and free 
veins. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek 
name of Ferns, from Trrepov, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or 
feathery fronds.) 

1. P. aquilina, L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2° -3° wide), 
ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2° high), the widely spreading 
branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the 
lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with 
the indusium. — Thickets and hills : common. Aug. (Eu.) 



FILICES. (ferns.) 659 

4, CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip-Fern. (PL 16.) 

oporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and 
roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly 
wnitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed 
or the rerlexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly 
with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, 
r,ne divisions not halved, the principal vein central. Some species with con- 
tinuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name com- 
posed of xeiXos, a lip, and tivOos, flower, from the shape of the involucre.) 

1. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds (6' - 15' high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, 
as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish -prominently articulated runty 
haws, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong, 
crowded (2" -4" long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lolx.s 
rep.ixed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the 
ripened sporangia. (Nephrbdium lanbsum, Michx. !) — Clefts of rocks, Island 
of .New York ( W. W. Denslow), and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. 

2. C. tomentdsa, Link. Fronds (12' -20' high) lanceolate-oblong, densely 
tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pin- 
nate ; primary and secondary pinna? oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct, 
minute (^"-i'' long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper 
surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat mem- 
branaceous invotucre. — Mountains of Virginia 1 and Kentucky ; thence westward 
and southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow 
chaffy scales and whitish hairs. 

3. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. (in herb. Hook. & Sp. Fil. 1851). Stipes slen- 
der, at first hairy, black oi- brown, shining ; fronds (3' - 6' high) ovate-lanceolate, 
woolly with soft ichitish. atstinctly articulated fattened hairs, becoming smoother 
above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (5" -6" long) ovate, the lowest distant, 
the others contiguous; pinnules crenately pinnati fid, or mostly divided into minute 
and roundish densely crowded segments (£"-1" long), the herbaceous margin re- 
curved forming an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook. C. lanosa, Eaton, 
Moore, excl. syn. C- gracilis, Mettenius, 1859. Myridpteris gracilis, Fee.) — In 
dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale), Iowa ( Vasey), Mis- 
souri (Nuttall, Engelmann), thence westward and southward. 

5. PELLiEA, Link. Cliff-Brake. (PI. 15.) 

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free 
veins, distinct or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous 
line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and 
continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed 
and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small Ferns, with 1 - 
3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but 
otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name 
from 7reXXds, dusky, alluding to the stipe.) 

1. P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds smooth (3' -6' high), delicately membrana- 
ceous and slender, of few pinnae, the lower ones once or twice piunately parted 



660 F1LICES. (FERNS.) 

into 3-5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong-, 
entire or sparingly incised ; of the sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised ; 
veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Michx. 
Allosorus gracilis, Presl, and former cd. — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont 
and Northern and Central New York, to Wisconsin and northward: rare. 
July. — Rootstock very slender, creeping : stipss polished, brownish, darker and 
sparingly chaffy at the base. 

2. P. atropurpurea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on 
the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'- 
1 5' high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or beloAV twice pinnate ; the divisions broadly 
linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart- 
shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked. (Pteris 
atropurpurea, L. Allosorus atropnrpureus, Kunze, and former cd,) — Dry cal- 
careous rocks: not common, but of wide range. July. — Rootstock short and 
stout : stipes clustered. 

6. ALLOSORUS, Bernhardi, Link. Rock-Brake . 

Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking 
veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile 
segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat 
and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low, with smooth, 2 - 3-pinnatc fronds, 
the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name 
from aXXos, various, and crcopos, a heap.) 

1. A. acrostiehoides, Sprengcl. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored; 
fronds 2-3-pinnate (6'- 10' high); fertile segments stalked, linear or linear- 
oblong (3" -5" long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost 
to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now 
fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or 
obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Cryptogramnic 
acrostiehoides, R. Br.) — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, thence westward and 
northward. ■ — Very near A. crispus of Eu. 

7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Chain-Fern. (PI. 16.) 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- 
verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by 
its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the 
midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free towards the margin of the frond. 
- — Large Ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas ./. 
Woodward, an English botanist. ) 

§ 1. ANCHISTEA, Presl. Sterile and fertile fronds alike: veins forming only one 
row of meshes (areoles). 
1. W. Virginiea, Smith. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate, with numerous 
lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow 
areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets 
free ; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps, 
Maine to Virginia, and southward. July. 



V1LICES. (ferns.) 661 

§ 2. LORFNSERIA, Presl. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike: veins of the sterile 
fronds forming many roivs of meshes. 
2. W. angUStifdlia, Smith. Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12'- 18' 
high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united hy a hroad wing; fertile fronds 
taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the arcoles and fruit- 
dots (4" -5" long) in a single row each side of the secondary midribs. (W. 
onocleoides, Willd. W. areolata, Moore.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the 
coast, to Virginia, and southward : rare. Aug., Sept. 

8. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. (PI. 17.) 

Pruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely curved, 
indusium fixed lengthwise hy one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile 
vein: — in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double; the fertile vein 
bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Named, 
from a privative and o~7r\r)v, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.) 

§ 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Indusium straight or slightly curved, attached to the 

upper side of the vein, rarely double. 

* Indusium flat, or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.) 

■»- Fronds pinnately lobed or parted, or simply pinnate. 

1. A. pinnatifidUHl, Nutt. Fronds (3'- 6' long) lanceolate, pinnatiful, or 
pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, " the apex sometimes root- 
ing " ; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-dots irreg- 
ular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile. 
— Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward 
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembles the 
Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming 
green higher up, and so passing into the brood pale-green midrib. 

2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4'' -9' long) broadly lanceolate, 
pinnatifid, beloiv pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender ; divisions lanceolate from a 
broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the frond ; 
fruit-dots much as in the last ; stirpes black and polished, as is the lower part of the 
midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, 
R. R. Scott, F. Bourguin, Sfc. : very scarce, growing with Camptosorus and As- 
plenium ebeneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley (Journ. Royal Horticult. Soc. 
July, 1866) considers it a probable hybrid. 

3. A. Trichomanes, L. Fronds (3' - 8' long) in dense spreading tufts, 
linear in outline, pinnate; pinno?, numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long), 
unequal-sided, obliquely wedie-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, 
the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple, 
brown and shining. (A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs: common. 
July. (Eu.) A. viride, Huds., occurs in Canada, perhaps in N. New England. 

4. A. ebdneum, Ait. Fronds upright (8'- 16' high) pinnate, lance-linear 
in outline; pinnce (J-' - V long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly 
scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or 
both sides; fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midvein; stipe and 
rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods: rather common. 



662 FILICES. (FERNS.) 

•*- ■•- Fronds once or twice pinnate : pinnoz incised. 

5. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds (2' -5' high), ovate-lanceolate, pinnate; 
the ovate pinnoz 3-7 -parted (or the upper barely cleft) and cut-toothed; fruit-dots 
very short, the basal ones sometimes double. — Cliffs in the Alleghanies, Penn- 
sylvania (Mr. Lea, Prof. Porter), to Virginia and southward. July. — Rhachis 
green, broad and fiat : stipe brown at the base. 

6 A. E-Uta-muraria, L. Fronds ( 2' -4' long) ovate in outline, 2-3-pin- 
naie below, simply pinnate above. ; the few divisions rhombic-wedge-shaped, toothed or 
incised at the apex: veins forking, diverging from the base; fruit-dots few, elon- 
gated, soon confluent. — Limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and 
southward along the mountains : scarce. July. (Eu.) 

* * Indusium slightly curved, strongly convex, thickish : fruit-dots very numerous and 

crowded. (Fronds tall, simply pinnate, decaying in autumn.) 

7. A. angUStifolium, Michx. Fronds (2° -3° high) thin, simply pinnate ; 
pinnoz numerous, short-stalked, linear-lunceolate, acuminate, entire or crcnuiate 
(3' -4' long), those of 'the fertile frond narrower ; fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side 
the midvein. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward 
along the mountains. Sept. 

* # * Lower fruit-dots single, those towards the ends of pin nee double: indusium 
straight, slightly convex, thinnish. (Fronds tall and ample, decaying in autumn.) 

8. A. th.elypteroid.es, Michx. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate; pinnre. 
deeply pinnatifd, linear-lanceolate (3' -5' long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, mi- 
nutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich 
woods: not rare. July -Sept. 

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. Indusium ddicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and 
attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe. 

9. A. Filix-fdsmina, Bernh. Fronds (l°-3° high) ovate-oblong or 
broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules con- 
fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, 
or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit-dots short, 
variously curved, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-feemina & A. aspleni- 
oides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidum angustum, Willd. — Moist 
woods: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Hart's-Tongue. (PI. 17.) 

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous 
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of 
the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening 
along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous 
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.) 

1. S. VUlgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart- 
shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7' -18' long, l'-2' wide), bright green. 
(S. offieinarum, Swartz, a later name.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone 
cliffs, Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, &c, Onondaga Co., New York, 
Pursh, W. Cooper, Lewis Foote, J. A. Paine,: also in Canada West. (For a full 
account of stations, see Silliman's Journal for May and September, 1866. (Eu.J 



FILICES. (FERNS.) 663 

10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-Leaf. (PI. 17.) 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on 
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, 
the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face 
to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence 
the name, from Karros, bent, and acopos, for fruit-dot.) 

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram- 
ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. nimicifolius, Link.) — Shaded calcareous rocks,. 
W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward : rare or local. July. — Fronds 
evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' -9' long), lanceolate 
from an auricled-heart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender 
prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new 
fronds, and these in turn to others ; hence the popular name. — A singular form 
is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and 
inconspicuous veins. 

11. PHEGOPTERIS, Pee. (Sp. of Polypodium, L.) Beech-Fern. 

Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins 
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free 
veins and bright-green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. 
(Name composed of (pnyos, an oak or beech, and me pis, fern.) 

* Fronds twice pinnatifd: pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis. 

1. P. polypodioides, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (4' -9' 
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinna? linear-lanceolate, the lowest 
pair defexed and standing forwards ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the 
basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rhachis ; fruit-dots all near the 
margin. (Ph. vulgaris, Mettenius. Polypodium Phegopteris, L., and former 
ed. P. connectile, Michx.) — Damp woods: common northward. July. — 
Rootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer 
than the fronds. (Eu.) 

2. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long 
("'-12' broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinna; 
lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very 
large lowest pinnce elongated and pinnate.}// hbed, basal ones very much decurrent 
and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit-dots 
•near the margin; some also between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium 
hexagon opterum, Michx.) — Rather open woods : common, especially southward, 
July. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. 

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions pelioled: rhachis wingless. 

3. P. Dryopteris, Fee. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4' - 6' wide) ; 
the 3 triangular primary divisions widely spreading, 1 -2-pinnate; segments ob- 
long, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. (Polypodium Dry- 
opteris, L.) — Rocky woods : common northward. July. (Eu.) (P. calcarea, 
which is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy, especially on the rhachis 
and midrib, is to be sought for northward.) 



664 FILICES. (ferns.) 

12. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. Wood-Fern. (PL 18.) 

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. Indu- 
sium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate at 
the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus, 
opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the 
rootstock. — Our species have free veins, and 1-3-pinnate fronds. (Xame, 
damdiov, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) 

§ 1. DRYOPTERIS, Adanson. (Nephrodium, Rich., in part, Hook. Lastrea, 
Bory. ) Indusium. round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrate sinus. 

* Veins simple or sim ply forked and straight: fronds annual, decaying in autumn, the 

stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schort.) 

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline ; pin- 
nae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest 
pairs scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in 
fruit from the strongly revolute margins; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon 
confluent) fruit-dots near their middle ; indusium minute, smooth and naked. 
(Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes: common. Aug. — Stalk 1° long 
or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the 
next, and slightly downy. (Eu.) 

2. A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, 
tapering both ways from the middle ; pinnse lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs 
gradually shorter and defexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and 
incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit-dots distinct, near the 
margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Polypodium Nov- 
eboracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist thickets: 
common. July. — Frond pale-green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy be- 
neath along the midribs and veins. 

* * Veins, at least the lowest ones, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately 

branching; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit- 
dot : fronds, at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter: 
stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or diajfy, and often the main 
rhachis also. 
■+- Fronds small, pinnate: pinnoz pinnatifid: indusia very large, persistent. 

3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4' -12' high) glandular and aromatic, 
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded 
divisions (2" long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be- 
neath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a 
narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. — Falls ot 
the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry ; Wisconsin Paver, Lapham, Berlin Falls, 
N. Hampshire, H. Willey, Mt. Kineo, Maine, C. E. Smith, and northward. — 
Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhschis 
+- -t- Large (1°-2|- high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothe,, 

and incised pinnules : indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduo-us. 

4. A. spinuldsum, Swartz. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scale* < 
frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnoz oblique to the rhachis, elonqated-trian- 



filtces. (ferns.) 665 

gular, the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, 
connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid 
with spinulosely-toothcd lobes ; indusium smooth and without marginal glands. 
(A. spinulosum, genuinum, Milde. Lastrea spinulosa, Prod., Moore.) — In damp 
woods, Penn Yan, New York, Sartwell ; Vermont, Frost: and probably north- 
ward. July. — The common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.) 

Var. intermedium. Scales ot' the stipe few, brown with a darker centre; 
frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate ; pinnce spreading, ob- 
long-lanceolate, the lower ones unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded, 
ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided ; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed 
at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minv'e, stalked glands. 
(A. intermedium, Willd. Dryopteris intermedia, Ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere. 

Var. dilatatum. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre; frond 
broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, of'tenest thrice pinnate; pinnules lance- 
oblong, the lowest ones often much elongated; indusium (in the North American 
plant) smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Swartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.) 

— A dwarf state, -fruiting when only 5' - 8' high, answers to var. dumetorum. — 
N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.) 

Var. Boottii. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; f ond elongated-oblong or elon- 
gated-lanceolate in outline ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pin- 
natifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate ; indusium minutely glandular. 
(A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryopteris rigida, Ed. 1; not A. rigidum, Swartz.) — 
E. Massachusetts and Connecticut to New York, and northward. — The least 
dissected form, identical with A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, of Milde, and inter- 
mediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing 
into the former. 

•«- n--t- Large (2° -4° high) : fronds once pinnate, and the pinna deeply pinnatifid, 
or nearly twice pinnate: fruit-dots not very near the margin; the indusia large, 
thinnish and fiat, persistent. 

5. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1°- 
2° long) ; pinnce short (2' -3' long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly trian- 
gular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ; the 
divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest 
pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reni- 
form, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (A. Lancastriense, Spreng.) 

— Swamps, &c. : common. July. — Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock 
bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) 

Var. Clintonianum. Frond in every way much larger (2^° -4° long) ; 
pinnce oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4 r -6' long, l'-2' broad), deeply pin- 
natifid ; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, 
obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal ones sometimes* pinnately lobed; 
veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fmit-dots near the 
midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. — Swampy 
woods, New England to New Jersey, New York ( G. W. Clinton, &c), and west- 
ward. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large 
bi-ight-brown scales. A showy Eern, unlike any European form of A. crista- 
tum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum. 
L & M— 48 



666 FTLICES. (ferns.) 

6. A. Goldi&num, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong 
in outline (2° -3° long) ; pinnoz (6' -9' long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the 
middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe- 
shaped (9"- 15" long), serrate with appi-essed teeth ; veins pinnately forking and 
bearing the fruit-dots very near the midvein; indusium very large, orbicular with 
a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. — Rich and moist 
woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July. — A stately Fern, 
often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy root- 
stock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often 
overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in Polystichum. 

■t- 4- h- h- Large (l°-3° high) : stipes very chaffy ot the base : fronds twice pinnate, 
but the tipper pinnules confinent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toolhed : fruit-dots 
rather large : the indusium convex, icitliout marginal glands, persistent. 

7. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (l°-3° high); 
pinnse linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very ob- 
tuse, serrate at the apex, and obscurely so at the sides, the basal ones incisely 
lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the 
margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. — Rocky 
woods, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and westward. — 
Frond thickish but not surviving the winter. (Eu.) 

8. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost 
coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (l°-2° long); pinna? lanceolate, broadest 
above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse, en- 
tire or crenately-toothed ; fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in 
rich woods : common, especially northward. Aug. 

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Aspidium, Hook.) Indusium orbicular and 
entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre : fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, 
very chaff y on the rhachis, Src. : pinnoz or pinnules auricled at the base on the 
upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped. 
* Fronds simply pinnate. 

9. A. aerostiehoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (l°-2^° high), stalked; 
pinnoz linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the 
slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper) 
'jnes contracted and smaller,- bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which 
are confluent with age, covering the surface. (Nephrodium aerostiehoides, 
Michx.) — Var. ixcislm (A. Schweinitzii, Deck) is a state with cut-lobed pinnce, 
a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost all of 
them fertile more or less. — Hillsides and ravines in woods : common north- 
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. 

10. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9' -20' high), scarcely 
stalked, very rigid; pinnoz broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, 
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely 
spinulose-toothed (1' or less in kngth), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots con- 
tiguous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, 
and northward. (Eu.) 



FILICES. (ferns.) 667 

* Fronds bipinnate. 
11. A. acule&tUHlj Swartz, var. Braimii, Koch. Frond spreading 
(H°-2° long), oblong-lanccolatc in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of 
the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinna? gradually reduced in size and obtuse ; 
pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at the base, 
short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft 
as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods, mountains of 
New Hampshhe, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.) 

13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Bladder-Fe^x. (PI. 18.)' 

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; 
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner 
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the 
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, 
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and delicate 
twice or thrice pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name coinposed of Kvaris, 
a bladder, and 7rre pis, fern, from the inflated indusium.) 

1. C. bulblfera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 
2-pinnate; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1'- 2' long); the 
rhaehis and pinnaz often bearing bulblets underneath, icing/ess; pinnules crowded, 
oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifkl ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. 
(Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muld. !) — Shaded ravines, 
&c. : common. July- 

2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong -lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the 
stalk which is fully as long), 2 - 3-pinnate ; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lan- 
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent 
on the margined or ivinged rhaehis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. — 
Var. dentXta, Hook., is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with 
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium te'nue, Swartz.) — Shaded 
cliffs: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 

14. STRUTHIOPTEEIS, Willd. Ostrich-Fern. (PL 15.) 

Fruit-dots round, on the pinna? of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the 
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped 
or continuous hollow body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets 
from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : fruit-dots crowded 
and confluent ; the sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle which is half-encir- 
cled at its base by a very delicate semicircular and ragged evanescent indusium. 
— Sterile fronds large, very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the pinna? 
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted 
rootstocks. Stipes stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name 
compounded of o-rpovdos, an ostrich, and irrepis, a fern, from the plume-like 
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.) 

1. S. Germaniea, Willd. Sterile fronds smooth, broadly lanceolate, the 
lowest pinna? gradually much smaller; pinna? very numerous, narrowly lance- 
olate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, obtuse : fertile frond with somewhat 



G68 FILICES. (ferns.) 

necklace- shaped pinnse, the lowest ones much smaller. (S. Pennsylvanica, 
Willd. Onoclea Struthiopteris, L., Hook.) — Alluvial soil : not rare northward. 
: — Fronds intermediate between the sterile and fertile condition (bearing a few 
fruit-dots on contracted, but still herbaceous pinna?) are sometimes found; a 
condition analogous to the var. obtusiloba of Onoclea sensibilis. (Eu.) 

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. (PI. 18.) 

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute, 
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, filled 
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on 
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross- 
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed 
by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile 
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long- 
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pi nn as, 
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying 
in autumn) ; veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from ovos, 
a vessel, and kXfi'o, to close, from the singularly roiled up fructification.) 

1. O. sensibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams: common. 
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnse of some of the sterile fronds, 
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots 
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var. 
obtusilobata, Tort., N. Y. Slate Fl. (Connecticut, New York, &c.) This 
explains the long-lost 0. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, as 
figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, PresL, is 
founded on a young fertile frond of this species with the sterile frond of some 
Aspidium.) 

16. WOOD SI A, P.Brown. Woodsia. (PI. 18.) 

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free A r eins ; the very thin 
and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, 
under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into 
irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. (Dedi- 
cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) 

§ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. Indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporangia, 
but early opening at. the top, and splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. 
1. W. obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy 
(6'- 12' high), pinnate, or nearly twice-pinnate; pinnae rather remote, triangu- 
lar-ovate or oblong (l'-2 ; long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong, 
obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins 
forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes. 
W. Perriniana, Hook. #• Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Weber Sf Mohr., ]Yilld.) 
— Pocky banks and cliffs : common, especially westward.. July. 
§2. WOODSIA proper. Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flat from an 
early stage, and concealed under the fruit-dot, its margin cleft into slender hairs or 
cilia. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 669 

* Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; the withered fronds falling away at the joint: 

cilia of the indusium long and inflexed over the sporangia. 
2. W. Ilvensis, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2 f -6' long by 1 ' wide), 
smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with 
rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnse crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pin- 
nately parted, the numerous crowded stgments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate, 
almost coriaceous; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when 
old. (Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks : common, especially 
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 
I 3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear 
(2' -5' high), pinnate; pinnae roundish or ovate, the lower ones rather remote, 
(2" -4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks, 
Little Ealls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C. 
C. Frost) ; and high northward. (Eu.) 

* * Stipes not jo'nted: cilia of the indusium very short and hidden by the sporangia. 
4. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth; with fronds (2' -8' high, 8''- 

12'' wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest ; pinnse triangular - 
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed, 
and in larger fronds incised ; fruit-dots near the margin ; indusium very small, 
divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia. — Crevices of 
rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (Robbins), and westward. 

17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. Dicksonia. (PI. 17.) 

Eruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein 
or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a 
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer 
side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James 
Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.) 

1. D. punctilobula, Kunzc. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° -3° 
high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green, very thin, with 
strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks, 
mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnse lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid 
into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved 
toothlet, usually one at the xxpper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiiiscula, Willd. 
Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Dennstsedtia, Moore. Sitblbbium, J. Smith.) 
— Moist, rather shady places : very common : pleasantly odorous. July. 

18. SCHIZJ1A, Smith. Schiz^ea. (PI. 19.) 

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal 
cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- 
row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and 
simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft 
fronds (whence the name, from o-)(l£u>, to split). 

1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and 
tortuous ; the fertile ones equally slender (\ M wide), but taller (3' - 4 ; high), and 
bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded 



670 FILICES. (ferns.) 

pinnae (each 1"-1^" long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey: very 
local. Sept. 

19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. (PL 19.) 

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked :md variously lobed (or com- 
pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins ; the fructification on separate 
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a 
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to 
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaaa, but oblique, fixed to the 
veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indu- 
sium. (Name from Xvyodbns. flexible.) 

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twin- 
ing ( 1° - 3° long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate branches 
or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped palmately 4 - 7-lobed 
frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a 
terminal panicle. (Hydrogldssum, Willd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places, 
Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and sparingly southward : rare. Sept. 

20. OSMUND A, L. Flowering Fern. (Pi. 19.) 

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond very much contracted, and bear- 
ing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicelled and 
naked sporangia : these are globular, thin and reticulated, large, opening by a 
longitudinal cleft into t%vo valves, and bearing near the apex a few parallel stride, 
the rudiment of a transverse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened 
rootstocks, once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Os- 
munder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor. ) 

* Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top. 

1. O. regalis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2°^ 
5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, 
finely serrulate, especially towards the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed 
towards the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-aurieulate 
base, sessile or short-stalked (l'-2' long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the 
bummit of the frond. (0. spectabilis, Willd. 0. glaucescens, Link, Mettenius.) 
— Swamps and wet woods : common. The cordate pinnules are commoner in 
Europe, but are sometimes found here. May, June. (Eu.) 

* * Sterile fronds once pinnate : pinnoz deeply pinnatijid ; the lobes entire. 

2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon 
perfectly smooth (2° -3° high); pinnoz oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse 
divisions; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate; 
sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interrupta, Michx., frc.) — Low 
grounds: common. May. — Fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's 
plant (as ascertained in 1839, both from the Claytonian andLinnaean herbaria), 
must bear the original Linnsean name, though wrongly described from young 
specimens in which the fructification was thought to be terminal. 

3. O. cinnamomea, L. (Cinnamon-Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool 
when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinna? pin- 



FILICES. (ferns.) 671 

natifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the 
same rootstock, contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored 
sporangia. — Var. frond6sa is a rare occasional state, in which some of the 
fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (0. Clay- 
toniana, Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle. — 
Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May. — Growing in large bunches ; the 
fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1° -2° long, decay- 
ing before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their growth. 

21. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwoet. (PI. 19.) 
Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of 
starch, in very minute, irregular granules !) ; the base of the naked stalk con- 
taining the bud for the next year's frond : frond with an anterior fertile and 
a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate, the contracted 
divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct, 
rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transverse- 
ly into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided 
or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a dimin- 
utive of (36rpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appeai'ance of the fructification.) 
* Sterile portion of the fond sessile or nearly so on the upper part of the common stalk. 

1. B. Lunaria, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the mid- 
dle of the common stalk, oblong, simply pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped 
very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or lees excised 
at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and 
repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate. — Lake Superior 
(Lesquereux), and sparingly northward. — Plant 4' -10' high, very fleshy 
throughout. (Eu.) 

2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2' -4', rarely 5' -6' high), the 
sterile segment short-petioled from the middle or upper part of the common stalk, thick- 
ish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed; the lobes roundish- 
obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis ; 
the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simple or 1 - 2-pinnatu. — Maine 
to New York, and northward : rare. (Eu.) 

3. B. lanceolatum, An«;stro3m. Fronds small (3' -8' high); the sterile 
segment closely sessile near the top of the long and slender common stalk, somewhat 

v fleshy, in the smallest ones 3-lobed, in larger oneu broadly triangular, tervat, ly 
twice pinnatifid ; the divisions lanceolate, incised or toothed; veins forking from a 
vudrein; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. (B. simplex of former ed.) — New England 
and New Jersey (C. F. Austin) to Ohio and Lake Superior (//. Gillman). July. 
(Eu.) 

4. B. Virginieum, Swartz. Fronds tall and ample ; sterile segment sessile 
above the middle of the common stalk, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, 
ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or 
twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed towards the apex ; reins forking 
from a midv&'n; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. — Plant 1° - 2° high, or often reduced 
to a few inches, when it is B. gracile, Pursh. — Rich woods : common. June, 
July. (Eu.) 



672 LYCOPODIACE^E; ( CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 

* * Sterile portion of the frond long-petioled from near the base of the common stalk. 

5. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Sterile portion of the frond petioled from 
near the base, 2 - 3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately 
parted, broadly triangular in general outline; the lobes or divisions obovate, 
somewhat kidney-shaped, roundish or oblong, somewhat erenate; fertile stalk 
3' -6' high; the fertile part mostly 2-pinnate. (Bo'trypus lunarioides, Mickt. 
Botrychium fumarioidcs, Willd.) — Dry and rich woods, especially southward. 
July. — A state from Hingham, Massachusetts ( C. J. Sprague), has the two 
lateral primary divisions of the sterile segment changed into long-stalked 
fertile fronds. 

Var. obliquum (B. obliquum, Muhl.) is mostly larger (6'- \V high) ; the 
fructification more compound ; the sterile segment with oblong or lanceolate 
divisions, either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregu- 
larly pinnatifid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward : rather scarce. 

Var. disseetUHl (B. dissectum, Muhl.) has the divisions of the sterile 
segment compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : 
otherwise as the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows. 

22. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's-Tongue. (PI. 19.) 

Mode of growth much as in Botrychium ; but the coriaceous sporangia con- 
nate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike, which in our 
species is single and placed on a stalk rising from the base of the simple and 
reticulated- veined sterile segment. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name 
compounded of o<pis, a serpent, and yXaxrcra, tongue.) 

1. O. VUlgcitunij L. Sterile segment ovate or elliptical-cblong (2' -3' 
long) rather fleshy, obtuse, narrowed at the base, and sessile near the middle 
of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows : not common. July. — 
Stalk 6'- 12' high, rising from a short oblique rootstock, the bud not enclosed 
in the base of the stalk. (Eu.) 



Order 131. tYCOPODIACEJE. (Club-Moss Family.) 

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect; with pretty large spore-cases 
(sporangia or sporocarps) sessile in the axil of simple and sessile, persistent, 
mostly awl-shaped or lanceolate leaves : — of three genera, including the 
aquatic and peculiar Isoetes. 

* Terrestrial, with erect or creeping stems : spore-cases free in the axils of the leaves, 

1. Lycopodium. Spore-cases all of one sort, coriaceous, mostly kidney-shaped, 2-valved, 

filled with innumerable minute spores. 

2. Selaginella. Spore-cases of two sorts; one very small, oblong or globular, 2-valved, 

filled with innumerable minute spores; the other larger, 3 -4-valved, containing 3 or 4 
large spores. 

* * Aquatic, with a corm in place of stem, covered above with The dilated bases of the tufted 
long and rush-like leaves, to which the spore-cases adhere. 

3. Isoetes. Spore-cases cf two sorts ; one containing numerous large, the other numerous 

small spores. 



LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 673 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spring. Club-Moss. (PL 20.) 

Spore-cases all of one kind (much like those of Ophioglossum, only larger), 
coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a 
transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a 
copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with evergreen one- 
nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compounded of 
\vkos, a wolf, and jrov$,foot, from no obvious resemblance.) 

§ 1 . Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary and uniform {dark-green and shining, 
rigid, lanceolate, spreading, about 8-ranked) leaves. 

1 . L. lucidlllum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches 
ascending (6'- 12' high) ; leaves widely spreading or reflexed, acute, minutely toothed. 
— Cold, damp woods : common northward. Aug. — Little bulblets form in the 
axils of the leaves of young shoots (Austin, Rothrock). 

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a 
level topped cluster (3' -6' high) : leaves pointed, entire. — Tops of high moun- 
tains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward, shore of Lake Supe- 
rior, and northward : rare : both the variety with more erect, and that with 
widely spreading leaves. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Spore<ases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming a spike. 

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches, and those 

of the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base). 

3. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid; 
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or 
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute 
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the 
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing 
into the var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm., which has fertile steins 5' -7' high, its 
leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat 
teeth-bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel., not of L. ) — Sandy bogs, northward : 
rare: the var. E. New England to New Jersey and southward. Aug. (Eu.) 

4. L. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; 
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same 
thickness, 6' - 20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread- 
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with 
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south- 
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, including the dense leaves, £' thick ; the comose 
spike, with its longer spreading leaves, %' to 1' thick. 

* * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or 

heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and brandies. 
■*- Spikes sessile (i. e. branches equally leafy to the top), single. 

5. L. annotinum, L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (1°- 
4° long) ; the ascending brunches similar (5' - 8' high), sparingly forked, the sterile 
ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about 
5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) : spike soli- 

GM 29 



674 LYCOPODIACEiE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 

tary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. ptjngens, Spring, is a reduced sub-alpine 
or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves. (Var. 
montanum, Tuckerm.) — Woods: common northward: the var. on the "White 
Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.) 

6. L. dendroideum, Michx. (Grotjnd-Pixe.) Stems upright (6'- 9-' 
high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple, beloiv, and clothed with 
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appresscd-ercct in 4-6 rows, 
bushy-branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the 
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading : — in var. obscurum ap- 
pearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appresscd. 
( L. obscurum, L.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree-like growth. 
Spike cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant. 

■»- •*- Spikes peduncled : i. e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches. 
++ Leaves homogeneous and equal, many -ranked ; stems terete. 

7. L. clavatum, L. (Common Club-Moss.) Stems creeping exten- 
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi- 
nated by a slender peduncle (4' -6' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4) 
linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves lincar-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light 
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods : common, 
especially northward. July. (Eu.) 

++ ++ Leaves of two forms, few-ranked : stems or branches fattened. 

8. L. Carolinianum, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches 
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with 
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1 -nerved lateral leaves ividely 
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; 
also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' - 4' high, clothed merely with small 
bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindrical spike. — ' 
Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 

9. L. COmplanatUHl, L. Stems extensively creeping (often subterra- 
nean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branchlets 
crowded, fattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 
ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading 
tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly 
appressed ; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and thick- 
ets : common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches, abundant south- 
ward ; — while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into var. 
sabin^f6lium (L. sabinasfolium, Willd. L. ChaniEecypaiissus, Braun), with 
more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.) 

2. SELAGINELLA, Bcauv., Spring. (PI. 20.) 

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium, 
but minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored pow- 
dery spores; and of 3-4-valved tumid larger ones, rilled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1 - 
6) much larger globose-angular spores (oophoridia) ; the latter either intermixed 
with the former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of 
the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name 
of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.) 






LTCOPOCIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 675 

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar. 

1. S. selaginoides, Link. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and 
slender; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (I' -3' high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. S. spinulbsa, Braun.) 

— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh), Michigan, Lake Superior, and north- 
ward: rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.) 

2. S. rupestris, Spring. Much branched in close tufs (1'- 3' high); leaves 
densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel, 
minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quad-angular spike rather 
broader; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupes- 
tre, L.) — Dry and exposed rocks: very common. — Grayish-green in aspect, 
resembling a rigid Moss. 

* * Leaves shorter above and below, resembling stipules : the lateral larger, 2-ranked. 

3. S. apus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, 
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous ; the larger spreading horizontally, ovate, 
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ; those of the short 
spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike. 
(Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places : not rare, especially southward. 
— A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia. 

3. ISOETES, L. Qcillwort. (PI. 20.) 

Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above its 2- 
lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated 
and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular leaves, 
which include 4 air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia, or sporo- 
carps, pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the 
axils of the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin 
edges of the excavation folding round partly cover them, forming the velum), 
traversed internally by transverse threads ; those of the outer leaves filled with 
large spherical spores (macrospores) , their whitish crustaceous integument marked 
by one circular, and on the upper surface by 3 radiating elevated lines (circum- 
scribing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like in 
germination) : those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery 
grayish spores (microspores) ; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular. 

— Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always sub- 
merged, others amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their 
fruit in late summer and early autumn, except No. 7, and some forms of No. 6. 

Genus much investigated of late by Prof Durieu and the late J. Gay of 
France, and by Prof Braun of Berlin, newly elaborated for this edition by Dr. 
George Engelmann. 

* Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out of water : leaves 

without stomata (except in some forms of No. 3), and without peripherical bast- 
bundles. 
1. I. lactistris, L. Leaves (10-25 in number, 2' -6' long) dark green, 
rigid ; sporocarps ovoid or circular, the upper third or less covered by the 
velum, free part pale and unspotted ; both kind of spores the largest of our spe- 



676 LYCOPODIACE^i. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 

cies; macrospores (0".32~0".38 wide) covered with short and twisted crested 
ridges, which often anastomose ; microspores (0".0l7-0".020 long) smooth. — 
Mountain lakes, Penn., New York, and New England to Lake Superior, and 
northward often with No. 3. (Eu.) — The American is distinguished from the 
European plant by the larger macrospores, therefore I. macrospora, Durieu. 

2. I. Tuckermani, Braun, n. sp. Leaves (10-30, 2' -3' long) very 
slender, awl-shaped, olive-green, the outer ones recurved ; sporocarps ovoid or 
circular, the upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes brownish- 
spotted; macrospores (0".22-0''.28 wide) on the upper segments covered with 
parallel and anastomosizing ridges, the lower half reticulated; microspores 
(0".013-0".015 long) smooth or very delicately papillose. — Mystic and other 
ponds near Boston, together with the next, Tuckerman, \V. Boott. 

3. I. echinospora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporocarps 
ovoid or circular; macrospores (0".20-0".25 wide) beset all over with small 
entire and obtuse or slightly foi-ked spinules. (Eu.) — In the European form, 
which has not yet been found in America, the leaves are very slenderly attenu- 
ated (3' -4' long), the upper margin of the sporocarp only is covered with the 
narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores 
are larger (0".015-0".016 long). The following are the American forms of 
this species. 

Var. Bratinii. Leaves (15-30 in number, 3'- 6' long) dark and often 
olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the sporocarp 
covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots ; macrospores 
as in the species ; microspores smaller (0".013 -0".014 long), smooth (I. Braunii, 
Durieu.) — Ponds and lakes, New England to New York, Penn., and north- 
ward, often with the two preceding. — Often with a few stomata, especially in 
Niagara specimens. 

Var. muricata. Leaves (15-30, 6' -10' long) straight or flaccid, bright 
green ; about one half of the almost circular sporocarp covered by the velum, 
unspotted; macrospores (0".22-0".27 wide) with shorter and blunter spinules ; 
microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, Durieu.) — 
In some ponds north of Boston, IF. Boott. 

Var. Boottii. Leaves (12-20, 4' -5' high) awl-shaped, stiffly erect, bright 
green, with stomata ; sporocarp as in last ; macrospores as in the species, but a 
little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, Braun, in litt.) — Pond 
in Woburn, near Boston, partly out of water, W. Boott. 

* * Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up, or by the receding of 
the ebb tide ; leaves with stomata, and in 6 and 7 with four or more peripherical 
bast-bundies. 

4. I. saccharata, Engelm., n. sp. Leaves (10-15, 2'-3' long) slender, 
olive-green, curved ; sporocarps small, ovoid, only the upper edge covered by the 
velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0".20-0".22 wide) minutely tubercu- 
late; microspores (0".012 long) papillose. — On Wicomico River, eastern shore 
of Maryland, between high and low tide, W. M. Canby. 

5. I. riparia, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 4' -8' long) slender, deep green, 
erect; sporocarps mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the 



HTDROPTERIDES. (MARSILIACE^.) 67V 

velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size (0".22-0".30 
wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower 
hemisphere run together forming a network ; microspores larger than in any 
other species except No. 1 (0".013-0".016 long), mostly somewhat tubercu- 
lated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadelphia to Wil- 
mington, between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, New England (Robbins, 
&c), and northward. — Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the 
stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporocarp, the smaller size of the spores and 
their reticulation on the lower half. 

6. I. Engelmanni, Braun. Leaves long (25-100, 9' -20' long), light 
green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side ; sporocarps mostly ob- 
long, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0".19-0".24 wide) cov- 
ered all over with a coarse honey-comb-like network; microspores (0".012- 
0".014 long) mostly smooth. — Shallow ponds and ditches, from Massachusetts 
(near Boston, W. Boott, H. Mann) to Pennsylvania and Delaware and (prob- 
ably through the Middle States) to Missouri. — By far the largest of our species, 
often mature in July. 

Var. gracilis. Leaves few (8-12 only, 9' -12' long) and very slender; 
both kinds of spores nearly as in the species. — Southern New England, ap- 
parently in deep water. 

Var. valida. Trunk large and stout (often 1'- 2' wide); leaves (50-100, 
even 200, 18'- 25' long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; sporocarps 
oblong or linear-oblong (4" -9" long), one third or one half or more covered by 
the velum; both kinds of spores very small, macrospores 0".16-0".22 wide, 
microspores 0".011 -0".013 long, spinulose. — Delaware [W. M. Canby), and 
Pennsylvania (Prof. Porter). Sept. 

7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15-50, 6'- 10' long) very slender, 
keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black 
shining bases ; sporocarps mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown or 
spotted; macrospores very small (0".14-0".18 Avide), smoothish, or with faint 
tubercles or ridges; microspores (0''.010-0".012 long) spinulose. — Shallow 
ponds, and wet prairies and fields, Central and Northern Illinois (E. Hall, 
Vasey), and AvestAvard. June, and sometimes again in No\-ember. — Trunk 
more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kind of spores smaller than 
in any other of our species ; leaves disappearing during the summer heat. 
Closely approaching the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean 
region. 

Two other species, I. flaccida, ShuttleAvorth, and I. ChapmAni, Engelm., 
are found in Florida; and three more, I. Nuttallii, Braun, I. Califoknica, 
Engelm., and I pygm^ka, Engelm., in the Pacific States. 

Order 132. HYDBOPTEBIDE§. (Marsiliace^:, R. Br.) 

Aquatic cryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne 
on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts of organs, contained in irreg- 
ularly bursting involucres (sporocarps) : — here represented by only two 
genera. 



678 HYDROPTERIDES. (mARSILIACE^E.) 

1. MARS ILIA, L. Maesilia. 

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send- 
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined 
leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more 
globular but somewhat eccentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit are 2- 
celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 
lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo- 
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob- 
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. (Named for 
Aloysius MarsU'i, an early Italian naturalist, — therefore to be written Marsilia, 
not Marsilea.) 

1. M. quadrifdlia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-euneate, glabrous ; spo- 
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, 
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- 
ing on the surface ; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. 
The only known habitat in America. (Eu.) 

2. M. uncinata, Biaun., with hairy leaflets, and villous short-stalked or 
sessile sporocarps, solitary at the base of each petiole, will doubtless be found 
in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. It has been confounded with the very 
similar M. vestita, Hook and Grev., of the Southwest. 

2 . A Z 6 L L A , Lam. Azolla. (PI. 20. ) 

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves, 
appearing like a small Jungermannia ; fructification sessile on the under side 
of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a 
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid : the smaller kind opening transversely all 
round, containing several roundish antheridia ? peltately attached to the sides of 
a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with 
numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each con- 
taining a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£co, to dry, and oXXco, 
to kill, being destroyed by dryness.) 

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, red- 
dish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Still water, New York to Illinois 
and southward. Plant forming little mats on the water, 6" -12" broad. 



Salvinia nAtans, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small 
lakes in Western New York, has not been found by any other person, and 
probably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted. 



ADDENDA 

January, 1868. 



To page 110. 
Ruta graveolens, L., Garden Rde, is naturalized on rocky roadsides, 
Bedford Co., Virginia, according to A. H. Curtiss. 

To page 112, 113. 

2. Vitis aestivalis, Michx. Original of the Clinton, Norton's Virginia 
Seedling, and some other wine grapes. 

Var. 1 cin&rea, Engelm. " Branchlets and both sides of the almost entire 
leaves cancscent, even when mature ; berries very small, black and shining, very 
acid until after frost. — Rich bottom lands in the Mississippi Valley, Illinois, 
and southward." Engelmann. 

3. V. eordifolia, Michx., according to Engelmann, " has the small berries 
black without bloom, the small seeds rounded above and with a prominent 
rhaphe. Unfit for cultivation." 

3*. V. riparia, Michx., Dr. Engelmann concludes should be restored as a 
species, with the following character. " Leaves larger, usually incisely 3-lobed, 
the lobes long-pointed; panicles small, rather simple; berries larger and mostly 
with bloom ; seeds larger, obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspic- 
uous rhaphe. — May, earlier than V. eordifolia. Thickets and river-banks, 
from Vermont to Michigan and Illinois. Several varieties in cultivation : the 
most esteemed white one is the Taylor-Bull.it Gtxipe. The celebrated claret-col- 
ored Delaware Grape seems also to belong here." Engelmann. 

To page 126, after Genista. 
Cytistjs (or Sarothamnus) scopXrius, Scotch Broom, of Europe, 
which is often planted for ornament, has become naturalized extensively in Vir- 
ginia near Washington and southward, according to A. H. Curtiss, so as to 
deserve a place in this work. May, June. 

To page 130. 

4. Petalostemon folidsus, Gray, in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 7, p. 336. 
Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few 
and small; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a 
lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-purple flowers ; calyx also glabrous, the 
teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube. — Banks of Fox River, 
Kane Co., Illinois, Mr. Burgess Truesdelf. Also Nashville, Tenn., Mr. Hatch. 
" Like the other species pleasantly fragrant." Aug. 



680 ADDENDA. 

To page 143. 

6. Baptisia Vill6sa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pu- 
bescent Avhen young, erect, 2° -3° high, with divergent branches ; leaves almost 
sessile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and per- 
sistent, those of the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flow- 
ered ; pedicels equalling oi longer than the calyx and the subulate mostly de- 
ciduous bracts ; corolla yellow ; pods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely 
pubescent. — Franklin, S. Virginia, W. M. Canby, and southward. May. 

To page 150, at bottom. 
* 2. Poterium Sanguisqrba, L. Garden Burnet. Stamens 12 or more 
in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary fila- 
ments, the upper flowers pistillate only ; stems about 1° high ; leaflets numerous, 
small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, near Baltimore, P. V. Leroy. July. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

To page 159. 

7. Eosa canina, L. Dog Rose. Resembles Sweet-Brier (No. 5), but 
more bushy, glabrous or nearly so, and nearly without glands, none on the 
lower surface of the leaflets, which are therefore inodorous. — Pennsylvania, 
abundant near Easton, Professors Green and Porter. (Nat. from Eu.) 

To page 244. 
27 s . SolidagO tortifdlia, Ell. Stem slender, erect, 2° -3° high, sca- 
brous-puberulent above, thickly leafy to crowded panicle of racemes ; leaves 
(often twisted at the base) linear, small (^' - 2' long), sharply serrate with a 
few scattered small teeth, rough on the margins and midrib beneath, the veins 
very inconspicuous ; heads small ; the small rays and the disk-flowers each 3 - 5. 
— Northampton Co., E. shore of Virginia, and southward, W M. Canby. 
Heads like those of small forms of S. Canadensis : the leaves peculiar. 

To page 266, line 2. 
Var. tubulifl6rum, S. Tenney, in Amer. Nat. : an abnormal state of the 
White-weed, with the rays transformed into large and palmately or bilabiately 
5-lobed (rarely 3-4-lobed) tubular corollas. — Fields, Poughkeepsie, New York,. 
Prof. Tenney. 

To page 292, before Chiogenes. 
15. Vaceinium tenellum, Ait. Between No. 14 and No. 11, taller 
than the latter (l°-3° high), with firmer and obscurely serrulate leaves, and 
narrower cylindraceous corolla. — Pine-barren swamps, Franklin, S. Virginia, 
W. M. Canby, and common southward. April, May. 

To page 323, before Phelipsea. 

Orobanche minor, L., Lesser Broom-rape, is parasitic on Clover in 

the vicinity of Washington (F. Pech), and has been met with in New Jersey 

( W. M. Canby) ; but it may not long abide. The genus is known from Phe- 

lipaea by its calyx of two sepals (either entire or 2-cleft) and no bractlets, the 



ADDENDA. 681 

style persistent. This species is from 6' to 15' high, light yellowish-brown, 
with some bluish-purple in the flowers, these in a loose spike from 3' to 9' long. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

To page 410. 
3. Atriplex r6sea, L. More hoary -mealy than A. patula ; leaves short- 
pctiolecl or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 
coarsely sinuate-toothed ; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils ; fruiting 
bracts broad, cut-toothed and warty, united to the middle. — Albany, New York, 
in streets and waste places, Sept., C. IT. Peck, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. fromEu.) 

To page 452. 
5 a . Quercus prinoides, Willd. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh.), the 
Dwarf Chestnut or Chinquapin-Oak, is probably a quite distinct species. 
As noted by Mr. Emerson in Trees of Mass., some of the scales of the cup are 
apt to produce abortive little acorns in their axils. 

To page 479. 
3*. Lemna paueiC0St&ta, Hegelmaier, in litt. " Fronds obliquely ob- 
ovate (1"- 1^" long), thin, mostly grouped 3-5 together ; fruit and style as in 
L. perpusilla ; seed marked with 12-14 prominent (instead of 30 - 40 delicate) 
ribs, between them (in both species) transversely striate. — Ponds, about St. Louis 
and southward into the tropics : frequently fertile, Aug. - Oct." Engelmann. 

To page 483. 

3. Naias Indica, var. graeillima, Braun, Mss. " Branches alternate ; 
leaves very narrowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate (with 20-40 teeth 
consisting of 3 cells each), the rounded lobes of the sheathing base spinulose- 
ciliate; fruit linear, brown, impressed-dotted between the numerous (about 24) 
ribs. — In ponds, Albany, New York, C. H. Peck, Woburn, Massachusetts, 
Wm. Boott, 1867, Missouri, Engelmann. — N. minor, not yet found in America, 
is dichotomous, with recurved leaves, few and stout spikes, and seeds trans- 
versely reticulated. — N. flexilis has the leaves minutely serrate with teeth of 
single cells, their abrupt and rounded sheathing base toothed, the yellowish- 
brown seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining, &c." Engelmann. 

To page 491. 
3. Trigloehm triandrum, Miehx. Scape and leaves slender (6' -12' 
high) ; flowers very small, with only 3 sepals and 3 stamens (instead of 6 as in 
the others) ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. — Sea-shore of Mary- 
land and Virginia, W. M. Canby, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 

To page 499. 
2*. Habenaria llivea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1°-1^° high, many- 
leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4' -8' long, the others small and 
bract-like ; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; pet- 
als and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the 
white ovary. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Delaware, W. M. Canby, and south- 
ward. Aug. Ovary not twisted : spur therefore looking towards the axis. 



682 ADDENDA. 

To page 584. 

57\ Carex glaucescens, Eil. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 3-10, cylindrical (I' -2' long), on slender drooping peduncles, most of 
them staminate at the summit ; lowest bract usually exceeding the culm, the 
others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia ovate, compressed-3-angled, abruptly 
pointed with a short nearly entire beak, nerveless except at the angles, glaucous, 
longer than the chestnut-colored rough-awned scale ; culms 2° - 4° high, above 
rough on the sharp angles ; leaves glaucous, rigid, nearly equalling the culms, 
tapering gradually into a slender bristle-like apex. — Pine-barren ponds, from 
Portsmouth, Virginia ( W. M. Canby) southward. 

To page 591. 

96*. C. nigro-marginata, Schw. Culms some very short among the 
bases of the leaves, some 8' - 10' high ; spikes 3, rarely 4 or 5, dark purple, the 
terminal sterile one sometimes inconspicuous among the fertile, Avhich are crowded 
into a head, or the lowest occasionally remote and peduncled ; bracts scale-like 
and pointed, or the lowest rarely leafy and equalling or barely exceeding the 
culm ; perigynia nerveless, pubescent, stipitate, oval and unequally 3-sided, 
pointed with an obliquely notched beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, the 
lowest somewhat lanceolate, deep purple with greenish centre, scarcely equalling 
the perigynium. — Dry hillsides, New Jersey (and Pennsylvania ?), C. F. Austin, 
C. F. Parker, Prof. Porter, G. E. Smith, and southward. Grows in close tufts, 
and has remarkably rigid long and curved leaves. 

To page 615, after line 25. 

3\ CalamagrOStis Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter 
than in C. stricta ; the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikelets larger ; 
glumes fully 2" long, tapering to a point ; awn from much below the middle of 
the palet, stout. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Prof. T. C. Porter. Aug. (Eu.) 

To page 650, after No. 63. 
63\ ROTTB<EL,LIA, L. 

Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless ; one imper- 
fect or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel ; the other sessile 
and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 2-flowered. Exterior 
glume hard and cartilaginous, with a hinge-like transverse depression next the 
base, the inner one boat-shaped and membranaceous. Palets thin and delicate, 
one for the lower and staminate or neutral flower, two. for. the upper and perfect 
flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. — Tall, or coarse perennials, with rigid, stems, 
and single cartilaginous spikes terminating the stem and axillary branches, 
chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Rottboell, an excellent Danish 
botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceas, &c.) 

1. It. rugbsa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2° -4° high; leaves linear; spikes 
l'-2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often 
partly included in the sheaths of the leaves ; sterile flower neutral ; lower glumo 
transversely rugose. — Low pine-barrens, from S. Delaware (W. M. Canby) 
•outhward near the coast. Sept. - Oct 



INDEX. 



\* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capitals 5 
ef the Suborders, Tribes, &c, in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c, as well as popular Dames 
and synonymes, in common type. 



Abcle-tree 


467 


Alkanet 


363 


Andromede^e 


287 


Abies 


471 


Alligator Pear 


422 


Audropogon 


651 


Abietine^e 


468 


Allium 


533 


Androsace 


314 


Abutilon 


101 


Allosorus 


660 


Anemone 


36 


Acacia 


131, 145 


Allspice, Wild 


423 


Angelica 


192 


Acalypha 


436 


Almond Family 


146 


Angelica-tree 


199 


Acanthus Family 


338 


Alnus 


460 


Angelico 


194 


ACANTIIACEJ5 


338 


Aloe 


513 


ANGIOSPERM^S 


33 


Acer 


118 


Alopecurus 


608 


Anise Hyssop 


353 


Ace rates 


397 


Alpine Azalea 


301 


Anisophyllum 


431 


Acerine^e 


117 


Alpine Bistort 


415 


ANONACE^ 


50 


Achillea 


265 


Alsine 


91 


Antennaria 


269 


Acnida 


413 


Alsineve 


87 


Anthemide^e 


220 


Aconitum (Aconite) 


46 


Alum-root 


169 


An THEMIS 


265 


Acorus 


478 


Althsea 


99 


ANTHOXANTHEiE 


606 


ACROGENS 


653 


ALYSSINEjE 


63 


Anthoxanthum 


643 


Acteea 


47 


Alyssum 


72 


Antigramma 


663 


Actinella 


263 


Amaranth 


411 


ANTIRRHINE.E 


324 


Actinomevis 


258 


Amaranth Family 


411 


Antirrhinide^e 


324 


Adam-and-Eve 


510 


Amarantus 


411 


Antirrhinum 


326 


Adam's Needle 


535 


AMARANTACEJE 


411 


Anychia 


96 


Adder's-mouth 


509 


Amarelloides 


387 


Apalanthe 


496 


Adder's-tongue 


533, 672 


AMARYLLIDACEiE 


512 


Aphyllon 


323 


Adelia 


402 


Amaryllis 


513 


Apetalous Exogenous PI 


403 


Adenocaulon 


227 


Amaryllis Family 


512 


Apios 


140 


Adenorhachis 


161 


Ambrina 


407 


Aplectrum 


510 


Adiautum 


658 


Ambrosia 


250 


APOCYNACE^S 


392 


A dice 


445 


Amelanchier 


162 


Apocynum 


393 


Adlumia 


60 


American Aloe 


513 


Apple 


161 


Adonis 


48 


American Centaury 


384 


Apple of Peru 


382 


jEschynommene 


134 


American Columbo 


386 


AQUIFOLIACE.E 


305 


.ffisculus 


117 


American Cowslip 


314 


Aquifolium 


308 


JEthusa 


193 


American Frog's-bit 


495 


Aquilegia 


45 


Agathophyton 


408 


American Ipecac 


150 


Arabide^e 


63 


Agave 


513 


American Ivy 


113 


Arabis 


67 


Agriroonia 


151 


Amianthium 


525 


Aracejs 


475 


Agrimony 


151 


Ammadenia 


92 


Aralia 


19* 


Agropyron 


637 


Ammannia 


182 


ARALIACE^ 


198 


Agrostemma 


90 


Ammophila 


616 


Arbor Vitas 


472 


Acrostide.e 


603 


Amorpha 


130 


Arbcte^e 


287 


Agrostis 


611 


Ampelopsis 


113 


Arbutus 


292 


Ailanthus 


110 


Amphicarpeea 


141 


Arbutus (Traillr,*,,. 


293 


Aira 


641 


Ampbicarpum 


644 


Archangelica 


193 


Airopsis 


641 


Amsonia 


393 


Archemora 


192 


AjUGOIDEjB 


342 


AlIYGDALEjE 


146 


Arctostaphylos 


292 


Alder 


460 


Anacharis 


495 


Arenaria 


90 


Alder-Buckthorn 


115 


ANACARDIACEJE 


111 


Arethusa 


506 


Alchemilla 


151 


Anagallide^b 


313 


Arethuse^e 


497 


Aletris 


515 


Anagallis 


316 


Argemone 


59 


Alisma 


491 


Anantherix 


398 


Arissema 


475 


ALISMACE^ 


490 


Anchistea 


660 


Aristida 


618 


XhiSHEM 


490 


Aadromeda 


295 


Aristolochia 


404 



ARISTOLOCHIACE^S 


403 


Basswood 


103 


Bladderwort Family 


317 


Armeria 


312 


Bastard Pennyroyal 


344 


Blazing-Star 


223, 527 


Arnica 


271 


Bastard Toad-flax 


425 


Blephilia 


352 


Aromatic Wintergreen 


293 


Batodendron 


290 


Blessed Thistle 


272 


Arrhenantherum 


642 


Batrachium 


40 


Bletia 


509 


Arrow Arum 


476 


Batschia 


363 


Blitum (Elite) 


408 


Arrow-Grass 


491 


Bayberry 


457 


Blood- root 


60 


Arrow-Grass Family 


490 


Beach Pea 


139 


Blood wort Family 


514 


Arrow-head 


492 


Beak-Rush 


567 


Blue Beech 


457 


Arrow-wood 


203 


Bean 


140 


Blueberry 


239 


Artemisia 


266 


Bearberry 


292 


Bluebottle 


272 


ARTOCARPEiE 


441 


Beard Grass 


612, 651 


Blue Cohosh 


53 


Aruncus 


150 


Bear-Grass 


535 


Blue Curls 


343 


Arundinaria 


636 


Beard -tongue 


327 


Blue Flag 


516 


Arundo 


636 


Beaver-Poison 


196 


Blue-Hearts 


333 


Asarum 


403 


Beech 


455 


Bluets 


213 


Asarabacca 


403 


Beech-drops 


322 


Blue-eyed Grass 


517 


ASCLEPIADACE^l 


394 


Beech-Fern 


663 


Blue Grass 


600 


ASCLEPIABE.E 


394 


Beet 


405 


Blue Joint-Grass 


615 


Asclepias 


394 


Bedstraw 


208 


Blue Lettuce 


281 


Ascyrum 


83 


Beggar's Lice 


366 


Blue Tangle 


289 


Ash 


401 


Beggar-ticks 


261 


Blue-weed 


361 


Ash-leaved Maple 


119 


Bell flower 


285 


Blysmus 


500 


Asimina 


50 


Bellis 


239 


Blyttia 


613 


ASPARAGJNEJ2 


521 


Bellwort 


528 


Boehmeria 


445 


Asparagus 


531 


Bengal Grass 


650 


Bog-Asphodel 


535 


Aspen 


466 


Benjamin-bush 


423 


Bog-Rush 


537 


ASPHHE.E 


657 


Bent-Grass 


611 


Boltonia 


238 


Aspidium 


664 


Benzoin 


423 


Bonamia 


376 


ASPLENIEJE 


656 


BERBERIDACEiE 


52 


Boneset 


' 2J6 


Asplenium 


661 


Berberis 


52 


Borrageje 


3d0 


Aster 


228 


Berchemia 


114 


Borrage Fa mil v 


360 


Asteranthemum 


530 


Bergamot 


351 


BCRRAGiiNACE,E 


360 


ASTERINE^E 


218 


Bermuda Grass 


622 


Borrichia 


253 


ASTEROIDEjE 


218 


Berula 


196 


Bottlebrush -Grass 


639 


Astilbe 


167 


Betonica (Betony) 


358 


Bottle-Grass 


650 


Astragale>e 


124 


Betony (Wood) 


337 


Botrychium 


671 


Astragalus 


132 


Betula 


458 


Botryois 


407 


Atamasco Lily 


513 


BETULACE.E 


458 


Bouncing B^t 


88 


Atheropogon 


621 


Bidens 


261 


Bouteloua 


620 


Athyrium 


662 


Bigelovia 


245 


Bowman's root 


150 


Atragene 


35 


Bignonia 


321 


Boxberry 


293 


Atriplex 


409 


B1GNONIACE.E 


320 


Box-Elder 


119 


Aurantiacese 


110 


Bignonia Family 


320 


Box Family 


430 


Avena 


640 


Bilberry 


239 


Boykinia 


169 


AVENE^E 


606 


Bilsted 


174 


Brachychaeta 


239 


Avens 


151 


Bindweed 


375 


Brachyelytrum 


614 


Avicularia 


417 


Biotia 


223 


Bracted Bindweed 


375 


Awl wort 


73 


Birch Family 


458 


Brake, Bracken 


658 


Awned "Wheat-Grass 


618 


Birthroot 


52:5 


Bramble 


156 


Azalea 


299 


Birthwort 


401 


Brasenia 


55 


Azolla 


677 


Birthwort Family 


403 


Brasiletto Family 


125 






Bishop's-Cap 


170 


Brassica 


70 


Baccharide^ 


219 


Bistorta 


415 


Bkassice.e 


63 


Baccharis 


247 


Bittei-- Cress 


66 


Bread-fruit Family 


441 


Bald Cypress 


473 


Bittersweet 


116, 330 


Bristly Foxtail-Grass 


649 


Baldwinia 


264 


Bitter-weed 


251 


Briza 


633 


Ballota 


359 


Black Alder 


307 


Brizopyrum 


628 


Balm 


350 


Blackberry 


157 


Brome- Grass 


634 


Balm of Gilead 


467 


Blackberry-Lily 


617 


BROMELIACEiE 


515 


Balmony 


327 


Black Bindweed 


418 


Brook lime 


332 


Balsam 


103 


Black-Gum-tree 


201 


Brook-weed 


317 


Balsam Family 


106 


Black-Grass 


539 


Broom-Corn 


652 


Balsamiflu;e 


173 


Black Haw 


206 


Broom-Crowberry 


440 


BaLSAMINEjE 


106 


Black Horehound 


360 


Broom-rape 


323 


BAMBCSEjE 


605 


Black-Jack 


453 


Broom-rape Family 


322 


Baneberry 


47 


Black Moss 


515 


Bromus 


634 


Baptisia 


142 


Black-Mustard 


71 


Brunella 


355 


Barbarea 


69 


Black Oat-Grass 


617 


Brunnichia 


422 


Barberry 


52 


Black Snakeroot 


190 


Buchnera 


333 


Barberry Family 


52 


Black Thorn 


148, 160 


BtJCHStERE^ 


325 


Barley 


638 


Bladder- Fern 


667 


Buck be an 


390 


Barnyard-Grass 


649 


Bladder Ketmia 


102 


Buckthorn 


114 


Barren Strawberry 


153 


Bladder-nut 


117 


Buckthorn Family 


113 


Bartonia 184 


,389 


Bladder-nut Family 


117 


Buckeye 


117 


Basil 346 


,349 


Bladder-pod 


73 


Buckwheat 


419 


Basil Thyme 


349 


Bladderwort 


318 


Buckwheat Family 


414 







INDEX. 






585 


Buffalo-berry 


425 


Cancer-root 322 


,323 


Chelone 


327 


Buffalo-nut 


426 


Cane 


636 


Chelone^b 


321 


Bugbane 


48 


CaNNABINEjE 


442 


CHENGPODIACEJ5 


405 


Bagle-weed 


345 


Cannabis 


446 


Chenopodina 


410 


JJUglOSS 


362 


Caper Family 


75 


Chenopodium 


406 


Bug-seed 


409 


CAPPARIDACEiE 


75 


Cherry 


147 


Bulrush 


560 


Capraria 


329 


Chervil 


197 


Bumelia 


308 


CAPKIFOLIACE^J 


202 


Chess 


634 


Bunch-berry 


200 


Capri folium 


203 


Chestnut 


454 


Bunch- flower 


524 


Capsella 


73 


Chichoracej3 221 


,275 


Bupleuruni 


195 


Carex 


571 


Chick weed 


92 


Burdock 


275 


Card amine 


66 


Chick weed-Wintergreen 


314 


Bur-Grass 


650 


Cardinal Flower 


283 


Chimaphila 


303 


Burmannia 


496 


Carduus 


274 


Chincuone^: 


208 


BURMANNIACKE 


496 


Cakici.neje 


551 


Chinquapin 


455 


Bur-Marigold 


261 


Carnation 


88 


Chiogenes 


292 


Burnet 


150 


Carolina Allspice 


162 


Chionanthus 


401 


Burning-bush 


116 


Carpet-weed 


97 


Chives 


534 


Bur-reed 


481 


Carpine.33 


450 


Chlorides 


604 


Bush-clover 


137 


Carpinus 


457 


Choke-berry 


161 


Bush-Honeysuckle 


205 


Carrion Flower 


520 


Chondrilla 


279 


Butter-and-eggs 


326 


Carrot 


191 


Chondrosium 


621 


Buttercup 


40 


Carya 


448 


Chrysanthemum 


265 


Butterfly-Pea 


141 


CARYOPHYLLACEiE 


87 


Chrysastrum 


239 


Butterfly-weed 


39*7 


Caryophyllata 


152 


Chrysogonum 


248 


Butternut 


447 


Cashew Family 


111 


Chrysopsis 


246 


Butter-weed 


271 


Cassandra 


294 


Chrysosplenium 


170 


Butcerwort 


320 


Cassena 


306 


ClCHORACEjE 


221 


Button-bush 


211 


Cassia 


144 


Cichorium 


275 


Button Snakeroot 


191, 223 


Cassiope 


295 


Cichory 


275 


Buiton-weed 


210 


Castanea 


454 


Cicuta 


196 


Buttouwood 


447 


Castilleia 


336 


Cimicifuga 


48 






Catalpa 


321 


CinchonejE 


208 


Caboraba 


55 


Catbrier 


518 


Cinna 


612 


CaBOJIBE/B 


54 


Catchfly 


89 


Cinnamon-Fern 


671 


Cacalia 


270 


Catgut 


131 


Cinque-foil 


153 


CACTACE^E 


184 


Cat-mint 


353 


Circaea 


176 


Cactus 


185 


Catnip 


353 


Cirsium 


273 


Cactus Family 


184 


Cat-tail Family 


480 


Cissus 


113 


Csenotus 


236 


Cat-tail Flag 


480 


CISTACEiE 


80 


CiKSALPINIB^; 


125 


Cat's-tail Grass 


608 


Citrullus 


186 


Cakile 


75 


Caulinia 


483 


Cladium 


570 


CAKILINE£1 


64 


Caulophyllum 


53 


Cladrastis 


143 


CalamagrostidEjB 


603 


Ceanothus 


115 


Claytonia 


98 


Calamagrostis 


614 


Cedar 


474 


Clearweed 


445 


Calamintha 


349 


Cedronella 


354 


Cleavers 


208 


Calaminth 


349 


Celandine 


59 


CleMATIDEjE 


34 


Calamovilfa 


616 


Celandine Poppy 


59 


Clematis 


35 


Calamus 


478 


CELASTRACE^ 


115 


Clethra 


296 


Calico-bush 


298 


Celastrus 


116 


Cliff-brake 65£ 


, 660 


Calla 


476 


Celtis 


443 


Climbing Fern 


570 


Calliastrum 


229 


Cenchrus 


650 


Climbing Fumitory 


60 


Callicarpa 


341 


Centaurea 


272 


Climbing Hemp-weed 


220 


Callirrhoe 


100 


Centaurella 


389 


Clinopodium 


349 


CALLXTRICHACEJ3 


427 


Centaury 


385 


Clintonia 


529 


Callitriche 


428 


Centrosema 


141 


Clitoria 


141 


Calluna 


297 


CentunculuS 


317 


Clotbur 


251 


Calomelissa 


349 


Century-plant 


513 


Cloud-berry 


157 


Calopogon 


508 


Cephalanthus 


211 


Clover 


126 


Caltha 


44 


Cephaloxys 


539 


Club-Moss 


673 


CALYCANTHACEiB 


162 


Cerastium 


93 


Club-Moss Family 


672 


Calycanthus 


162 


Cerasus 


149 


Club-Rush 


5ti0 


Calycanthus Family 


162 


CeratophyllacesB 


427 


Cnicus 


272 


Calycocarpum 


52 


Ceratoschoenus 


569 


Cnidoscolus 


435 


Calypso 


508 


Cercis 


143 


Cocculus 


51 


Calystegia 


375 


Chairophyllum 


197 


Cockle 


90 


Camassia 


533 


Chaetocyperua 


560 


Cocklebur 


251 


Camelina 


73 


Chaffseed 


336 


Coffee 


208 


Cameline.® 


63 


Chaffweed 


274 


Cohosh 


53 


Camellia 


103 


Chain-Fern 


660 


Colic-root 


515 


CAMELLIACE.E 


103 


Chamselirium 


527 


Collinsia 


327 


Campanula. 


285 


Chamomile 


265 


Collinsonia 


350 


CAMPANULACE^ 


285 


Charlock 


70 


Col podium 


610 


Campanula Family 


285 


Cheat-Grass 


634 


Coltsfoot 


227 


Campion 


89 


Checkerberry 


293 


Columbine 


45 


Camptosorus 


663 


Cheilanthea 


659 


Columbo 


386 


Canary-Grass 


643 


Chelidonium 


59 


Comandra 


424 



686 




INDEX. 








Com.iropsis 


153 


Ctenium 


620 


1 Diehronema 


56* 


Comarum 


155 


Cuckoo-flower 


66 


Dicksonia 


669 


Comfrey 


361 


Cucumber 


186 


DICOTYLEDONOUS PI 


. 33 


Commelyna 


5-16 


Cucumber-tree 


49 


Dictamnus 


110 


COMMELYNACE.E 


546 


Cucumis 


186 


' Dielytra 


61 


Compass Plant 


249 


Cucurbita- 


186 


Diervilla 


205 


COMPOSITE 


215 


CUCURBITACE,E 


186 


Digitaria 


645 


Composite Family 


215 


Cudweed 


268 


Digraphis 


643 


Comptouia 


458 


Culver's Physic 


332 


Dilepyrum 


614 


Cone-flower 


254 


Culver's-root 


332 


: Diodia 


2K) 


CONIFERS 


468 


j Cunila 


346 


1 Dionsea 


83 


Conioselinum 


193 


1 Cuphea 


184 


: Dioscorea 


518 


Coniurn 


197 


Cup-plant 


249 


DIOSCOREACE.E 


513 


Gonobea 


329 


CUPRESSINBfi 


468 


Diospyros 


303 


Conoclinium 


227 


Cupressus 


473 


Diphylleia 


53 


Conopholis 


323 


Cupseed 


52 


1 Diplachne 


623 


Conostylis 


514 


CUPULIFERJ3 


449 


1 Diplocea 


624 


Convallaria 


530 


Currant 


164 


Diplopappus 


233 


CONVOLVULACE^E 


374 


Cuscuta 


377 


DIPSACE.E 


215 


Convolvcle^: 


374 


Ccscctine.5 


374 


Dipsacus 


215 


Convolvulus 


375 


Custard- Apple Family 


50 


Dipteracanthus 


339 


Convolvulus Family 


374 


Cyanococcus 


291 


Eirca 


424 


Coprosmauthus 


520 


Cycloloma 


406 


Discopleura 


195 


Coptis 


45 


Cynarej; 


221 


Ditch-Grass 


483 


Coral- berry 


203 


Cynodon 


622 


Ditch Stone-crop 


171 


Corallorhiza 


509 


Cynoglossum 


365 


Dittany 


346 


Coral-root 


509 


Cynthia 


276 


Dock 


419 


Cord Grass 


619 


CYPERACE^J 


550 


Dockmackie 


207 


Corema 


440 


CYPEREa; 


551 


Dodder 


377 


Coreopsis 


253 


Cyperus 


552 


Dodecatheon 


314 


Corispermum 


409 


Cypress 


473 


Dogbane 


393 


CORNACE^J 


193 


Cypress Family 


468 


Dogbane Family 


392 


Corn-cockle 


90 


Cypress-Vine 


374 


Dog's-tail Grass 


623 


Cornel 


200 


Cypripedie^ 


498 


Dog's-tooth Violet 


532 


Corn Salad 


214 


Cypripedium 


511 


Dogwood 


200 


Cornus 


200 


Cystopteris 


607 


Dogwood Family 


199 


Corpse-Plant 


301 






Door- weed 


417 


Corytralis 


61 


Dactylis 


625 


Double-bristled Aster 


238 


Corylus 


456 


Dactyloctenium 


622 


Draba 


71 


Cosmanthus 


369 


Daffodil 


512 


Dracocephalum 


353 


Cotton-Grass 


565 


Daisy 


239 


Dragon-Arum 


475 


Cotton-Rose 


269 


Dalea 


129 


Dragon-head 


353 


Cotton-Thistle 


274 


Dalibarda 15S 


, 156 


Dragon-root 


476 


Cotton-wood 


467 


Dandelion 


280 


Drop-seed Grass 610 


, 613 


Couch-Grass 


637 


Dangleberry 


289 


Drosera 


82 


Cowbane 


192 


Danthonia 


639 


DROSERACE.E 


82 


Cowberry 


290 


Daphne 


424 


DRYADE.E 


147 


Cow-Herb 


88 


Darnel 


637 


Dry as 


151 


Cow- Parsnip 


191 


Dasystoma 


335 


Dryopteris 


664 


Cowslip 


313 


Date Plum 


308 


Dubrueilia 


445 


Cowslips 


44 


Datura 


383 


Duck's-meat 


47S 


Cow-wheat 


338 


Daucus 


191 


Duckweed 


478 


Crab-Apple 


161 


Davallie^ 


657 


Duckweed Family 


478 


Crab-Grass 622 


,646 


Day-flower 


546 


Dulichium 


556 


Cranberry 


289 


Day-Lily 


535 


Dupontia 


624 


Cranberry-tree 


207 


Dead-Nettie 


359 


Dutchman's Breeches 


61 


Crane-fly Orchis 


503 


Decodon 


183 


Dutchman's Pipe 


404 


Cranesbill 


107 


Deerberry 


290 


Dwarf Dandelion 


275 


Crantzia 


190 


Deer Grass 


181 


Dyer's Green-weed 


126 


CRASSULACE.E 


171 


Delphinium 


45 


Dyer's Rocket 


76 


Cratasgus 


1-59 


Dennstsedtia 


669 


Dyer's Weed or Weld 


76 


Creeping Snowberry 


292 


Dentaria 


65 


Dysodia 


262 


Crocus 


516 


Deschampsia. 


641 






Crossopetalum 


387 


Desmanthus 


145 


Eatonia 


625 


Crotalaria 


126 


Desmodium 


134 


EBENACE^ . 


307 


Croton 


437 


Dewberry 


157 


Ebony Family 


307 


Crotonopsis 


439 


Devil's-bit 


527 


Echinacea 


253 


Crowberry 


440 


Devil-wood 


401 


Echinochloa 


649 


Crowberry Family 


440 


Deyeuxia 


615 


Echinocystis 


186 


Crowfoot 


40 


Dianthera 


338 


Echinodorus 


492 


Crowfoot Family 


34 


Dianthus 


88 


Echinospermum 


365 


Crownbeant 


262 


Diapensia 


373 


Echium 


361 


CRUCIFERiE 


62 


DlAPENSIE.® 


370 


Eclipta . 


252 


Crypsis 


609 


Diarrhena 


624 


Eel-grass 483 


496 


CRYPTOGAMOUS PL. 


653 


Dicentra 


61 


Egg-plant 


380 


Cryptogramme 


660 


Dichondra 


377 


Egyptian Grass 


622 


Cryptotaenia 


197 


DlCHONDREjE 


374 


eLeagnace^e 


424 







INDEX. 






68 rf 


ELse;ienu3 


425 


Fagus 


455 


Foxtail Grass 


608, 649 


ELATINACE.E 


86 


Fall Dandelion 


276 


Fragaria 


155 


Elatiue 


86 


False Acacia 


131 


Frangula 


115 


Elder 


205 


False Asphodel 


527 


I'rasera 


386 


Elecampane 


2-16 


False Beech-drops 


305 


I'raxine.s 


400 


Eleocharis 


557 


False Bugbane 


39 


Fraxinella 


110 


Eleogenus 


558 


False Dandelion 


280 


Fraxinus 


401 


Elephantopus 


222 


False Dragon-head 


354 


French Marigold 


262 


Elephant's-foot 


222 


False Flax 


73 


French Mulberry 


341 


EHisia 


368 


False Foxglove 


335 


Fringed Polygala 


122 


Elm 


442 


False Goatsbeard 


167 


Fringe-tree 


401 


Elm Family 


441 


False Golden-rod 


239 


Froelichia 


414 


Elodea 86 


,495 


False Gromwell 


362 


Frog's-bit Family 


434 


Elodes 


86 


False Hellebore 


525 


Frost-weed 


80 


Eleusine 


622 


False Honeysuckle 


299 


Fuirena 


556 


Elymus 


639 


False Indigo 130 


, 142 


Fumaria 


62 


EMPETRACE.E 


440 


False Lettuce 


281 


FUMARIACE^ 


60 


Empetrum 


440 


False Loosestrife 


180 


Fumitory 


62 


ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 475 


False Mallow 


100 


Fumitory Family 


60 


Enchanter's Nightshade 


176 


False Mermaid 


108 






Enemion 


44 


False Mistletoe 


426 


GALACINE.E 


305 


Engelmannia 


438 


False Mitre-wort 


170 


Galactia 


142 


Enslenia 


398 


False Nettle 


445 


Galanthus 


512 


Epigsea 


293 


False Pimpernel 


330 


Galax- 


305 


Epilobium 


177 


False Red-top 


629 


Galax Family 


305 


Enipactis 


506 


False Solomon's Seal 


530 


G a leges 


124 


Epiphegus 


322 


False Spikenard 


530 


Galeopsis 


357 


EQUISETACE^ 


653 


False Water-Dropwort 


192 


Galingale 


552 


Equisetum 


653 


Farkle-berry 


29!) 


Galinsoga 


264 


Eragrostis 


631 


Featherfoil 


317 


Gall-of-the-Earth 


278 


Eivchthites 


269 


Feather Geranium 


407 


Galium 


208 


Erianthus 


651 


Feather Grass 


617 


Gama-Grass 


650 


ERICACE^J 


286 


Fedia 


214 


Garden Nasturtium 


105 


Erices 


287 


Ferns 


655 


Garget 


405 


Ericixes 


287 


Fescue-Grass 


633 


Garlic 


533 


ErigeDia 


198 


Ftstuca 


633 


Gaultheria 


293 


Engeridium 


237 


Festccjxes 


604 


Gaura 


176 


Erigeron 


236 


Fetid Horehound 


359 


Gaylussacia 


2S8 


Eriogones 


414 


Fetid Marigold 


262 


Geiseleria 


438 


Eriocaulon 


549 


Fever-bush 


423 


Gelsemium 


391 


eriocaulonace^j 


549 


Feverfew 


266 


Genista 


126 


Eriophorum 


565 


Fever- wort 


205 


Genistes 


123 


Erodium 


103 


Fig Family 


441 


Gentian 


387 


Erophila 


72 


Figworfc 


326 


Gentiana 


387 


Ervum 


139 


Figwort Family 


324 


GENTIANACE^l 


384 


Eryngium 


190 


Filago 


269 


Gentiaxes 


384 


Eryngo 


190 


Filbert 


456 


Gentian Family 


384 


Erythraea 


385 


FILICES 


655 


GERANIACE.E 


105 


Erythronium 


532 


Fimbristylis 


566 


Geraxiks 


105 


Evysinum 


69 


Finger-Grass 


646 


Geranium 


107 


ESCALLOXIEJB 


163 


Fioriu Grass 


612 


Geranium Family 


105 


Eubotrys 


294 


Fir 


471 


Gerard ia 


334 


Eulophus 


198 


Fire-Pink 


89 


Gerardies 


325 


Euonymus 


116 


Fireweed 


269 


Germander 


343 


ElPATORIACEjE 


217 


Five-finger 


153 


Geum 


151 


ECPATORIES 


218 


Flax 


104 


Giant Hyssop 


352 


Eupatorium 


224 


Flax Family 


104 


Gill 


353 


Euphorbia 


430 


Fleabane 


236 


Giilenia 


150 


euphorbiace,e 


430 


Floating Heart 


390 


Ginseng 


198, 193 


Euphrasia 


336 


Floerkea 


10S 


Ginseng Family 


198 


Euphrasies ■ : ■ 


325 


Flower-de-Luce 


516 


Girasole 


258 


Euphrosyne 


250 


Flowering Fern 


670 


Glade Mallow 


100 


Eurhynchospora 


568 


FLOWERING PLANTS 


33 


Gladiolus 


516 


Euthamia 


245 


Flowering Wintergreen 


122 


Glasswort 


409 


Eutoca 


369 


FLOWERLESS PLANTS 


653 


Glaucium 


60 


Eutriana 


621 


Fly-catch Grass 


607 


Glaux 


316 


Euvaccinium 


290 


Fly-poison 


526 


Glechoma 


353 


Euxolus 


412 


Fool's- Parsley 


193 


Gleditschia 


145 


Evening Primrose 


178 


Forestiera 


402 


Globe-flower 


44 


Evening Primrose Family 


176 


FORESTIERES 


400 


Glyceria 


626 


Everlasting 268 


.269 


Forget-me-not 


364 


Glycyrrhiza 


133 


Everlasting Pea 


139 


Forked Chickweed 


96 


Gnaphalixes 


220 


Evol vulus 


376 


Forsteronia 


393 


Gnaphalium 


263 


EXOGENOUS PLANTS 


33 


Fothergilla 


173 


Guat's-Beard 


150 


Eyebright 


336 


Four -o'clock Family 


404 


Goat's Rue 


131 






Fowl-meadow Grass 627 


,629 


Golden Aster 


246 


ffagopymra 


419 


Foxglove 


335 


Golden-club 


477 



688 



INDEX. 



Golden rod 
Golden Saxifrage 
Gold-thread 

G0\oL0BEjE 

Gonolobus 

Good-King-Henry 

Goodyera 

Gooseberry 

Goosefoot 

Gdosefoot Family 

G"Ose-Grass 

Gordonia 

Gourd 

Guard Family 

GKAMINE^ 

Grape 

Grape-Hyacinth 

Graphephorum 

Grass of Parnassus 

Grass of the Andes 

Grass-wrack 

Gratiola 

Gratioles 

Great Laurel 

Greek Valerian 

Greenbrier 

Green Dragon 

Green Milkweed 

Green A r iolet 

Gromwell 

Grossularia 

Gkossulakie^b 

Ground Cherry 

Ground Hemlock 

Ground Ivy 

Ground Laurel 

Ground-nut 

Ground Pine 

Ground Pink 

Ground Plum 

Groundsel 

Groundsel-Tree 

Guinea-Corn 

Gymnandenia 

Gyuinocladus 

Gymnopogon 

GYMNOSPERME.E 

Gymnostichum 

Gynamblosis 

Gyromia 

Habenaria 

Hackberry 

Hackmatack 

HiEMODORACE^l 

Hair-Grass 611, 

Halenia 

Halesia 

HALO-RAGE^ 

HAMAMELACE^E 

Hamameles 

Hamamelis , 

Hamiltonia 

Harbinger-of-Spring 

Hardhack 

Harebell 

Hart's-tongue 

Hawkbit 

Hawk weed 

Hawthorn 

Hazel-nut 

Heal-all 

Heart's Ease 

Heather 

Heath Family 

Hedeoma 

Hsdera 



170 

45 
394 



503 
164 
406 
405 

208, 417 
104 
186 
186 
602 
112 
534 
624 
166 
642 
483 
329 
324 
300 
371 
518 
426 
398 
76 
362 
164 
163 
381 
474 
353 
293 

140. 199 
674 
373 
132 
270 
247 
652 
499 
144 
621 
468 
639 
438 
523 



443 
472 
514 
614, 641 
386 
310 
174 
173 
173 
173 
426 
198 
149 
285 
662 
276 
277 
159 
456 
355 
79 
297 
286 
350 
199 



I Hedge Bindweed 375 

Hedgehog-Grass 650 

Hedge-Hyssop 329 

Hedge-Mustard 70 

Hedge-Nettle 358 

Hedysares 124 

j Hedysarum 134 

J Helenies 220 

i Helenium 263 

Heleochloa 628 

I Helianthe^e 219 

Helianthemum 80 

Hel ianthus 25-5 

Heliophytum 366 

Heliopsis 253 

Heliotropes 361 
Heliotropium (Heliotrope) 366 

Hellebore 45 

Helleborus 45 

Helonias 526 

Helosciadium 196 

Hemerocallis 535 

Heuiianthus 330 

Hemicarpha 556 
Hemlock 196, 197 

Hemlock-Parsley 193 

Hemlock Spruce 471 

Hemp 446 

Hemp Family 442 

Hemp-Ntttle 357 

Henbane 383 

Hepatica 38 

Heracleum 191 

Herb-Robert 107 

Htrcules's Club 199 
Herd's Grass 608, 512 

Herpestis 329 

Hesperis 68 

Heteranthera 545 

Heuchera 169 

Hibisces 99 

Hibiscus 102 

Hickory 448 

Hieracium 277 

Highwater-shrub 250 

Hierochloa 642 

HippocastanejE 117 

Hippuris 175 

Hoary Pea 131 

Hobble-bush 207 

Hog Pea-nut 141 

Hog-weed 251 

Holcus 642 

Holly 305 

Holly Family 305 

Holosteum 93 

Holy Grass 642 

Honey-Locust 145 

Honeysuckle 203 

Honeysuckle Family 202 

Honewort 197 

Honkenya 92 

Hop 446 

Hopea 310 

Hop-Hornbeam 456 

Hop-tree 110 

Hordeum 638 

IIordeines 605 

Horehound 357 

Hornbeam 457 j 

Horned Pondweed 483 | 

Horned Rush 570 i 

Horn Poppy 60 

Hornwort 427 

Horse-Balm 350 

Horsechestnut 117 

Horse-Gentian 205 



Horse-Mint 351 

Horse-Nettle .. 381 

Horseradish 65 

Horse-Sugar 310 

Horsetail 653 

Horsetail Family 653 

Hottonia 317 

Hottonieje 3] 3 

Hound's-Tongue 365 

Houstonia 212 

Huckleberry 2S8 

Hudsonia 81 

Hamulus 446 

Huntsman's Cup 58 

Hydrangea 165 

Hydrangies 163 

Hydrastis 47 
HYDROCHARIDACE.E 494 

Hydrocharis 495 

Hydrocotyle 189 

Hydrolea 370 

Hvdroles 367 

Hydropeltis 55 
HYDRO PHYLLACE.E 367 

Hydrophylles 367 

Hydrophyllura 367 

IlYDROi'TElUDES 676 

Hymenopappua 262 

Hyoscyamus 383 

HYPERICACEJE 83 

Hypericum 84 

Hypobrvchia 182 

Hypopeltis 668 

Hypopitys 304 

Ilvpoxis 5 3 

Hyssop 346 

Hys»opus 346 

Ictodes 477 

Hex 305 

Illecebres 87 

Ilysanthes 330 

Impatiens 108 

Inkberry 307 

Indian Bean 321 

Indian Chickweed 97 
Indian Cucumber-root 523 

Indian Currant 208 

Indian Fig 185 

Indian- Grass 652 

Indian Heliotrope 366 

Indian Hemp 393 

Indian Mallow 101 

Indian Millet 652 

Indian Physic 150 

Indian Pipe 304 

Indian-pipe Family 288 

Indian Plantain 270 

Indian Poke- 525 

Indian Rice 608 

Indian Tobacco 283 

Indian Turnip 475 

Inula 246 

Inules 218 

Iodanthus 68 

Ipomcea 375 

Iresine 413 

IRIDACE^ 515 

Iris 516 

Iris Family 515 

Iron -weed 222 
Iron-wood 456, 457 

Isanthus 344 

Isoetes 675 

Isolepis 560 

Isopyrum 44 

Itea 156 









INDEX. 






689 




Iva 


250 


Leatherwood 


424 | Logania Family 


391 




Ivy 


190 


Leaveuworthia 


65 


Loisdeuria 


•301 




Ixia 


517 


Lechea 


81 


Loliura 


637 








Lecontia 


473 


Lojis.xtace^ 


04 




Jacob's Ladder 


371 


Ledum 


300 


Long Moss 


515 




Jagged duckweed 


93 


Leek 


5ui 


Louicera 


203 


r 


Jamestown-weed 


383 


Leersia 


C07 


LONICEUE^ 


204 




Jasmiuum 


400 


LEGUMINOSEJE 


123 


Loosestrife 183, 315 




Jatropha 


435 


Lciophyllum 


301 


Loosetrifc Family 


182 




Jeffersonia 


53 


Lemna 


473 


Lophanthus 


352 




J erusalem Artichoke 


258 


LEMNACEJE 


478 


Lophiola 


514 




Jerusalem Oak 


407 


LENTIBULACE.E 


317 


Lopseed 


341 




Jerusalem Sage 


360 


Leontodon 


27G 


LOUANTHACEJ3 


426 




Jessamine 


400 


Leonurus 


359 


Loriuseria 


661 




Jewel-weed 


108 


Lepachys 


255 


Lousewort 


3o7 




Joe-Pye Weed 


225 


LEPIDINE.E 


63 


Lovage 


194 




Jointed Charlock 


75 


Lepidium 


74 


Lucerne 


±&& 




Joint-Grass 


645 


Lepidanche 


379 


Ludwigia 


180 




Joint-weed 


417 


Lepigonum 


95 


Lungwort 


364 




Jonquil 


512 


Leptandra 


332 


Lupine 


126 




Judas-tree 


143 


Leptanthus 


545 


Lupinus 


12S 




Juglans 


447 


Leptcchloa 


623 


Luzula 


536 




JUGLANDACEJ3 


447 


Leptopoda 


263 


Lychnis 


90 




JUNCACEE 


536 


Lepturus 


637 


Lycium 


382 




JUNCAGINE.SE 


490 


Lespedeza 


137 


Lycopersicum 


380 




JUDCUS 


537 


Lettuce 


280 


LYCOPODIACE.E 


672 




June-berry 


162 


Leucanthemum 


265 


Lycopodium 


673 




Juniper 


474 


Leucojum 


512 


Lycopsis 


361 




Juniperus 


473 


Leucothoe 


294 


Lycopus 


344 




Jussisea 


179 


Lever-wood 


456 


Lygodesmia 


279 








Liatris . 


223 


Lygodium 


670 




Kalmia 


297 


LlGULIFLORjE 


221, 275 


Lyonia 


296 




Kentucky Blue-Grass 


630 


Ligus.icum 


194 


Lysimachia 


3] 5 




Kentucky Coffee-tree 


144 


Ligustrum 


400 


LYTURACEjE 


182 




Kidney Bean 


140 


Lilac 


400 


Lythrum 


183 




Kinnikinnik 


200 


LILIACE^ 


520 








Knapweed 


272 


LlLIEiE 


522 


Madder Family 


208 




Knawel 


96 


Lilium (Lily) 


532 


Macrotys 


48 




Knotgrass 


417 


Lily of the Valley 


530 


Magnolia 


49 




Knotweed 


414 


LiMNANTHEjE 


106 


MAGNOLIACEiK 


48 




Koeleria 


625 Limnanthes Family 


106 


Magnolia Family 


48 




Kosteletzkya 


102 


Limnanthemum 


390 


Maianthemum 


530 




Krigia 


275 


Limnetis 


619 


Maidenhair 


653 




Kuhuia 


224 


Limnobium 


495 


MALAXIDEjE 


497 




Kyllingia 


555 


Limnochloa 


557 


Mallow 


99 








Limosella 


331 


Mallow Family 


98 




LABIATE 


341 


LIN ACE M 


104 


Malus 


161 




Labrador Tea 


300 


Linaria 


326 


Malva 


99 




Lachnanthes 


514 


Linden 


103 


MALVACEAE 


98 




Lachnocaulon 


550 


Linden Family 


103 


Malvastrum 


100 




Lactuca 


280 


Liudera 


423 


Malve^j 


99 




Lady's Mantle 


151 


Lindernia 


330 


Mandrake 


54 




Lady's Slipper 


511 


Linnaea 


202 


Manna-Grass 


626 




Lady's Thumb 


416 


Linum 


104 


Man-of-the-Earth 


375 




Ladies-Tresses 


504 


Lion's-foot 


278 


Maple 


118 




Lagenaria 


186 


Liparis 


509 


Maple Family 


117 


* 


Lambkill 


298 


Lip- Fern 


659 


Mare's Tail 


175 




Lamb-Lettuce 


214 


Lipocarpha 


556 


Mariscus 


455 




Lamium 


359 


Lippia 


340 


Marrubium 


357 




Lampsana 


275 


Liquidambar 


174 


Marshallia 


264 




Lapithea 


385 


Liquorice 


133 


Marsh Elder 


250 


, 


Laportea 


445 


Liriodendron 


50 


Marsh-Fleabane 


247 




Lappa 


275 


Listera 


506 


Marsh Grass 


619 




Larch 


472 


Lithospermum 


362 


Marsh- Mallow 


99 




Larix 


472 


Live-ior-ever 


172 


Marsh-Marigold 


44 




Larkspur 


45 


Liver-leaf 


38 


Marsh-llosemay 


312 




tostrea 


664 


Lizard's-tail 


427 


Marsh St. John's-wort 


88 




L-ithyrus 


139 


Lizard's-tail Family 


427 


Marsilia 


677 




LAUltACE^! 


422 


LOASACEiE 


184 


Marsiliaceae 


676 




Laurel 


297 


Loasa Family 


184 


Martynia 


321 




Laurel Family 


422 Lobadium 


112 


Maruta 


264 




Laurestinus 


206 ! Lobelia 


282 


Marvel of Peru 


404 




Lead-Plant 


130 LOBELIACE.E 


282 


Masterwort 


191 




Lead wort Family 


312 Lobelia Family 


282 


Matricaria 


266 




Leaf-Cup 


247 Loblolly Bay 


104 


Matrimony-Vine 


382 




Leather-Flower 


36 Locust-tree 


130 


Mayaca 


547 




Leather-leaf 


294 LOGAN I ACE A 


391 


May-Apple 


54 




L&M— 4 


9 









690 




INDEX. 








Mayflower 


293 


Monocera 


620 


Nettle-tree 


443 


Maypops 


18G 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 




New Jersey Tea 


115 


May-weed 


284 


PLANTS 


475 


Nicandra 


332 


Meadow-Beauty 


131 


Monopetalous Exogenous 




Nicotiana 


S83 


Meadow-Grass 


623 


Plants 


202 


Niellia 


149 


Meadow-Parsnip 


134 


Monotropa 


304 


Nigella 


48 


Meadow-Rue 


33 


MONOTROPEiE 


238 


Nightshade 


380 


Meadow Soft-Grass 


642 


Montelia 


413 


Nightshade Family 


330 


Meadow-Sweet 


149 


Moonsced 


51 


Nimble Will 


614 


Medeola 


523 


Moonseed Family 


51 


Nine-Bark 


149 


Medicago (Medick) 


123 


Moonwort 


671 


Nipple-wort 


275 


MELAMPODINE.E 


213 


Moosewood 


424 


Nonesuch 


123 


Melamp'vrum 


333 


Moose-wood 


119 


Nondo 


194 


MELANTI1IE.2E 


521 


More,*: 


441 


Nothoscprdum 


634 


Melanthiuni 


524 


Morning-Glory 


375 


Nuphar 


56 


MELASTOMACE-ffi 


181 


Morocarpus 


408 


N ut-Grass 


55i 


Melastoma Famiiy 


181 


Morus 


444 


Nut-Rush 


570 


Melica 


626 


Moss Campion 


90 


NYCTAGINACE^S 


404 


Melic Grass 


626 


Moss Pink 


373 


Nympluea 


53 


Melilotus (Melilot) 


128 


Motherwort 


359 


NYMPHEJ2CEJS 


54 


Melissa 


350 


Mountain Ash 


161 


Nyssa 


201 


Melothria 


1&7 


Mountain Holly 


307 






MENISPERMACE.E 


51 


Mountain Mint 


346 


Oak 


450 


Meuispermum 


51 


Mountaiu Rice 


616 


Oakesia 


440 


Mentha 


344 


Mountain Sorrel 


419 


Oak Family 


449 


Mentzelia 


184 


Mouse-ear 


364 


Oat 


640 


Menyanthes 


390 


Mouse-ear Chickweed 


93 


Oat-Grass 


642 


MeXYANTHEjE 


384 


Mouse-ear Cress 


70 


Obeliscaria 


255 


Menziesia 


293 


Mouse-tail 


44 


Obolaria 


389 


Mermaid-weed 


175 


Mud-Plantain 


545 


Oenothera 


178 


Mertensia 


363 


Mud wort 


331 


Oil-nut 


426 


Mexican Poppy 


59 


Mugwort 


267 


Old Witch Grass 


647 


Mexican Tea 


403 


Muhlenbergia 


613 


OldenJandia 


211 


Mezereum Family 


424 


Mulberry 


444 


Olea 


401 


Micranthemum 


330 


Mulgedium 


281 


OLEACE2E 


400 


Microstylis 


509 


Mullein 


325 


Oleander 


392 


Mignonette 


76 


Muilein-Foxglove 


334 


Oleaster Family 


424 


Mignonette Family 


76 


Mullugo 


97 


Oleine^e 


400 


Mikania 


226 


Muscari 


534 


Olive 


401 


Milfoil 


265 


Muskit Grass 


620 


Olive Family 


400 


Milium 


643 


Muskmelon 


186 


ONAGRACE.E 


170 


Milk-Pea 


142 


Musk-Plant 


329 


Oncostylis 


567 


Milkweed 


394 


Musquash-Root 


196 


Onion 


533 


Milkweed Family 


394 


Mustard 


62 


Onoclea 


668 


Milkwort 


120 


Mustard Family 


62 


Ooopordon 


274 


Milkwort Family 


320 


Myosotis 


364 


Onosmodium 


362 


Milk-Vetch 


132 


Myosurus 


44 


OPHIOGLOSSACBiE 


657 


Millet-Grass 


643 


Myrica 


457 


Ophioglossum 


672 


Mimosa Family 


125 


MYRICACE^S 


457 


OPHRYDEvB 


497 


MlMOSE,<E 


125 


Myriophyllum 


174 


Oplotheca 


414 


Mimulus 


328 






Opuntia 


185 


Mint 


344 


Nabalus 


278 


Orache 


409 


Mint Family 


341 


NAIADACE^ 


482 


Orange Family 


110 


Mirabilis 


404 


Naias (Naiad) 


482 


Orange-Grass 


86 


Mist-flower 


227 


Naked-beard Grass 


621 


Orange-root 


47 


Mistletoe 


426 


Naked Broom-rape 


323 


Orchard Grass 


625 


Mistletoe Family 


426 


Napsea 


100 


ORCHIDACE^E 


497 


Mitchella 


211 


Narcissus 


512 


Orchis 


498 


Mitella 


169 


Nardosmia 


227 


Orchis Family 


497 


Mithridate Mustard 


74 


Narthecium 


535 


Origanum 


348 


Mitreola 


392 


Nasturtium 


64 


Oritrophium 


235 


Mitrewort 


392 


Naumburgia 


315 


Ornithogalum 


533 


Mitre-wort (False) 


170 


Neck weed 


333 


OROBANCHACE^E 


322 


Mocasson Flower 


511 


Negundo 


119 


Orobanche 


323 


Mock Bishop-weed 


195 


Nelumbium 


55 


Oronthim 


477 


Mocker-nut 


449 


Nelumbo 


55 


Orpine 


172 


Mock-Orange 


166 


Nelumbo Family 


55 


Orpine Family 


171 


Modiola 


101 


Nelumbone^e 


55 


Orthomeris 


235 


Moehringia 


91 


Nemopanthes 


307 


Oryze^e 


603 


Moenchia 


94 


Nemophila 


368 


Oryzopsis 


616 


Mollugine^e 


88 


Neottie^j 


497 


Osier 


461 


Monarda 


351 


Nepeta 


353 


Osmorrhiza 


197 


MONARDEiE 


342 


Nepete^: 


342 


Osmundace^e 


657 


Moueses 


303 


Nephrodium 


664 


Osmunda 


670 


Moneywort 


316 


Nessea 


183 


Ostrich-Fern 


667 


Monkey-flower 


328 


Nettle 


444 


Ostrya 


456 


Monkshood 


46 


Nettle Family 


440 


Oswego Tea 


351 







INDEX. 






69.1 


Otophylla 


335 


Persimmon 


303 


Plumeless Thistle 


271 


OaALIDEJS 


103 


Perularia 


499 


Pneumonanthe 


387 


Oxalii 


103 


Peruvian Bark 


208 


Poa 


G28 


Ox-eye 


253 


Petaloma 


433 


POACEiE 


C03 


Ox-cyc Daisy 


235 


Petalostemon 


130 


PoDALYRIEjE 


125 


Oxybaphua 


404 


Phacelia 


363 


Podophyllum 


54 


Oxycoccas 


289 


PII^NOGAMOUS PL. 


33 


Podostemaceaa 


423 


Oxydendrurn 


233 


Plialacroloma 


237 


Podosttmon 


423 


Oxydenia 


623 


Phalafjdeje 


603 


Pogonia 


507 


Oxyria 


419 


Phalaris 


C43 


Poiusettia 


433 


O::ytripolium 


236 


Pharbitis 


375 


Poison Dogwood 


111 


Oxytropis 


133 


PlIASEOLE^ 


125 


Poison Hemlock 


107 






Phaseolus 


140 


Poison Ivy 


111, 


Pachysandra 


433 


Phegopteris 


663 


Poison Oak 


111' 


Pad us 


148 


Phelipsea 


323 


Poison Sumach 


111 


Pceonia 


48 


Philadelphus 


1GG 


Pokeweed 


4C5 


Pispalanthua 


550 


PHLEOIDEiB 


603 


Poke weed Family 


403 


P. anted Cup 


336 


Phleum 


603 


Polanisia 


75 


Panax 


199 


Phlomis 


360 


POLEMONIACE^ 


370 


Pancratium 


513 


Phlox 


371 


POLEMONIFiE 


370 


PRICES 


606 


Phoradendron 


426 


Polemonium 


371 


Panic-Grass 


645 


Phragmites 


636 


Polemonium Family 


370 


Panicum 


645 


Phryma 


341 


Polygala 


120 


Pupaver 


58 


PlIRYME^ 


339 


POLYGALACE^E 


120 


PAPAVERACE33 


58 


Phyllanthus 


439 


POLYGON ACE2E 


414 


Papnw 


50 


Phyllodoce 


297 


Polygonatum 


531 


Papiuonace.e 


123 


Phyllostachys 


573 


Polygonum 


414 


Pappoose-root 


53 


Physalis 


381 


Polymnia 


247 


Papyrus 


552 


Physocarpos 


143 


Polypetnlcus Exogenous PI. 34 


Pardauthus 


517 


Physostegia 


354 


POLYrODIACE£3 


656 


Parietaria 


44G 


Phytolacca 


405 


Polypodies 


656 


Paruassia 


166 


PIlYTOLACCACEiE 


405 


Polypodium 


658 


Paronychia 


96 


Picea 


471 


Polypody 


658 


Parsley Family 


187 


Pickerel-weed 


545 


Polypogon 


612 


Parsley Piert 


151 


Pickerel-weed Family 


544 


Poli premum 


391 


Parsnip 


191 


Picrococcus 


290 


Pclystichum 


666 


Partlienium 


249 


Picris 


295 


P< lyta;nia 


191 


Partridge-berry 211 


, 233 


Pigeon-Berry 


405 


Pomes 


147 


Partridge Pea 


144 


Pig-nut 


449 


Pi mme Blanche 


129 


I'ASPALES 


603 


Pigweed 


400 


Pomme de Prairie 


129 


Paspalum 


644 


Pilea 


445 


Pond Spice 


423 


Pasque-flower 


36 


Pilinophytum 


438 


Pond weed 


484 


Passiflora 


185 


Pimpernel 


316 


Pondweed Family 


482 


PASSIFLORACEiE 


185 


Pine 


469 


Pontederia 


545 


Passion Flower 


185 


Pine-Apple Family 


515 


PONTEDERIACE^ 


544 


Passion-Flower Family 


185 


Pine-drops 


303 


Poor Man's Weather- 


glass 316 


Pastinaca 


191 


Pine Family 


46S 


Poplar 


50, 466 


Pa via 


118 


Pine-sap 


304 


Poppy 


58 


Pea 


139 


Pine-weed 


86 


Poppy Family 


58 


Pear 


161 


Pinguicula 


320 


Populus 


466 


Pear Family 


147 


Pink 


83 


Porcupine Grass 


617 


Pearl wort 


94 


Pink Family 


87 


Portulaca 


97 


Pecan-nut 


448 


Pink- root 


392 


PORTULACACEJi 


97 


Pedicularis 


337 


Pinus 


469 


Portuna 


295 


Pelargonium 


106 


Pinweed 


81 


Potamogeton 


484 


Pellaea 


659 


Pinxter-flower 


299 


Potato 


380 


Pellitory 


446 


Pipe- Vine 


434 


Potentilla 


153 


Peltandra 


476 


Pipe wort 


549 


POTERIEjE 


147 


Pencil-Flower 


138 


Pipewort Family 


549 


Poterium 


150 


Pennycress 


73 


Pipsissewa 


303 


Poverty-Grass 


618 


Pennyroyal 


350 


Piptatherum 


617 


Prairie Clover 


130 


Pentalophus 


363 


Pitcher-Plants 


57 


Prairie Dock 


249 


Penthorura 


171 


Planera 


443 


Prickly Pear 


185 


Pentstemoa 


327 


Planer-tree 


443 


Prickly-Poppy 


59 


Peplis 


182 


Plane-tree 


447 


Prim 


400 


Pepperbush 


298 


Plane-tree Family 


446 


Primrose 


313 


Peppergras9 


74 


PLANTAGINACEJ3 


310 


Primrose Family 


313 


Pepperidge 


201 


Plantago 


310 


Primula 


313 


Peppermint 


344 


Plantain 


310 


PRIMULACE^) 


313 


Pepper-root 


65 


Plantain Family 


310 


PpiMCLEiB 


313 


Pepperwort 


74 


PLATAN ACEvE 


446 


Prince's Feather 


412, 415 


Periploca 


400 


Platanthera 


500 


Prince's Pine 


• 303 


Periploces 


394 


Platanus 


447 


Prinoides 


306 


Peri stylus 


500 


Pleurisy-root 


397 


Prinos 


305, 307 


Periwinkle 


392 


Pluchea 


247 


Privet 


400 


Persea 


422 


Plum 


147 


Prosartes 


528 


Persicaria 


415 


PLUMBAGINACEiE 


312 


Proserpinaca 


175 



692 




INDEX. 








PrunuB 


147 


RHINANTHIDE^! 


324 


! Sand-Myrtle 


301 


Pseudo-Polygonella 


417 


R hi nan thus 


337 


Sand-Spurrey 


95 


Psilocarya 


563 


Rhododendron 


299 


Sandwort 


90 


Pseralea 


123 


Rhodora 


300 


| Sanguiaaria 


60 


l'SORALIEJE 


124 


RlIODORES 


287 


Sauguisorba 


15<i 


Psyllophora 


573 


Rhubarb 


414 


Sauicle 


MO 


PL lea 


110 


Rhus 


111 


San i cut a 


130 


PtERIBEjE 


658 


Rhynchosia 


142 


SANTALACE^ 


425 


Pteris 


658 


Rhynchospora 


567 


SAPINDACEJ3 


116, 117 


Pierospora 


303 


RhYNCHOSPOREjE 


551 


Saponaria 


88 


Paccoon 


362 


Ribes 


164 


SAPOTACE^l 


308 


Pulmonaria 


364 


Ribesia 


165 


Sappodilla Family 


308 


Pulsatilla 


36 


Ribgrass 


310 


Sarothra 


86 


Pulse Family 


123 


I Rice Cut-Gras3 


607 


Sarracenia 


57 


Pumpkin 


186 


Rich-weed 350, 445 


SARRACENIACE.E 


57 


Purple Cone-flower 


253 


Ripplegrass 


311 


Sarsaparilia 


198, 199 


Purslane 


97 


River-weed 


423 


Sassafras 


433 


Purslaue Family 


97 


River-weed Family 


429 


Satureia 


349 


Putty-root 


510 


Robinia 


130 


SaTIREIES 


342 


Pycuanthemum 


346 


Rock Cress 


67 


SAURURACE31 


427 


Pycreus 


552 


Rock-Rose 


80 


Saururus 


427 


Pyrola 


301 


Rock-Rose Family 


80 


Savin 


473 


Pyroles (Pyrola Family) 2S8 


Roman Wormwood 


251 


Savory 


349 


Pyrrhopappus 


280 


Rosa (Rose) 


153 


Saxifraga 


167 


Pyrularia 


426 


Roses 


147 


SAX1FRAGACEJS 


163 


Pyrus 


161 


ROSACEA 


146 


Saxifrage 


167 


Pyxidanthera 


373 


Rose-Acacia 


131 


Saxifrages 


163 






Rosi-Bay 


239 


Saxifrage Family 


163 


Quaking-Grass 


633 


Rose Family 


146 


Scabious 


215 


Quamash 


533 


Rose-Mallow 


102 


Schedonorus 


635 


Quamoclit 


374 


Roseroot 


172 


Scheuchzeria 


491 


Queen of the Prairie 


149 


Rosin-Plant 


248 


Schiztea 


669 


Quercine^ 


450 


R,osin-weed 


249 


SCHIZSACES 


657 


Quercitron 


454 


Roubieva 


408 


S^nollera 


545 


Quercus 


450 


Rowan Tree 


162 


Schrankia 


145 


Queria 


96 


RrBES 


147 


Schwalbea 


336 


Quick- or Quitch-Grass 


637 


RUBIACE.E 


208 


Schweinitzia 


304 


Quilhvort 


675 


Rubus 


156 


Scilla 


533 






Rudbeckia 


254 


SdRPES 


551 


Radish 


75 


Rue 


110 


SCIKPIXES 


551 


Ragiopteris 


663 


Rue-Anemone 


38 


Scirpus 


560 


Ragweed 


250 


Ruellia 


333 


Scleranthus 


96 


Ragwort 


271 


Rumex 


419 


Sckria 


570 


R:imVhead 


511 


Ruppia 


483 


SCLERINES 


551 


Ramsted 


326 


Rush 


537 


Sclerochloa 


628 


RANUNCULACE.E 


34 


Rush Family 


535 


fcckrolepi3 


222 


RaNUNCULEjE 


34 


Rush-Grass 


609 


Scoke 


405 


Ranunculus 


40 


Ruta 


110 


Scolopendrium 


662 


RAPHANEiE 


64 


Rutabaga 


71 


Scorpion-grass 


364 


Raphanus 


75 


RUTACE.E 


109 


Scotch Thistle 


274 


Raspberry 


156 


Rye-Grass 


637 


Scouring Rush 


653 


Rattle-box 


126 






Scrophularia 


326 


Rattlesnake-Grass 


627 


Sabbatia 


384 


SCROPHULARIACE.3E 324 


Rattlesnake's-Master 


191 


SACCHARES 


607 


Scutch-Grass 


622 


Rattlesnake- Plantain 


503 


Sacred Bean 


55 


Scutellaria 


355 


Rattlesnake-root 


278 


Sage 


350 


Sea Blite 


410 


Rattlesnake-weed 


277 


Sagina 


94 


Sea Lavender 


312 


Ray- Grass 


637 


Sagittaria 


492 


Sea Milkwort 


316 


Rayless Golden-rod 


245 


St. Andrew's Cross 


83 


Sea Ox-eye 


253 


Reboulea 


625 


St. John ! s-wort 


84 


Sea Purslane 


97 


Red Bay 


422 


St. John's-wort Family 


83 


Sea Rocket 


75 


Red-bud 


143 


St. Peter's-wort 


83 


Sea Sand-Reed 


616 


Red Osier 


200 


SALICACE^E 


461 


Sea Spear-Gras3 


628 


Red-root 115 


, 514 


Salicornia 


409 


Sedge 


571 


Red -top 


612 


Salix 


461 


Sedge Family 


550 


Reed 


636 


Salsola 


410 


Sedum 


.172 


Reed Bent-Grass 


614 


Saltmarsh-Grass 


620 


Seed-box 


180 


Reed-mace 


430 


Saltwort 


410 


Selaginella 


674 


Reed Meadow-Grass 


C27 


Sdvia 


350 


S-lf-heal 


355 


Rein-Orchis 


498 


Silvinia 


677 


Senebiera 


74 


Rensselaeria 


476 


Sambuces 


202 


Seneca Grass 


642 


Reseda 


76 


Sambucus 


205 


Seneca Snakeroot 


122 


RESEDACE^) 


76 


Sa MOLES 


313 


Senecio 


270 


RHAMNACE^ 


113 


Samolus 


317 


Sexeciones 


221 


Rhamnus 


114 


Samphire 


409 


Senecionides 


219 


Rheumatism-root 


54 


Sandalwood Family 


425 


Senna 


144 


Khexia 


181 


Sand-Grass 


624 


Sensitive Brier 


145 







INDEX. 






693 


Sensitive Fern 


668 


Southern Buckthorn 


308 


STRATIOTIDE.fi 


495 


Sensitive Joint-Vetch 


134 


Sow Thistle 


282 


Strawberry 


155 


Sericocarpus 


228 


Spanish-IJayonet 


535 


Strawberry Blite 


408 


Service-berry 


162 


Spanish-Needles 


262 


Strawberry Bush 


116 


Sesame-Grass 


650 


Sparganium 


481 


Strawberry Tomato 


3S2 


Sesuvium 


97 


Spartina 


619 


Streptopus 


529 


Setaria 


649 


Spatter- Dock 


56 


Striped Dogwood 


119 


Seymeria 


334 


Spear-Grass 


628 


Struthiopteris 


667 


Shad-bush 


162 


Spearmint 


344 


Stuartia 


104 


Shave-Grass 


655 


Spearwort 


41 


Stylipus 


152 


Sheep-berry 


206 


Specularia 


236 


Stylisma 


376 


Shellflower 


327 


Speedwell 


332 


Stylophorum 


59 


Shephenlia 


424 


Spergula 


96 


Stylosanthes 


138 


Shepherd's Purse 


73 


Spergularia 


95 


STYRACACE.E 


309 


Shield-Fern 


664 


Spermacoce 


210 


Styrace-e 


309 


Shin-leaf 


301 


Spice-bush 


423 


Styrax 


309 


Shooting-Star 


314 


Spiderwort 


547 


Suaeda 


410 


Shrubby Althaea 


102 


Spiderwort Family 


546 


Subularia 


73 


Shrubby Bitter-sweet 


116 


Spigelia 


3.J2 


Succory 


275 


Shrubby Trefoil 


110 


Spike-Grass 


623, 635 


Sugarberry 


443 


Shrub Yellow-root 


47 


Spikenard 


199 


Sullivantia 


169 


Sibbaldia 


153 


Spike-Rush 


557 


Sumach 


111 


SlBTHORPIE^E 


324 


Spindle-tree 


116 


Summer Haw 


160 


Sickle-pod 


68 


Spiraea 


140 


Summer Savory 


349 


Sicyos 


186 


SpiR^JEfi 


146 


Sundew 


82 


Sida 


101 


Spiranthes 


504 


Sundew Family 


82 


Sid --saddle Flower 


57 


Spirodela 


479 


Sundrops 


179 


Sieversia 


153 


Spleenwort 


661 


Sunflower 


255 


Silene 


88 


Spoonwood 


298 


Supple-Jack 


114 


SlLENEjG 


87 


Sporobolus 


610 


Swamp Honeysuckle 


299 


SlLICULOS^ 


63 


Spotted Cowbane 


196 


Swamp Loosestrife 


183 


SiliquoSjE 


63 


Spotted Wintergreen 


303 


Sweet Bay 


49 


Silk weed 


394 


Spring-Beauty 


98 


Sweet-Brier 


159 


Silphiuin 


248 


Spruce 


471 


Sweet Cicely 


197 


Silver-bell Tree 


310 


Spurge 


430 


Sweet Clover 


128 


Silver-Barry 


425 


Spurge Family 


430 


Sweet Coltsfoot 


227 


Silver- Weed 


155 


Spurge-Nettle 


436 


Sweet-Ferii 


453 


Simarubaceas 


111 


Spurred Butterfly-Pet 


141 


Sweet Flag 


478 


Sinapis 


70 


Spurred Gentian 


386 


Sweet-Gale Family 


457 


SlSYMBRIEjE 


63 


Spurrey 


96 


Sweet-Gum Tree 


174 


Sisymbrium 


70 


Squash 


186 


Sweet-leaf 


310 


Sisyrinchium 


517 


Squaw-root 


323 


Sweet Pepperbush 


296 


Sitolobium 


669 


Squaw-weed 


271 


Sweet Pine-sap 


304 


Slum 


196 


Squill 


533 


Sweet-Scented Shrub 


162 


Skullcap 


355 


Squirrel Corn 


61 


Sweet Vernal-Grass 


643 


Skunk Cabbage 


477 


Squirrel-tail Grass 


638 


Sweet- William 


371 


Sloe 


148 


StaCHYDEjE 


343 


Swine-Cress 


74 


Smartweed 


416 


Stachys 


358 


Sycamore 


447 


SMILACE.F, 


518 


Stagger-bush 


296 


Syena 


547 


Smilacina 


530 


Staff-tree 


116 


Symphoricarpus 


203 


Smilax 


518 


Staff-tree Family 


115 


Symphytum 


361 


Smilax Family 


518 


Staphylea 


117 


Symplocarpus 


477 


Snake-head 


327 


Staphyleace^e 


117 


SYMPLOCINEjE 


309 


Snake-root 190, 


191, 223, 


Statice 


312 


Symplocos 


310 




226, 404 


Star-Cucumber 


186 


Synandra 


354 


Snapdragon 


326 


Star Flower 


314 


Syndesmon 


38 


Sneeze-weed 


263 


Star -grass 


513, 515 


Synthyris 


331 


S;ieezewort 


265 


Star-of-Bethlehem 


533 


Syringa 


166, 400 


Snowberry 


203 


Star-Thistle 


272 






Snowdrop 


310, 512 


Starwort 


92, 223 


Tacamahac 


467 


Snowflake 


512 


Steeple-Bush 


149 


Tasnidia 


195 


Soapberry Family 


116 


Steironema 


315 


Tagetes 


262 


S >apwort 


88 


Stellaria 


92 


TaGETINEjB 


220 


SOLANACEiE 


380 


STBLLATjE 


208 


Talinum 


98 


Solanum 


380 


Stenactis 


237 


Tall Red-top 


624 


Sol^a 


76 


Stenanthium 


525 


T imarack 


472 


Solidago 


209 


Stickseed 


365 


Tanacetum 


266 


Solomon's Seal 


531 


Stillingia 


436 


Tansy 


266 


Sonchus 


232 


Stipa 


617 


Tansy-Mustard 


70 


SoPHORB.fi 


125 


Stipes 


604 


Tape-grass 


496 


Sorbus 


161 


Stitchwort 


92 


Taraxacum 


280 


Sorghum 


652 


Stone-crop 


172 


Tarchoxantheje 


219 


Sorrel 


419 


Stone-root 


350 


Tare 


138 


Sorrel Family 


106 


Storax 


309 


T.KXISEM 


468 


Sorrel -tree 


296 


Storax Family 


309 


Taxodium 


473 


Sour-Gumtree 


201 


Storksbill 


103 


Taxus 


474 


8our-wood 


296 


Stramonium 


383 


Tea-beny 


293 



C94 




INDEX. 








Tea-Plant 


103 


Trifolium 


126 


Vernonia 


222 


Tear-thumb 


418 


Triglochin 


491 


VERXOKIACEiE 


217 


Teasel 


215 


TlilLLIDEiE 


520 


Veronica 


332 


Teasel-Family 


215 


Trihium 


522 


Veroxjceje 


324 


Tecoma 


321 


Triodallus 


286 


Vervain 


339 


Tehnatophace 


479 


Triosteum 


205 


Vervain Family 


339 


Tephrosia 


131 


Triplasis 


621 


Yesicaria 


73 


TbPHROSIjB 


124 


Triple-awned Grass 


618 


Vetch 


13S 


TERN STRGEMI ACE.E 


103 


Tri psacum 


650 


Vetchling 


139 


Tetragouotheca 


252 


Tripterella 


496 


Viburnum 


206 


Tetranthera 


423 


Trisetum 


640 


Vicia 


138 


Teuerium 


313 


Triticum 


637 


YICIE.B 


124 


Thalictrum 


38 


Trollius 


44 


Yignea 


574 


Thaspium 


194 


Tropaeolum 


105 


Vilfa 


609 


Thermopsis 


679 


Troximon 


276 


Yincetoxicum 


399 


Thimbleberry 


157 


Trumpet-Creeper 


321 


Vine Family 


112 


Thin-Grass 


611 


Trumpet-flower 


321 


Viola 


77 


Thistle 


273 


Trumpets 


58 


VIOLACE.E (Violet Fam.) 76 


Thlaspi 


73 


Trumpet-weed 


225 


Violet 


77 


Thlaspide^e 


63 


Tsuga 


471 


Viper's Bugloss 


361 


Thorn 


159 


TlJBULI.FLORyE 


216 


Virgaurea 


240 


Thorn-Apple 


383 


Tuckermannia 


440 


Virgilia 


143 


Thorough-wax 


195 


Tulip-tree 


50 


Yirginian Cowslip 


364 


Thoroughwort 


224 


Tupelo 


201 


Virginian Creeper 


113 


Three-leaved Nightshade 


522 


TuSSILAGINEjE 


218 


Virginia Snakeroot 


404 


Three-seeded Mercury 


436 


Tussilago 


227 


Virgin's-Bower 


35 


Three-thorned Acacia 


145 


Turnip 


71 


Yiscum 


426 


Thrift 


312 


Turriti-s 


68 


VlTACEiE 


112 


Thuja 


472 


Turtle-head 


327 


Vitis 


112 


Thuubergia 


338 


Twayblade 506 


, 509 


Yitis-Idaea 


290 


THYMELEACEJ3 


424 


Twig-Ru^h 


570 






Thymus (Thyme) 


348 


Twin-flower 


202 


Waahoo 


116 


Tiarelia 


170 


Twin-leaf 


53 


Wake-Robin 522, 523 


Tickseed 


258 


Twisted Stalk 


529 


Waldsteinia 


153 


Tickseed Sunflower 


260 


Typha 


480 


Walking-leaf 


663 


Tick-Trefoil 


134 


TYPHACE.E 


480 


Walnut 


447 


Tiedemannia 


192 






Walnut Family 


447 


Tiger-flower 


516 


Udora 


496 


Water Arum 


476 


Tigridia 


516 


Ulmace^e 


441 


Water Beech 


457 


Tilia 


103 


Ulmaria 


149 


Water Chinquepiu 


55 


TILIACE^J 


103 


Ulmus 


442 


Wart-Cress 


64,74 


Tillsea 


171 


UMBELLIFER.E 


187 


Water-Hemlock 


196 


Tillandsia 


515 


Umbrella-Grass 


556 


Water-Hemp 


413 


Timothy 


608 


Umbrella-leaf 


53 


Water Horehound 


345 


Tiniaria 


413 


Umbrella-tree 


49 


Waterleaf 


367 


Tipularia 


503 


Unicorn-plaptr 


321 


Waterleaf Family 


367 


Tithymalopsi3 


433 


Uniola 


635 


Water-Lily 


56 


Tithymalus 


433 


Uralepis 


624 


Water-Lily Family 


54,55 


Toad-Flax 


326 


Urtica 


444 


Water-Locust 


145 


Tobacco 


383 


URTlCACEvE 


440 


Watermelon 


186 


Tofleldia 


527 


URTICEiE 


441 


Water-Nilfoil 


174 


Tomato 


380 


Utricularia 


318 


Water-Nilfoil Family 


174 


Toothache-Grass 


620 


Uvularia 


528 


Water-Nymph 


56 


Toothache-tree 


110 


UVULARIEjE 


521 


Water-Parsnip 


196 


Toothwort 


65 






Water- Penny wort 


189 


Touch-me-not 


108 


Vaccaria 


88 


Water-pepper 


416 


Tovaria 


417 


YACCINIE.E 


237 


Water-Pimpernel 


317 


Tower-Mustard 


69 


Yaccinium 289 


,679 


Water-Plantain 


491 


Toxicodendron 


111 


Vahlodea 


641 


Water-Plantain Family 


490 


Trachynotia 


619 


Valeriana (Valerian) 


213 


Water-Purslane 


181 


Tradescantia 


547 


VALERIANACE.E 


213 


Water-Rice 


608 


Tragia 


437 


Valerianella 


214 


Water-Shield Family 


54 


Trailing Arbutus 


293 


Valerian Family 


213 


Water Star-grass 


545 


Trautvetteria 


39 


Yallisneria 


496 


Water-Starworts 


427 


Treacle Mustard 


69 


VaLLISNERIEjE 


495 


Water-Violet 


317 


Tread-softly 


436 


Yanilla Grass 


642 


Water-weed 


495 


Tree of Heaven 


110 


Vanilla-plant 


224 


Water-Willow 


338 


Trefoil 


326 


Velvet-leaf 


101 


Water-wort 


86 


Tiichelostylis 


567 


Veuus's Fly-trap 


83 


Water-wort Family 


86 


Trichochloa 


614 


Yenus's Looking-glass 


286 


Wax-Myrtle 


457 


Trichodium 


611 


Veratrum 


525 


Wax-work 


116 


Trichophorum 


565 


Ykrbasce^ 


324 


Wayfaring-tree 


207 


Trichostema 


343 


Verl)ascum 


325 


Western Wall-flower 


69 


Tricuspi3 


623 


Verbena 


339 


Whahoo 


443 


Tridynia 


315 


YERBENACE^E 


339 


Wheat 


637 


Trientalis 


314 


YeRBENEjE 


339 


Whin 


126 


Tbifolibjb 


123 


Verbesina 


262 


White Alder . . 


296 







INDEX. 






G95 


White Cedar 


472, 473 


Windsoria 


623 


Xanthium 


251 


White Daisy 


265 


Winged Pigweed 


406 


Xerophyllum 


526 


White Grass 


607 


Winterberry 


307 


Xylosteum 


204 


White Lettuce 


278 


Winter-Cress 


69 


XYRIDACEiE 


547 


White Snakeroot 


226 


Wiutergreen 


293, 301 


Xyris 


548 


White Thorn 


159 


Wire-Grass 


623, 629 






White-topped Aster 


228 


Wistaria 


131 


Yam 


518 


White-weed 


265 


Witch-Haztl 


173 


Yam Family 


518 


Whitlow Grass 


71 


Witch-IIazel Family 


173 


Yard-Grass 


622 


Whulov-wort 


98 


Withe-rod 


206 


Yarrow 


265 


Whortleberry Family 


287 


Woad-Waxen 


126 


Yaupon 


306 


Wicopy 


424 


Wolfberry 


203 


Yeliow-eyed Grass 


548 


Wild Allspice 


423 


Wolffia 


4S0 


Yellow-eyed Grass Family 547 


Wild Balsam-apple 


186 


Wolfsbane 


46 


Y'ellow (False) Jessamine 


o91 


Wild Bean 


140 


Wood Betony 


337, 353 


Yellow I'ond-Lily 


66 


Wild Bergamot 


351 


Woodbine 


113, 203 


Yellow Puccoou 


47 


Wild Chamomile 


266 


Wood -Fern 


664 


Yellow-Rattle 


337 


Wild Comfrey 


366 


Wood-Grass 


652 


Yellow Rocket 


69 


Wild Elder 


199 


Wood-Nettle 


445 


Yellow-wood 


143 


Wild Ginger 


40! 


Wood Reed-Grass 


612 


Yew 


474 


Wild Hyacinth 


532 


Wood-Rush 


536 


Yew Family 


468 


Wild Liquorice 


209, 210 


Wood-Sage 


343 


Yucca 


535 


Wild Marjoram 


348 


Woodsia 


668 






Wild Oat-Grass 


639 


Wood-Sorrel 


109 


Zannichellia 


483 


Wild Pink 


89 


Wood war dia 


660 


Zanthorhiza 


47 


Wild Potato-Vine 


375 


Wool -Grass 


565 


Zanthoxylum 


110 


Wild Sarsaparilla 


198 


Woolly Beard-Grass 


651 


Zapania 


340 


Wild Sensitive-Plant 


144 


Worm-grass 


392 


Zephyranthes 


513 


Willow 


461 


Wormseed 


408 


Zizania 


608 


Willow Family 


461 


Worm-seed Mustard 


69 


Zizia 


195 


Willow-herb 


177 


Wormwood 


266 


Zostera 


483 


Wind-flower 


36 


Woundwort 


358 


Zygadenus (Zygadene) 


524 






EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 



Genera of Cyperaeess or Sedges. 

Tab. I. 

CYPERUS. — Small plant of C. diandrus (1); a spike magnified (2); a piecfc of the 
rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower (3); a separate flower moiM mag- 
nified (4). C. erythrorhizos, a spike magnified, the lower scales and flowers 
have fallen, showing the little internal scales of the section Papyrus (5), 
formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; a sepa- 
rate one more enlarged (6); a flower (7); an achenium (8), cut in two. 
C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with lower part of one scale, 
showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale- 
. like wings (9). 

DULICHIUM. — Upper part of a plant (1); part of a spike somewhat enlarged (2); 
piece of rhachis and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath (3); magnified 
flower (4). 

KYLLINGIA, — Plant of K. pumila (1); one-flowered spike on a piece of the rha- 
chis, enlarged (2); the same more enlarged and open (3); achenium (4), and 
section of same magnified (5). 

Tab. II. 

HEMICARPIIA.— Plant (1), natural size; a spike enlarged, with its bract (2); 
magnified scale of the same (3); a flower (5), with its single stamen and 
minute internal scale, magnified; achenium (C), magnified. 

LIPOCARPHA. — Upper part of plants with spikes (1): diagram of a flower, viz. of 
ovary between the two internal scales, and single stamen, scale of the spike on 
one side, axis of the spike on the other (2); scale of spike detached (3); a 
flower with its two inner scales (4); achenium magnified (5). 

FUIRENA. — Upper portion of plants (1); scale of spike enclosing a flower (2); 
open scale of same (3); flower (4); one of the scales and one of the bristles 
of the flower (5), achenium (6), and section of same (7). 



Tab. in. 

ELEOCHARIS.— Small plant of E. olivacea (1); the spike enlarged (2); detached 
scale (3); flower (4); achenium and bristles (5). E. quadrangulata, spike (G); 
a scale (7); flower (8); achenium and bristles (9). E. tuberculosa; the 
achenium with its great tubercle, and bristles (10). 

SC1RPUS. — Summit of plant of small S. debilis (1); a spike (2); a scale of the 
same (3), and flower (4); achenium with its bristles (5). S. (Trichophorum) 

GM 30 



698 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

Eriophorum ; a small portion of the inflorescence (6); a flower (7); a spike in 
fruit (8); achenium from the same, with the tortuous bristles much length- 
ened (9); section of the achenium (10). 

ERIOPHORUM. — Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower (1); spike (2); a scale (3), 
and (4) a flower from the same; the spike in fruit, the bristles forming a 
cottony tuft (5); achenium and its bristles (6). 

FIMBRISTYLIS. — Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa (1); a spike of 
the same (2); a detached scale (3), and (4) a flower of the same; achenium 
(5). F. (Trichelostylis) autumnalis; a spike, enlarged (6); flower (7); acheni- 
um (8), and (9) section of the same. 

Tab. IV. 

DICHROMENA. — Head and involucre of D. latifolia (1); a scale from one of the 

spikes (2), and the same cut across (3); a flower (4); achenium with its 

tubercle (5). 
RHYNCHOSPORA.— Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana (1); a spike 

(2); detached flower (3); achenium (4) with short bristles at its base; one 

of these bristles more magnified (5). 
R. ($ PSILOCARYA): — Part of plant (1), enlarged spike (2), detached scale (3), 

flower (4), and achenium with its beak (5) of R. (Psilocarya) scirpoides. 
R. (§ CERATOSCHCENUS): — Upper part of fruiting plant(l), detached spike (2), 

flower (3), and beaked achenium with its bristles (4) of R. (Ceratoschoenus) 

macrostachya. 

Tab. V. 

CLADIUM. — Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides (1); detached spike (2); same, 
open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower (3); the nut-like achenium 
(4), and the longitudinal section of the same (5). 

SCLERIA. — Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis (6); three spikelets from 
a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate (7); staminate 
spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them have lost 
their anthers (8); pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower (9); 
achenium with the 3-lobed double cup underneath (10). 

CAREX. — Plant of C. pauciflora (11); a staminate flower with its scale (12); scale 
(13), and mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium (14); cross section of 
perigynium and of the contained achenium (15); achenium on its stalk, style 
and stigmas (16). C. Steudelii, upper part of flowering plant (17); the spike 
enlarged (18); a staminate flower and its scale (19); pistillate flower in its 
perigynium (20); the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the 
contained achenium and style (21). 

Tab. VI. 

CAREX. — C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit (1); enlarged spike displayed, 
with three staminate and two pistillate flowers (2); a scale (3) and a ripe peri- 
gynium (4), of the latter; with a section of the perigynium near the base, and 
of the contained perigynium (5). C. straminea, summit of a fruiting plant (6) ; 
a spike enlarged (7); scale of a pistillate flower (8) ; the winged perigynium 
and the contained achenium cut across (9); detached achenium with persist- 
ent style and stigmas (10). C. umbellata, whole plant (11); a perigynium 
and its scale (12); cross-section towards the base of perigynium and its 
contained achenium (13); detached achenium with its persistent style and 
stigmas (14). C. bullata; upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and 
two staminate spikes (15); one of its staminate flowers with the scale (16); a 
pistillate scale (17) and mature perigynium (18); longitudinal section of 
the latter, showing the achenium and its style (19), aud cress section of 
the 6ame (20). 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 699 

Genera of Gramineas or Grasses. 
Tab. VII. 

LEERSIA. — Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the same 
with its spikelets, of the natural size (2); and an open spikelet in flower, en- 
larged (3). 

ZIZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica; 
a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulaa or hypogynous scales (3); a grain 
(4); and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, show-, 
ing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen. 

ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. genicnlatus, in flower (1) ; a few spikelets 
from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified (2); an open spikelet 
in flower, more magnified (3), and the single lower palet detached (4). 

PHLEUM. — A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palets 
raised above the glumes, magnified. 

CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schoenoides; a separate enlarged spikelet (2); 
and the same open, in flower (3). 

VILFA. — An enlarged spikelet of V. vaginsefiora (1); and the same displayed (2). 

SPOROBOLUS. — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1); the same with the 

flower open, the palets raised above the glumes (2); and the fruit (3), more 

magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). 
AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1); with an enlarged open spikelet of the 

same: also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower 

separated, the latter having no upper palet. 

Tab. VIII. 

POLYPOGON. — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1); an enlarged 
detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2); the same open 
in flower (3); and a separate flower without the glumes (4). 

CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1); and the same open, display- 
ing the palets, the single stamen, and the pistil (2). 

MUHLENBERGIA. — A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica (1); the same 
with the open flower raised out of the glumes (2). A magnified spikelet of 
M. diffusa (3); its minute and unequal glumes more magnified (4); and an 
open spikelet of the same (5). 

BRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1); the same dis- 
played (2). 

CALAM AGROSTIS. — An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all 
the parts (1); the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the 
hairy rudiment behind the upper palet (2). 

ORYZOPSIS. — An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1); and the flower of 
the same removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squa- 
mulse or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the palets in length. 

STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged. 

ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged. 

Tab. IX. 

SPARTINA. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1); a 
spikelet enlarged (2); and the same displayed, the flower raised above the 
glumes (3). 

CTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanum (1); a single spikelet magnified (2); and the 
same displayed, the glumes separated (3). 

BOUTELOUA. — A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1); and a 
spikelet displayed and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes. 



700 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

GYMNOPOGON. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1); and a mag- 
nified spikelet with the parts displayed (2). 

CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spikes (1); a spikelet magnified and dis~ 
played, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment (2). 

DACTYLOCTENIUM. — Inflorescence of D. .Egyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1); 
one of the spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing the seed 
loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified. 

ELEUSINE — One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica(l); 
a magnified spikelet (2); the same with the flowers more displayed (3); a 
flower from the last showing its parts (4) ; the fruit magnified, showing the 
seed loose in the utricle (5); and the wrinkled seed detached (G). 

LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1); one of 
its spikelets displayed and* magnified (2) ; au open flower of the same (3). 



Tab. X. 

TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1); the same displayed and 
the lowest flower open (2); back view of the lower palers spread out (3). 

GRAPHEPHORUM. — A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed (1); a part 
of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same (2). 

DIARRHEXA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1); the grain and palets (2). 

DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed. 

KCELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes, 
the three flowers, and a rudiment (1); lower half of a lower palet, partly 
spread open (2); it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition. 

EATOXIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes, 
the two flowers, and a rudiment. 

MELICA. — A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two. 
. perfect flowers, and an abortive one. 

GLYCERIA. — A magnified spikelet of G. nervata (1); a separate flower with one 
joint of the rhachis (2): and (3) the lower half of a lower palet, showing its. 
form (rounded on the back, not keeled.) 

BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of R, spicatum, enlarged (1); a flower from 
the same (2); and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3). 

POA. — Panicle of P. compressa. reduced in size (1); a magnified spikelet (2); a 
separate flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palet cut across and somewhat 
outspread (4). 

ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1); the same, from which 
the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the upper palet have fallen 
away (2); a magnified flower, open (3); the lower palet of the same out- 
spread (4). 

BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2). 
FESTUCA. — A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2); lowei> 

part of a lower palet, outspread (3). 
BROMUS. — A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess (1); and a separate flower, 

enlarged (2). 

Tab. XL 

UNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1); a flower, en- 
larged (2) ; empty lower palet of the lowest (sterile) flower (3). 

PHRAGMITES. — A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1); one of the perfect 
flowers, enlarged (2); and the lowest flower (3). which has stamens only. 

ARUXDIXARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1); and a separate flower, mag- 
nified (2). 

LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1); and a flower 
magnified (2). 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 701 

LOLIUM. — Portion of the spike of L. temulentum (1); and a separate flower, mag- 
nified (2). 6 

TRITICUM. — Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the 
natural size (1); a flower, magnified (2). 

HORDEUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of 
H. jubatum, with their awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and 
neutral the middle one alone perfect (1); this perfect flower (with an awn-like 
rudiment) open and enlarged (2). 

ELYMUS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the 
natural size (1); the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and 
displayed (2); and an open flower, more magnified (3). I 

GYMNOSTICHUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and an expanded flower, mag- 
nified (2). 

Tab. XII. 

AIRA. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1); a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2); 

and one of the flowers detached and open (3). 
DANTHOXTA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate 

flower from the same (3). 

TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magni- 
fied (1); and a separate open flower (2). 

AVENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1); and a separate 
flower (2). 

ARRENATHERUM.*— A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified: 

1, the glumes; 2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next one 

perfect, and the third a rudiment. 
HOLCUS. — A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show 

the two flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and 

awned (2). 

Tab. XIII. 

HIEROCHLOA. — A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1); the same displayed, the 
flowers separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens 
and no pistil; the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stam- 
ens (2). 

ANTHOXANTHUM. — The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1); a spikelet 
magnified (2); another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the 
glumes, the lateral ones neutral, each of a single and awned palet, the middle 
one perfect and diandrous (3). 

PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1) ; the glumes, and the per- 
fect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2). 

MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. effusum (1); a closed spikelet magni- 
fied (2); and the same displayed (3). 

AMPHICARPUM.— A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1); the 
same with the parts displayed (2); and a radical (fertile) spikelet, en- 
larged (3). 

P ASP ALUM — Inflorescence of P. Ia3ve(l); a closed spikelet, enlarged (2); the 
same with the parts displayed (3). 

PANICUM. — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1); one of its spikelets 
magnified (2) : the same with the parts displayed (3): in this the lower flower 
is neutral and of a single palet. A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified (4), and 
the same displayed (5): the lower flower a single palet. A spikelet of P. 
clandestinum, magnified (6), and the same displayed (7): the lower neutral, 
of two palets. A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified (8); the same displayed 
(9): the lower flower of two palets and staminate. 

8ETARIA. — A magnified spikelet of S. glai;ca, with the accompanying cluster of 
bristles (1); the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two 
palets and the perfect flower (2). 




702 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

Tab. XIV. 

CENCHRUS. — Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged (1); longitudinal 
section of the same (2); a spikelet displayed (3); the stigmas should belong 
to the right-hand flower: the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate. 

TRIPSACUM. — Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, stami- 
nate above (1); a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets (2); 
a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed (3) ; a staminate (two-flowc^ed) 
spikelet, with its parts displayed (4). 

ERIANTHUS. — Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. alopecu- 
roides, enlarged (1); one of the spikelets displayed (2). 

ANDROPOGON. — Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one 
fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet (1); the 
fertile spikelet (2); and the staminate spikelet (3) displayed. 

SORGHUM. — A fertile spikelet of S. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on 
eack side (1); the spikelet displayed (2). 



Genera of Filices or Ferns. 
Tab. XV. 

POLYPOD1UM. — Plant: piece of the frond (1): a magnified sporangium with its 
stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L. 

STRTJTHIOPTERIS. —Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of S. GeVmanica, Wllld. ; por- 
tion of a fertile frond (2) ; a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in 
which it is rolled up (3); and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side 
unrolled (4) ; towards the base of the sporangia all removed, to show how the 
fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein. 

PELLJ5A. — Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and a portion of the fertile 
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indnsium turned back to 
display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of 
the two forks of the lower vein. 

Tab. XVI. 

PTERIS. — A pinnule of P. aquilina, L. ; and a piece of one of the lobes, en- 
larged (2), the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the 
fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle 
that bears them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins. 

ADIANTUM. — Piece of the frond of A. pedatum, L. (1); a pinnule somewhat 
enlarged (2) ; and a piece of one (3) more enlarged, with the indusium of 
one fruit-dot tui-ned back to show the attachment of the fruit. 

CHEILANTHES. — Small plant of C. vestita (1); and a fruit-bearing pinnule, en- 
larged (2). 

WOODWARDIA. — Portion of the sterile (1) and of the fertile frond (2) of W. 
angustifolia; a piece of the latter enlarged (3); piece of the frond of W. Vir- 
ginica (4); and part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged. 

Tab. XVII. 

CAMPTOSORUS. — Plant of C. rhizophyllus, Link. ; and a portion of a frond, 
with fruit-dots, enlarged (1). 

SCOLOPENDE1UM. —Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare; and (2) a piece en- 
larged, Avith two fruit-dots. 

ASPLENIUM. — A pinna of A. thelypteroides, Michx. (1); and part of a lobe (2) in 
fruit, enlarged. 

DICKSONIA. — Pinna of D. punctilobula, Hook. (1); portion of a pinnule (2), en- 
larged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium (3). 



I 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 703 

Tab. XVIII. 

CYSTOPTERIS. — Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe in fruit (2), 
enlarged: and a small portion more magnified (3), bearing a fruit-dot with 
its indusium thrown back. 

WOODSIA. — Small frond of W. glabella, R. Br. (1); a part of a fruiting pinna of 
the same (2), magnified; and a separate indusium (3), more magnified; a 
piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with 
the opened indusium beneath (5), more magnified. 

ASPIDIUM. — Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swartz (1); and a magnified 
fruiting portion (2); piece of A. (Polystichum) acrosticlioides (3); and a 
small fruiting portion (4)> magnified. 

ONOCLEA. — Sterile and fertile frond of 0. sensibilis, L. ; front view of a fruiting 
contracted pinnule, enlarged (1); and the same laid open and viewed from 
the other side (2): on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins. 

Tab. XIX. 

SCHIZiEA. — Plant of S. pusilla, Pursh., of the natural size; a fertile pinna with 
eleven sporangia (1), magnified; and a separate sporangium (2), more mag- 
nified. 

LYGODIUM. — Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swartz (1), with fertile and 
sterile divisions; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or 
indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and a sporangium 
more magnified (3). 

OSMUND A. — Small piece of the frond of 0. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and 
a sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2); and one sporangium more 
magnified (3). 

BOTRYCHIUM. — Plant of B. lunarioides, Swartz; and a portion of the fruit (1), 
with six sporangia, magnified. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM. — Frond of 0. vulgatum, L. ; and a portion of the fruiting spike 
enlarged (1). 



Genera of Equisetacese, Lycopodiacese, &e. 

Tab. XX. 

EQUISETUM. — Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1); one of the 
shield-shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia under- 
neath (2), enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (3); a 
magnified spore with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4); and (5) the 
same with the filaments coiled'up. 

LYCOPODIUM. — Plant of L. Carolinianum, L. ; and (1) a magnified scale of the 
spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores. 

SELAGINELLA. — Plant of S. rupestris, Spring; part of a fertile spike, en- 
larged (1) ; scale from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, contain- 
ing innumerable powdery spores; scale from the base (3), with its sporangium 
containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores. 

ISOETES. — Plant of I. lacustris (1); sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut 
across (2), enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with the large 
spores, divided lengthwise (3); and (4) three large spores more magnified. 

AZOLLA. — Plant (1); a portion magnified (2). with two kinds of organs; sterile 
sporocarp, or antheridium, more magnified (3); fertile sporocarp more mag- 
nified (4); the same burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5); one of 
the latter more magnified (6); another bursting (7); and three spores (8), 
beset with bristles. 



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Willis, Saxe, Elihu Burritt, Daniel 
Webster, Rufus C. oate, H. Cole- 
ridge, Smart, Horace Mann, Presi- 
c>r.ts Woolsey, Wayland. Hopkins, 
Kott, Walker, Anderson [more than 
FIFTY College Presidents in all], 
and the best American and European 
Scholars. 

U 'THE best practical Engrlish Dic- 
1 tiomrv extant" — London 
Quarterly Review, October, 1873. 



" T 

_ I not grow wrong, at Webster's 

Dictionary, a work of the greatest 
learning, researc'i andabi ity." — Lord 
Chief Justice of England, in 1863. 

U rpHE Courts look to it as of the 

1 highest authority in a'l ques- 
tions of definition." — Chief Justice 
Waite, U. S. Supreme Court. 

U TT has received the highest com- 
1 mendations in the "Courts of 
England, and its definitions have been 
univei sally followed in the Courts of 
this country." — Albany Laiv Journal^ 
July 10, 1875. 

Indorsed by State Superintendents 0/ Schools in 3 5 States. 

More than 32.00-> copies of Webster's Unabridged have been placed in 
as many Public Schools in the United States, by State enactments or bcho~>l 
Officers. 

I3P" More than Ten Millions of volumes of School Books are annual'y 
published in the United States, recognizing Weoster as their general standard 
of orthography, while not a single school book publishing house in the country, 
as far as we are aware, has ever publicly recognized any oilier 
Dictionary than Web*ier as its standard of orthography, 
with the single exception of the publishers of another Dictionary. — While 
in Etymology, Definitions, Illustrations, &c, Webster stands unr.valed and 
alone. 

^W Full descriptive circulars, showing superiority of Webster in Ety= 
molouy, Definitions, BSUistrative- Citation.*, Orthography, 
Pronunciation, Synonyms, Pictorial Illustrations, Useful 
Tables, etc, etc., will be sent by application to the Publishers or their Agents. 

Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 



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